Abstract
2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is a promising commodity chemical with various industrial applications. While petroleum-based chemical processes currently dominate the industrial production of 2,3-BDO, fermentation-based production of 2,3-BDO provides an attractive alternative to chemical-based processes with regards to economic and environmental sustainability. The achievement of high 2,3-BDO titer, yield, and productivity in microbial fermentation is a prerequisite for the production of 2,3-BDO at large scales. Also, enantiopure production of 2,3-BDO production is desirable because 2,3-BDO stereoisomers have unique physicochemical properties. Pursuant to these goals, many metabolic engineering strategies to improve 2,3-BDO production from inexpensive sugars by Klebsiella oxytoca, Bacillus species, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been developed. This review summarizes the recent advances in metabolic engineering of non-pathogenic microorganisms to enable efficient and enantiopure production of 2,3-BDO.
Key points
• K. oxytoca, Bacillus species, and S. cerevisiae have been engineered to achieve efficient 2,3-BDO production.
• Metabolic engineering of non-pathogenic microorganisms enabled enantiopure production of 2,3-BDO.
• Cost-effective 2,3-BDO production can be feasible by using renewable biomass.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 2,3-BDO:
-
2,3-butanediol
- BDH:
-
2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase
- ALS:
-
α-acetolactate synthase
- ALDC:
-
α-acetolactate decarboxylase
- DAR:
-
diacetyl reductase
- FBA:
-
flux balance analysis
- PFL:
-
pyruvate formate-lyase
- PDH:
-
pyruvate dehydrogenase
- FDH:
-
formate dehydrogenase
- Vc :
-
vitamin C
- ADH:
-
alcohol dehydrogenase
- Adh– :
-
ADH-deficient
- Pdc– :
-
PDC-deficient
- ALE:
-
adaptive laboratory evolution
- DHAP:
-
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- G3P:
-
glycerol-3-phosphate
- PEPC:
-
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
- MDH:
-
malate dehydrogenase
- FH:
-
fumarase
- FRD:
-
fumarate reductase
- LDH:
-
lactate dehydrogenase
- ALD:
-
aldehyde dehydrogenase
- PTA:
-
phosphate acetyltransferase
- ACK:
-
acetate kinase
- AR:
-
aldose reductase
- TPI:
-
triose phosphate isomerase
- GPDH:
-
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- SSF:
-
simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
- XR:
-
xylose reductase
- XDH:
-
xylitol dehydrogenase
- XK:
-
xylulose kinase
- TEA:
-
techno-economic assessment
References
Ashok S, Sankaranarayanan M, Ko Y, Jae K-E, Ainala SK, Kumar V, Park S (2013) Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glycerol by recombinant Klebsiella pneumoniae ΔdhaTΔyqhD which can produce vitamin B12 naturally. Biotechnol Bioeng 110(2):511–524. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24726
Bae SJ, Kim S, Park HJ, Kim J, Jin H, Kim BG, Hahn JS (2021)High-yield production of (R)-acetoin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by deleting genes for NAD(P)H-dependent ketone reductases producing meso-2,3-butanediol and 2,3-dimethylglycerate. Metab Eng 66:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2021.04.001
Baek HS, Woo BY, Yoo SJ, Joo YH, Shin SS, Oh MH, Lee JH, Kim SY (2016) Composition containing meso-2,3-butanediol. WO 2016064180:A1
Bakker BM, Overkamp KM, van Maris AJA, Kötter P, Luttik MAH, van Dijken JP, Pronk JT (2001) Stoichiometry and compartmentation of NADH metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25(1):15–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00570.x
Berovic M (1999)Scale-up of citric acid fermentation by redox potential control. Biotechnol Bioeng 64(5):552–557. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990905)64:5<552::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-2
Brat D, Weber C, Lorenzen W, Bode HB, Boles E (2012) Cytosolic re-localization and optimization of valine synthesis and catabolism enables increased isobutanol production with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Biofuels 5(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-65
Celińska E, Grajek W (2009) Biotechnological production of 2,3-butanediol—current state and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 27(6):715–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.002
Cha JW, Jang SH, Kim YJ, Chang YK, Jeong KJ (2020) Engineering of Klebsiella oxytoca for production of 2,3-butanediol using mixed sugars derived from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Glob Change Biol Bioenergy 12(4):275–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12674
Cho SM, Kang BR, Han SH, Anderson AJ, Park JY, Lee YH, Cho BH, Yang KY, Ryu CM, Kim YC (2008) 2R,3R-butanediol, a bacterial volatile produced by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6, is involved in induction of systemic tolerance to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 21(8):1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-8-1067
Cho S, Kim T, Woo HM, Kim Y, Lee J, Um Y (2015a) High production of 2,3-butanediol from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol by metabolically engineered Klebsiella oxytoca M1. Biotechnol Biofuels 8(1):146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0336-6
Cho S, Kim T, Woo HM, Lee J, Kim Y, Um Y (2015b) Enhanced 2,3-butanediol production by optimizing fermentation conditions and engineering Klebsiella oxytoca M1 through overexpression of acetoin reductase. PLoS One 10(9):e0138109. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138109
Cortes-Barco AM, Hsiang T, Goodwin PH (2010) Induced systemic resistance against three foliar diseases of Agrostis stolonifera by (2R,3R)-butanediol or an isoparaffin mixture. Ann Appl Biol 157(2):179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00417.x
Dai J-J, Cheng J-S, Liang Y-Q, Jiang T, Yuan Y-J (2014) Regulation of extracellular oxidoreduction potential enhanced (R,R)-2,3-butanediol production by Paenibacillus polymyxa CJX518. Bioresour Technol 167:433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.044
de Boer SA, Diderichsen B (1991) On the safety of Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens: a review. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00164689
De Deken R (1966) The crabtree effect: a regulatory system in yeast. Microbiology 44(2):149–156. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-44-2-149
de Smidt O, du Preez JC, Albertyn J (2008) The alcohol dehydrogenases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a comprehensive review. FEMS Yeast Res 8(7):967–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00387.x
de Smidt O, du Preez JC, Albertyn J (2012) Molecular and physiological aspects of alcohol dehydrogenases in the ethanol metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 12(1):33–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00760.x
Du C, Yan H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Cao Z (2006) Use of oxidoreduction potential as an indicator to regulate 1,3-propanediol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69(5):554–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0001-2
Dulieu C, Poncelet D (1999) Spectrophotometric assay of α-acetolactate decarboxylase. Enzyme Microb. Technol 25(6):537–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00079-4
Ehsani M, Fernández MR, Biosca JA, Dequin S (2009) Reversal of coenzyme specificity of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisae and in vivo functional analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 104(2):381–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22391
Erian AM, Gibisch M, Pflügl S (2018) Engineered Escherichia coli W enables efficient 2,3-butanediol production from glucose and sugar beet molasses using defined minimal medium as economic basis. Microb Cell Factories 17(1):190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-1038-0
Flikweert MT, Van Der Zanden L, Janssen WM, Steensma HY, Van Dijken JP, Pronk JT (1996) Pyruvate decarboxylase: an indispensable enzyme for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on glucose. Yeast 12(3):247–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19960315)12:3%3c247::Aid-yea911%3e3.0.Co;2-i
Fu J, Wang Z, Chen T, Liu W, Shi T, Wang G, Tang YJ, Zhao X (2014) NADH plays the vital role for chiral pure D-(-)-2,3-butanediol production in Bacillus subtilis under limited oxygen conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 111(10):2126–2131. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25265
Gao J, Xu H, Q-j L, X-h F, Li S (2010) Optimization of medium for one-step fermentation of inulin extract from Jerusalem artichoke tubers using Paenibacillus polymyxaZJ-9 to produce R,R-2,3-butanediol. Bioresour Technol 101(18):7076–7082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.143
Ge Y, Li K, Li L, Gao C, Zhang L, Ma C, Xu P (2016) Contracted but effective: production of enantiopure 2,3-butanediol by thermophilic and GRAS Bacillus licheniformis. Green Chem 18(17):4693–4703. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC01023G
González E, Fernández MR, Larroy C, Solà L, Pericàs MA, Parés X, Biosca JA (2000) Characterization of a (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase as the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YAL060W gene product. Disruption and induction of the gene. J Biol Chem 275(46):35876–35885. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M003035200
Gräfje H, Körnig W, Weitz H-M, Reiß W, Steffan G, Diehl H, Bosche H, Schneider K, Kieczka H, Pinkos R (2000) Butanediols, butenediol, and butynediol. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a04_455.pub2
Haveren J, Scott EL, Sanders J (2008) Bulk chemicals from biomass. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 2(1):41–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.43
Hong KK, Nielsen J (2012) Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a key cell factory platform for future biorefineries. Cell Mol Life Sci 69(16):2671–2690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-0945-1
Ishii J, Morita K, Ida K, Kato H, Kinoshita S, Hataya S, Shimizu H, Kondo A, Matsuda F (2018) A pyruvate carbon flux tugging strategy for increasing 2,3-butanediol production and reducing ethanol subgeneration in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Biofuels 11(1):180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1176-y
Jantama K, Polyiam P, Khunnonkwao P, Chan S, Sangproo M, Khor K, Jantama SS, Kanchanatawee S (2015) Efficient reduction of the formation of by-products and improvement of production yield of 2,3-butanediol by a combined deletion of alcohol dehydrogenase, acetate kinase-phosphotransacetylase, and lactate dehydrogenase genes in metabolically engineered Klebsiella oxytoca in mineral salts medium. Metab Eng 30:16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2015.04.004
Ji X-J, Huang H, Li S, Du J, Lian M (2008) Enhanced 2,3-butanediol production by altering the mixed acid fermentation pathway in Klebsiella oxytoca. Biotechnol Lett 30(4):731–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-007-9599-8
Ji X-J, Huang H, Du J, Zhu J-G, Ren L-J, Hu N, Li S (2009) Enhanced 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella oxytoca using a two-stage agitation speed control strategy. Bioresour Technol 100(13):3410–3414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.031
Ji X-J, Huang H, Zhu J-G, Ren L-J, Nie Z-K, Du J, Li S (2010) Engineering Klebsiella oxytoca for efficient 2, 3-butanediol production through insertional inactivation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85(6):1751–1758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2222-2
Ji X-J, Huang H, Ouyang P-K(2011a) Microbial 2,3-butanediol production: a state-of-the-art review. Biotechnol Adv 29(3):351–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.007
Ji X-J, Nie ZK, Huang H, Ren LJ, Peng C, Ouyang PK (2011b) Elimination of carbon catabolite repression in Klebsiella oxytoca for efficient 2,3-butanediol production from glucose-xylose mixtures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 89(4):1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2940-5
Johansen L, Bryn K, Stormer FC (1975) Physiological and biochemical role of the butanediol pathway in Aerobacter (Enterobacter) aerogenes. J Bacteriol 123(3):1124–1130. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.123.3.1124-1130.1975
Kandasamy V, Liu J, Dantoft SH, Solem C, Jensen PR (2016) Synthesis of (3R)-acetoin and 2,3-butanediol isomers by metabolically engineered Lactococcus lactis. Sci Rep 6(1):36769. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36769
Kang IY, Park JM, Hong W-K, Kim YS, Jung YR, Kim S-B, Heo S-Y, Lee S-M, Kang JY, Oh B-R, Kim D-H, Seo J-W, Kim CH (2015) Enhanced production of 2,3-butanediol by a genetically engineered Bacillus sp. BRC1 using a hydrolysate of empty palm fruit bunches. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 38(2):299–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1268-4
Kim S, Hahn JS (2015) Efficient production of 2,3-butanediol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by eliminating ethanol and glycerol production and redox rebalancing. Metab Eng 31:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2015.07.006
Kim DK, Rathnasingh C, Song H, Lee HJ, Seung D, Chang YK (2013) Metabolic engineering of a novel Klebsiella oxytoca strain for enhanced 2,3-butanediol production. J Biosci Bioeng 116(2):186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.02.021
Kim S-J, Seo S-O, Jin Y-S, Seo J-H (2013b) Production of 2,3-butanediol by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresour Technol 146:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.081
Kim SJ, Seo SO, Park YC, Jin YS, Seo JH (2014) Production of 2,3-butanediol from xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 192:376–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.12.017
Kim J-W, Seo S-O, Zhang G-C, Jin Y-S, Seo J-H(2015) Expression of Lactococcus lactis NADH oxidase increases 2,3-butanediol production in Pdc-deficientSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresour Technol 191:512–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.077
Kim J-W, Kim J, Seo S-O, Kim KH, Jin Y-S, Seo J-H(2016) Enhanced production of 2,3-butanediol by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae through fine-tuning of pyruvate decarboxylase and NADH oxidase activities. Biotechnol Biofuels 9(1):265. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0677-9
Kim S-J, Kim J-W, Lee Y-G, Park Y-C, Seo J-H(2017a) Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 2,3-butanediol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(6):2241–2250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8172-1
Kim S-J, Sim H-J, Kim J-W, Lee Y-G, Park Y-C, Seo J-H (2017b) Enhanced production of 2,3-butanediol from xylose by combinatorial engineering of xylose metabolic pathway and cofactor regeneration in pyruvate decarboxylase-deficientSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresour Technol 245:1551–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.034
Kim J-W, Lee Y-G, Kim S-J, Jin Y-S, Seo J-H (2019) Deletion of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes improved 2,3-butanediol production by reducing glycerol production in pyruvate decarboxylase-deficientSaccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 304:31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.009
Knowlton JW, Schieltz NC, Macmillan D (1946) Physical Chemical Properties of the 2,3-Butanediols. J Am Chem Soc 68(2):208–210. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01206a018
Kong HG, Shin TS, Kim TH, Ryu CM (2018) Stereoisomers of the bacterial volatile compound 2,3-butanediol differently elicit systemic defense responses of pepper against multiple viruses in the field. Front Plant Sci 9:90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00090
Lee Y-G, Seo J-H (2019) Production of 2,3-butanediol from glucose and cassava hydrolysates by metabolically engineered industrial polyploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Biofuels 12(1):204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1545-1
Lee WH, Seo SO, Bae YH, Nan H, Jin YS, Seo JH (2012) Isobutanol production in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase and valine biosynthetic enzymes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 35(9):1467–1475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-012-0736-y
Li L, Zhang L, Li K, Wang Y, Gao C, Han B, Ma C, Xu P (2013) A newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis strain thermophilically produces 2,3-butanediol, a platform and fuel bio-chemical. Biotechnol Biofuels 6(1):123. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-123
Li L, Chen C, Li K, Wang Y, Gao C, Ma C, Xu P (2014) Efficient simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of inulin to 2,3-butanediol by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580. Appl Environ Microbiol 80(20):6458–6464. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01802-14
Lian J, Chao R, Zhao H (2014) Metabolic engineering of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain capable of simultaneously utilizing glucose and galactose to produce enantiopure (2R,3R)-butanediol. Metab Eng 23:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2014.02.003
Liu Z, Qin J, Gao C, Hua D, Ma C, Li L, Wang Y, Xu P (2011) Production of (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol and (3S)-acetoin from glucose using resting cells of Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis. Bioresour Technol 102(22):10741–10744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.110
Liu X, Fabos V, Taylor S, Knight DW, Whiston K, Hutchings GJ (2016) One-step production of 1,3-butadiene from 2,3-butanediol dehydration. Chem Eur J 22(35):12290–12294. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201602390
Maddox IS (2008) Microbial production of 2,3-butanediol. In Biotechnology set, 2nd edn. p 269-291 doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527620999.ch7f
Magee RJ, Kosaric N (1987) The microbial production of 2,3-butanediol. Adv Appl Microbiol 32:89–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70079-0
Meng W, Zhang Y, Cao M, Zhang W, Lü C, Yang C, Gao C, Xu P, Ma C (2020) Efficient 2,3-butanediol production from whey powder using metabolically engineered Klebsiella oxytoca. Microb Cell Factories 19(1):162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01420-2
Nakamura CE, Whited GM (2003) Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14(5):454–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2003.08.005
Nan H, Seo S-O, Oh EJ, Seo J-H, Cate JHD, Jin Y-S (2014) 2,3-Butanediol production from cellobiose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(12):5757–5764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5683-x
Ng C, Jung M-Y, Lee J, Oh M-K (2012) Production of 2,3-butanediol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by in silico aided metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Factories 11(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-11-68
Ostergaard S, Olsson L, Nielsen J (2000) Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64(1):34–50. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.64.1.34-50.2000
Oud B, Flores C-L, Gancedo C, Zhang X, Trueheart J, Daran J-M, Pronk JT, van Maris AJA (2012) An internal deletion in MTH1 enables growth on glucose of pyruvate-decarboxylase negative, non-fermentativeSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Factories 11(1):131. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-11-131
Park JM, Song H, Lee HJ, Seung D (2013a) Genome-scale reconstruction and in silico analysis of Klebsiella oxytoca for 2,3-butanediol production. Microb Cell Factories 12(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-12-20
Park JM, Song H, Lee HJ, Seung D (2013b) In silico aided metabolic engineering of Klebsiella oxytoca and fermentation optimization for enhanced 2,3-butanediol production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40(9):1057–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-013-1298-y
Park JM, Rathnasingh C, Song H (2015) Enhanced production of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol by metabolically engineered Klebsiella oxytoca. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 42(10):1419–1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1648-z
Pasaye-Anaya L, Vargas-Tah A, Martínez-Cámara C, Castro-Montoya AJ, Campos-García J (2019) Production of 2,3-butanediol by fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysed bagasse from agave mezcal-waste using the native Klebsiella oxytocaUM2-17 strain. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 94(12):3915–3923. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6190
Pronk JT, Yde Steensma H, Van Dijken JP (1996) Pyruvate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 12(16):1607–1633. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199612)12:16<1607::aid-yea70>3.0.co;2-4
Qi G, Kang Y, Li L, Xiao A, Zhang S, Wen Z, Xu D, Chen S (2014) Deletion of meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene bud C for enhanced D-2,3-butanediol production in Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnol Biofuels 7(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-16
Qiu Y, Zhang J, Li L, Wen Z, Nomura CT, Wu S, Chen S (2016) Engineering Bacillus licheniformis for the production of meso-2,3-butanediol. Biotechnol Biofuels 9:117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0522-1
Ryu C-M, Farag MA, Hu C-H, Reddy MS, Wei H-X, Paré PW, Kloepper JW (2003) Bacterial volatiles promote growth in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(8):4927–4932. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0730845100
Song CW, Park JM, Chung SC, Lee SY, Song H (2019) Microbial production of 2,3-butanediol for industrial applications. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 46(11):1583–1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-019-02231-0
Song CW, Chelladurai R, Park JM, Song H (2020) Engineering a newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis strain for the production of (2R,3R)-butanediol. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 47(1):97–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-019-02249-4
Syu MJ (2001) Biological production of 2,3-butanediol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55(1):10–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530000486
Tsau JL, Guffanti AA, Montville TJ (1992) Conversion of pyruvate to acetoin helps to maintain pH homeostasis in Lactobacillus plantarum. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(3):891–894. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.58.3.891-894.1992
Van Dien S (2013) From the first drop to the first truckload: commercialization of microbial pH processes for renewable chemicals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 24(6):1061–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.03.002
Weber C, Farwick A, Benisch F, Brat D, Dietz H, Subtil T, Boles E (2010) Trends and challenges in the microbial production of lignocellulosic bioalcohol fuels. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87(4):1303–1315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2707-z
Wu Y, Shen X, Yuan Q, Yan Y (2016) Metabolic engineering strategies for co-utilization of carbon sources in microbes. Bioeng. 3(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering3010010
Xiao Z, Xu P (2007) Acetoin metabolism in bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 33(2):127–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408410701364604
Yang T, Rao Z, Zhang X, Xu M, Xu Z, Yang S-T (2013) Improved production of 2,3-butanediol in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by over-expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase. PLoS One 8(10):e76149–e76149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076149
Yang T, Rao Z, Hu G, Zhang X, Liu M, Dai Y, Xu M, Xu Z, Yang S-T (2015) Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for redistributing the carbon flux to 2,3-butanediol by manipulating NADH levels. Biotechnol Biofuels 8(1):129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0320-1
Zhou J, Lian J, Rao CV (2020) Metabolic engineering of Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius for the efficient production of (2R, 3R)-butanediol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104(10):4303–4311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10553-8
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
This work is supported by the DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under Award Number DE-SC0018420). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
J.W.L reviewed the literature and wrote the manuscript. Y.-G.L and Y.-S.J. critically read, revised, and improved the manuscript. C.V.R. conceived the idea, reviewed, and supervised the study. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, J.W., Lee, YG., Jin, YS. et al. Metabolic engineering of non-pathogenic microorganisms for 2,3-butanediol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105, 5751–5767 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11436-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11436-2