Abstract
Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin in wood have completely different structures and hygroscopicity, which markedly impact the wood moisture adsorption properties. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC), the density of sorption sites, and hysteresis characteristics of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and ball-milled lignin isolated from white birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) were investigated to determine their influence on the adsorption isotherm and hysteresis of wood. A dynamic vapor sorption apparatus was used to test the sorption isotherm and the rule of mixture was employed to evaluate differences between in-situ and isolated chemical components. The sorption site occupancy (SSO) model was used to calculate the density of sorption sites of birch cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, and the calculated results were then compared with the theoretical hydroxyl content. The results show that the dewaxed birch sample, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin at 95% relative humidity had EMC values of 20.7%, 20.4%, 107.4%, and 11.6%, respectively, their largest relative hysteresis values were 1.60, 1.20, 1.40, and 1.74, respectively. Sorption site density of birch sample, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin calculated by the SSO model were 10.5, 9.2, 17.3, and 6.0 mmol/g, close to that of theoretical hydroxyl content. Lignin had the highest relative hysteresis compared with cellulose and hemicellulose, and interaction and cross-linking between wood chemical components have a great influence on wood hysteresis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balakshin M, Capanema E, Gracz H, Chang HM, Jameel H (2011) Quantification of lignin-carbohydrate linkages with high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Planta 233:1097–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-011-1359-2
Bertolin C, Ferri L, Strojecki M (2020) Application of the Guggenheim, Anderson, de Boer equation to study the impact of sealing treatments on pine wood sorption characteristics. Mater Design Process Commun 3:e189. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdp2.189
Björkman A (1956) Studies on finely divided wood. Part 1. Extraction of lignin with neutral solvents. Svensk Papperstidning 59:477–485
Brischke C, Stricker S, Meyer-Veltrup L, Emmerich L (2019) Changes in sorption and electrical properties of wood caused by fungal decay. Holzforschung 73:445–455. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0171
Chen M, Coasne B, Guyer R, Derome D, Carmeliet J (2018) Role of hydrogen bonding in hysteresis observed in sorption-induced swelling of soft nanoporous polymers. Nat Commun 9:3507. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05897-9
Chen M, Coasne B, Derome D, Carmeliet J (2020a) Role of cellulose nanocrystals on hysteretic sorption and deformation of nanocomposites. Cellulose 27:6945–6960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03247-x
Chen Q, Wang G, Ma X-X, Chen M-L, Fang C-H, Fei B-H (2020b) The effect of graded fibrous structure of bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) on its water vapor sorption isotherms. Ind Crops Prod 151:112467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112467
Christensen G, Kelsey KE (1959) Die Sorption von Wasserdampf durch die chemischen Bestandteile des Holzes. Holz Roh- Werkst 17:189–203
Cousins W (1978) Young’s modulus of hemicellulose as related to moisture content. Wood Sci Technol 12:161–167
Dolan GK, Cartwright B, Bonilla MR, Gidley MJ, Stokes JR, Yakubov GE (2019) Probing adhesion between nanoscale cellulose fibres using AFM lateral force spectroscopy: The effect of hemicelluloses on hydrogen bonding. Carbohydr Polym 208:97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.052
Engelund ET, Thygesen LG, Svensson S, Hill CAS (2012) A critical discussion of the physics of wood–water interactions. Wood Sci Technol 47:141–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-012-0514-7
Espino-Pérez E, Bras J, Almeida G, Relkin P, Belgacem N, Plessis C, Domenek S (2016) Cellulose nanocrystal surface functionalization for the controlled sorption of water and organic vapours. Cellulose 23:2955–2970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0994-y
Fredriksson M, Thybring EE (2018) Scanning or desorption isotherms? Characterising sorption hysteresis of wood. Cellulose 25:4477–4485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1898-9
Fredriksson M, Thybring EE (2019) On sorption hysteresis in wood: Separating hysteresis in cell wall water and capillary water in the full moisture range. PLoS ONE 14:e0225111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225111
García-Iruela A, Esteban LG, García Fernández F, de Palacios P, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Martín-Sampedro R, Eugenio ME (2019) Effect of vacuum/pressure cycles on cell wall composition and structure of poplar wood. Cellulose 26:8543–8556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02692-7
García-Iruela A, García Esteban L, García Fernández F, de Palacios P, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Sánchez LG, Hosseinpourpia R (2020) Effect of degradation on wood hygroscopicity: The case of a 400-year-old coffin. Forests 11:712. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11070712
García-Iruela A, Esteban LG, García Fernández F, de Palacios P, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Martín-Sampedro R, Eugenio ME (2021) Changes in cell wall components and hygroscopic properties of Pinus radiata caused by heat treatment. Eur J Wood Prod 79:851–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01678-2
Glass SV, Boardman CR, Thybring EE, Zelinka SL (2018) Quantifying and reducing errors in equilibrium moisture content measurements with dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) experiments. Wood Sci Technol 52:909–927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-018-1007-0
Hailwood A, Horrobin S (1946) Absorption of water by polymers: analysis in terms of a simple model. Trans Faraday Soc 42:B084–B092
Henriksson G (2017) What are the biological functions of lignin and its complexation with carbohydrates? Nord Pulp Pap Res J 32:527–541. https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2017-32-04_p527-541_henriksson
Hess KM, Killgore JP, Srubar WV (2018) Nanoscale hygromechanical behavior of lignin. Cellulose 25:6345–6360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2045-3
Hill C, Altgen M, Rautkari L (2021) Thermal modification of wood—a review: chemical changes and hygroscopicity. J Mater Sci 56:6581–6614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05722-z
Hill CAS, Xie Y (2011) The dynamic water vapour sorption properties of natural fibres and viscoelastic behaviour of the cell wall: is there a link between sorption kinetics and hysteresis? J Mater Sci 46:3738–3748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5286-1
Hill CAS, Norton A, Newman G (2009) The water vapor sorption behavior of natural fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 112:1524–1537. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29725
Hill CAS, Norton AJ, Newman G (2010) The water vapour sorption properties of Sitka spruce determined using a dynamic vapour sorption apparatus. Wood Sci Technol 44:497–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-010-0305-y
Hill CAS, Keating BA, Jalaludin Z, Mahrdt E (2012) A rheological description of the water vapour sorption kinetics behaviour of wood invoking a model using a canonical assembly of Kelvin-Voigt elements and a possible link with sorption hysteresis. Holzforschung 66:35–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.115
Hofstetter K, Hinterstoisser B, Salmén L (2006) Moisture uptake in native cellulose – the roles of different hydrogen bonds: a dynamic FT-IR study using Deuterium exchange. Cellulose 13:131–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9055-2
Humar M, Repič R, Kržišnik D, Lesar B, Cerc Korošec R, Brischke C, Emmerich L, Rep G (2020) Quality control of thermally modified timber using dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis. Forests 11:666. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060666
Kachrimanis K, Noisternig MF, Griesser UJ, Malamataris S (2006) Dynamic moisture sorption and desorption of standard and silicified microcrystalline cellulose. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 64:307–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.05.019
Kulasinski K, Derome D, Carmeliet J (2017) Impact of hydration on the micromechanical properties of the polymer composite structure of wood investigated with atomistic simulations. J Mech Phys Solids 103:221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2017.03.016
Kulasinski K, Guyer R, Derome D, Carmeliet J (2015) Water adsorption in wood microfibril-hemicellulose system: role of the crystalline-amorphous interface. Biomacromol 16:2972–2978. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00878
Kulasinski K, Salmén L, Derome D, Carmeliet J (2016) Moisture adsorption of glucomannan and xylan hemicelluloses. Cellulose 23:1629–1637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0944-8
Kymäläinen M, Ben Mlouka S, Belt T, Merk V, Liljeström V, Hänninen T, Uimonen T, Kostiainen M et al (2017) Chemical, water vapour sorption and ultrastructural analysis of Scots pine wood thermally modified in high-pressure reactor under saturated steam. J Mater Sci 53:3027–3037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1714-1
Liitiä T, Maunu SL, Hortling B, Tamminen T, Pekkala O, Varhimo A (2003) Cellulose crystallinity and ordering of hemicelluloses in pine and birch pulps as revealed by solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods. Cellulose 10:307–316
Lindh EL, Bergenstrahle-Wohlert M, Terenzi C, Salmen L, Furo I (2016) Non-exchanging hydroxyl groups on the surface of cellulose fibrils: the role of interaction with water. Carbohydr Res 434:136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2016.09.006
Lu Y, Pignatello JJ (2004) History-dependent sorption in humic acids and a lignite in the context of a polymer model for natural organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 38:5853–5862
Mihranyan A, Llagostera AP, Karmhag R, Stromme M, Ek R (2004) Moisture sorption by cellulose powders of varying crystallinity. Int J Pharm 269:433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.09.030
Morrison JL, Dzieciuch MA (1959) The thermodynamic properties of the system cellulose-water vapor. Can J Chem 37:1379–1390
Muraille L, Pernes M, Habrant A, Serimaa R, Molinari M, Aguié-Béghin V, Chabbert B (2015) Impact of lignin on water sorption properties of bioinspired self-assemblies of lignocellulosic polymers. Eur Polymer J 64:21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.040
Olsson A-M, Salmén L (2003) The softening behavior of hemicelluloses related to moisture. In: Tenkanen M (ed) Gatenholm P. Science and Technology. American Chemical Society, Hemicelluloses, pp 184–197
Qi C, Hou S, Lu J, Xue W, Sun K (2020) Thermal characteristics of birch and its cellulose and hemicelluloses isolated by alkaline solution. Holzforschung 74:1099–1112. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0285
Rautkari L, Hill CAS, Curling S, Jalaludin Z, Ormondroyd G (2013) What is the role of the accessibility of wood hydroxyl groups in controlling moisture content? J Mater Sci 48:6352–6356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7434-2
Reina JJ, Domínguez E, Heredia A (2001) Water sorption–desorption in conifer cuticles: the role of lignin. Physiol Plant 112:372–378
Rowell RM (1980) Distribution of reacted chemicals in southern pine modified with methyl isocyanate. Wood Sci 13:102–110
Salmen L, Larsson PA (2018) On the origin of sorption hysteresis in cellulosic materials. Carbohydr Polym 182:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.005
Salmén L, Burgert I (2009) Cell wall features with regard to mechanical performance. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture. Holzforschung 63:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2009.011
Simón C, Esteban LG, Palacios Pd, Fernández FG, García-Iruela A (2017) Sorption/desorption hysteresis revisited. Sorption properties of Pinus pinea L. analysed by the parallel exponential kinetics and Kelvin-Voigt models. Holzforschung 71:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0097
Sun B, Wang Z, Liu J (2017) Changes of chemical properties and the water vapour sorption of Eucalyptus pellita wood thermally modified in vacuum. J Wood Sci 63:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-016-1601-4
Thybring EE, Boardman CR, Glass SV, Zelinka SL (2018) The parallel exponential kinetics model is unfit to characterize moisture sorption kinetics in cellulosic materials. Cellulose 26:723–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2134-3
Volkova N, Ibrahim V, Hatti-Kaul R, Wadsö L (2012) Water sorption isotherms of Kraft lignin and its composites. Carbohyd Polym 87:1817–1821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.001
Vrentas J, Vrentas CM (1996) Hysteresis effects for sorption in glassy polymers. Macromolecules 29:4391–4396
Wen J-L, Sun S-L, Xue B-L, Sun R-C (2013) Quantitative structural characterization of the lignins from the stem and pith of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Holzforschung 67:613–627. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2012-0162
Willems W (2014) The water vapor sorption mechanism and its hysteresis in wood: the water/void mixture postulate. Wood Sci Technol 48:499–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-014-0617-4
Willems W (2015) A critical review of the multilayer sorption models and comparison with the sorption site occupancy (SSO) model for wood moisture sorption isotherm analysis. Holzforschung 69:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0069
Xiao T, Yuan H, Ma Q, Guo X, Wu Y (2019) An approach for in situ qualitative and quantitative analysis of moisture adsorption in nanogram-scaled lignin by using micro-FTIR spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. Int J Biol Macromol 132:1106–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.043
Xie Y, Hill CAS, Jalaludin Z, Sun D (2011) The water vapour sorption behaviour of three celluloses: analysis using parallel exponential kinetics and interpretation using the Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model. Cellulose 18:517–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9512-4
Yang T, Ma E, Cao J (2018) Effects of lignin in wood on moisture sorption and hygroexpansion tested under dynamic conditions. Holzforschung 72:943–950. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0198
Yao C, Tian X, Sheng C (2019) Moisture sorption isotherm of herbaceous and agricultural biomass. Energy Fuels 33:12480–12491. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02971
Zhang A, Lu F, Liu C, Sun RC (2010) Isolation and characterization of lignins from Eucalyptus tereticornis (12ABL). J Agric Food Chem 58:11287–11293. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf103354x
Zhou HZ, Xu R, Ma EN (2016) Effects of removal of chemical components on moisture adsorption by wood. BioResources 11:3110–3122
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31870536 and 31971589); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NO. 2021ZY30).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The manuscript was written with the contributions of all authors. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hou, S., Wang, J., Yin, F. et al. Moisture sorption isotherms and hysteresis of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin isolated from birch wood and their effects on wood hygroscopicity. Wood Sci Technol 56, 1087–1102 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01393-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01393-y