Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are widely used to improve plant nutrient uptake and assimilation and soil physicochemical properties. We investigated the effects of bacterial (Bacillus megaterium strain DU07) fertilizer applications in a eucalyptus (clone DH32-29) plantation in Guangxi, China in February 2011. We used two types of organic matter, i.e., fermented tapioca residue (“FTR”) and filtered sludge from a sugar factory (“FS”). The following treatments were evaluated: (1) no PGPR and no organic matter applied (control), (2) 3 × 109 CFU/g (colony forming unit per gram) PGPR plus FS (bacterial fertilizer 1, hereafter referred to as BF1), (3) 4 × 109 CFU/g plus FS (BF2), (4) 9 × 109 CFU/g plus FS (BF3), (5) 9 × 109 CFU/g broth plus FTR (BF4). Soil and plant samples were collected 3 months (M3) and 6 months (M6) after the seedlings were planted. In general, bacterial fertilizer amendments significantly increased plant foliar total nitrogen (TN) and soil catalase activity in the short term (month 3, M3); whereas, it significantly increased foliar TN, chlorophyll concentration (Chl-ab), proline; plant height, diameter, and volume of timber; and soil urease activity, STN, and available N (Avail N) concentrations in the long term (month 6, M6). Redundancy analysis showed that soil available phosphorus was significantly positively correlated with plant growth in M3, and soil Avail N was negatively correlated with plant growth in M6. In M3, soil catalase was more closely correlated with plant parameters than other enzyme activities and soil nutrients, and in M6, soil urease, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase were more closely correlated with plant parameters than other environmental factors and soil enzyme activities. PCA results showed that soil enzyme activities were significantly improved under all treatments relative to the control. Hence, photosynthesis, plant growth, and soil N retention were positively affected by bacterial fertilizer in M6, and bacterial fertilizer applications had positive and significant influence on soil enzyme activities during the trial period. Thus, bacterial fertilizer is attractive for use as an environmentally friendly fertilizer in Eucalyptus plantations following proper field evaluation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Avail K:
-
Available potassium
- Avail N:
-
Available nitrogen
- Avail P:
-
Available phosphorus
- STN:
-
Soil total nitrogen
- FTR:
-
Fermented tapioca residue
- FS:
-
Filtered sludge
- M3:
-
Month 3
- M6:
-
Month 6
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- NR:
-
Nitrate reductase
- NiR:
-
Nitrite reductase
- POD:
-
Peroxidase
- PPO:
-
Polyphenol oxidase
- SWC:
-
Soil water content
- TK:
-
Total potassium
- TN:
-
Total nitrogen
- TP:
-
Total phosphorus
- CFU/g:
-
Colony forming unit per gram
References
Adekayode F, Olojugba M (2010) The utilization of wood ash as manure to reduce the use of mineral fertilizer for improved performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as measured in the chlorophyll content and grain yield. J Soil Sci 1:40–45
Ahemad M, Kibret M (2014) Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: current perspective. J King Saud Univ Sci 26:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.05.001
Akhtar K, Wang W, Ren G et al (2018) Changes in soil enzymes, soil properties, and maize crop productivity under wheat straw mulching in Guanzhong, China. Soil Tillage Res 182:94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.05.007
Akila R, Rajendran L, Harish S et al (2011) Combined application of botanical formulations and biocontrol agents for the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causing Fusarium wilt in banana. Biol Control 57:175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.02.010
Anderson JM, Ingram JSI (1993) Tropical soil biology and fertility—a handbook of methods, vol 2, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 13–21
Atkinson CJ, Fitzgerald JD, Hipps NA (2010) Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant Soil 337:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5
Awasthi MK, Wang Q, Chen H et al (2017) Evaluation of biochar amended biosolids co-composting to improve the nutrient transformation and its correlation as a function for the production of nutrient-rich compost. Bioresour Technol 237:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.044
Bach CE, Warnock DD, Van Horn DJ et al (2013) Measuring phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities with pyrogallol, l-DOPA, and ABTS: effect of assay conditions and soil type. Soil Biol Biochem 67:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.022
Bowles TM, Acosta-Martínez V, Calderón F, Jackson LE (2014) Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape. Soil Biol Biochem 68:252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.004
Bronk DA, Gilbert PM, Malone TC et al (1998) Inorganic and organic nitrogen cycling in Chesapeake Bay: autotrophic versus heterotrophic processes and relationships to carbon flux. Aquat Microb Ecol 15:177–189. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame015177
Cakmak I (2005) The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 168:521–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200420485
Compant S, Clément C, Sessitsch A (2010) Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization. Soil Biol Biochem 42:669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024
Cregg BM, Duck MW, Rios CM et al (2004) Chlorophyll fluorescence and needle chlorophyll concentration of fir (Abies sp.) seedlings in response to pH. HortScience 39:1121–1125
de Brito DMC, dos Santos CD, Gonçalves FV et al (2013) Effects of nitrate supply on plant growth, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, and nitrate reductase activity in Crambe. J Plant Nutr 36:275–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.739247
Dempster DN, Gleeson DB, Solaiman ZM et al (2012) Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil. Plant Soil 354:311–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1067-5
Dijemans H (1973) Aggregation chlorophylls in citro absorption spetroscopy of chlorophyll a in water–methanol solutions. EuroJBiochem 32:233–236
Dinakar N, Nagajyothi P, Suresh S et al (2008) Phytotoxicity of cadmium on protein, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities in growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings. J Environ Sci 20:199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60032-7
Dudeja SS, Giri R, Saini R et al (2012) Interaction of endophytic microbes with legumes. J Basic Microbiol 52:248–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201100063
Dui LI, Nian HE, Yu JI (2017) Effects of Streptomyces griseus on soil enzyme activity nutrients and microorganism of the seedlings of Platycodon grandiflorum rhizosphere under drought stress. Agric Res Arid Areas 35:173–180
Evans JR (1989) Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationship in leaves of C3 plants. Oecologia 78:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377192
Fu D, Yang H, Wang L et al (2018) Vegetation and soil nutrient restoration of cut slopes using outside soil spray seeding in the plateau region of southwestern China. J Environ Manag 228:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.108
Gao R, Yuan Z, Zhao Z, Gao X (1998) Mechanism of pyrogallol autoxidation and determination of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. Bioelectrochem Bioenergy 45:41–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0302-4598(98)00072-5
Geisseler D, Horwath WR, Joergensen RG, Ludwig B (2010) Pathways of nitrogen utilization by soil microorganisms—a review. Soil Biol Biochem 42:2058–2067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.08.021
Gerardeaux E, Jordan-Meille L, Constantin J et al (2010) Changes in plant morphology and dry matter partitioning caused by potassium deficiency in Gossypium hirsutum (L.). Environ Exp Bot 67:451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.09.008
Glick BR (2010) Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnol Adv 28:367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.02.001
Glick BR (1995) The enhancement of plant growth by free-living bacteria. Can J Microbiol 41:109–117
Goryshin IY, Jendrisak J, Hoffman LM et al (2000) Insertional transposon mutagenesis by electroporation of released Tn5 transposition complexes. Nat Biotechnol 18:97–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/72017
Han L, Su D, Lv S et al (2017) Responses of biogeochemical characteristics and enzyme activities in sediment to climate warming under a simulation experiment in geographically isolated wetlands of the Hulunbuir Grassland, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090968
Han R, Chengqun L, Víctor F et al (2019) Biochar and PGPR amendments influence soil enzyme activities and nutrient concentrations in a eucalyptus seedling plantation. Biomass Convers Bior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00571-6
Insam H (1960s) Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s. Geoderma 100:389–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00029-5
Islam F, Yasmeen T, Arif MS et al (2016) Plant growth promoting bacteria confer salt tolerance in Vigna radiata by up-regulating antioxidant defense and biological soil fertility. Plant Growth Regul 80:23–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0142-y
Jack TT, Dudley JR (2003) Use of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in plant tissue as an indicator of nutrient limitation and nitrogen saturation. J Appl Ecol 40:523–534. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00820.x
Jaisingh R, Kumar A, Dhiman M (2016) International journal of advanced research in biological sciences isolation and characterization of PGPR from rhizosphere of Sesame indicum L. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci 3:238–244
Johnston JM, Crossley DA (2002) Forest ecosystem recovery in the southeast US: soil ecology as an essential component of ecosystem management. For Ecol Manag 155:187–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00558-8
Kaiser JJ, Lewis OAM (1984) Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity in leaves and roots of nitrate-fed Helianthus annuus L. Plant Soil 77:127–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182818
Khan AG, Kuek C, Chaudhry TM et al (2000) Role of plants, mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contaminated land remediation. Chemosphere 41:197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00412-9
Kokaly RF, Asner GP, Ollinger SV et al (2009) Characterizing canopy biochemistry from imaging spectroscopy and its application to ecosystem studies. Remote Sens Environ 113:S78–S91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.018
Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M (2006) Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems—a review. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 11:403–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5
Li C, Shi LL, Ostermann A et al (2015) Indigenous trees restore soil microbial biomass at faster rates than exotic species. Plant Soil 396:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2570-x
Li L, Steffens JC (2002) Overexpression of polyphenol oxidase in transgenic tomato plants results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance. Planta 215:239–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-002-0750-4
Li P, Zhang J, Qi X et al (2018) The responses of soil function to reclaimed water irrigation changes with soil depth. Desalin Water Treat 122:100–105. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22662
Li R, Tao R, Ling N, Chu G (2017) Chemical, organic and bio-fertilizer management practices effect on soil physicochemical property and antagonistic bacteria abundance of a cotton field: implications for soil biological quality. Soil Tillage Res 167:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.11.001
Lie Z, Xue L (2019) Density effect and self-thinning in Eucalyptus urophylla stands. J For Res 30:529–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0685-7
Lu W, Ding W, Zhang J et al (2014) Biochar suppressed the decomposition of organic carbon in a cultivated sandy loam soil: a negative priming effect. Soil Biol Biochem 76:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.029
Luo HH, Zhang YL, Zhang WF (2016) Effects of water stress and rewatering on photosynthesis, root activity, and yield of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch. Photosynthetica 54:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-015-0165-7
Major J, Rondon M, Molina D et al (2010) Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant Soil 333:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0
Mauk MR, Kishi K, Gold MH, Mauk AG (1998) pH-linked binding of Mn (II) to manganese peroxidase. Biochemistry 2960:6767–6771. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi972932u
McCarty GW, Bremner JM (1992) Regulation of assimilatory nitrate reductase activity in soil by microbial assimilation of ammonium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:453–456
McNabnay M, Dean BB, Bajema RW, Hyde GM (2009) The effect of potassium deficiency on chemical, biochemical and physical factors commonly associated with blackspot development in potato tubers. Am J Potato Res 76:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02855200
Mishra S, Di HJ, Cameron KC et al (2005) Gross nitrogen mineralisation rates in pastural soils and their relationships with organic nitrogen fractions, microbial biomass and protease activity under glasshouse conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 42:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-005-0863-6
Naeem M, Khan MMA (2009) Phosphorus ameliorates crop productivity, photosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and nutrient accumulation in coffee senna (Senna occidentalis L.) under phosphorus-deficient soil. J Plant Interact 4:145–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429140802193178
Nguyen TTN, Xu CY, Tahmasbian I et al (2017) Effects of biochar on soil available inorganic nitrogen: a review and meta-analysis. Geoderma 288:79–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.11.004
Ogura M, Kawata-mukai M, Itaya M et al (1994) Multiple copies of the proB gene enhance degS-dependent extracellular protease production in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 176:5673–5680
Oksińska MP, Magnucka EG, Lejcuś K, Pietr SJ (2016) Biodegradation of the cross-linked copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate by soil bacteria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:5969–5977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6130-6
Pan G, Liu W, Zhang H, Liu P (2018) Morphophysiological responses and tolerance mechanisms of Xanthium strumarium to manganese stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 165:654–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.107
Paul D, Lade H (2014) Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria to improve crop growth in saline soils: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 34:737–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0233-6
Pham VTK, Rediers H, Ghequire MGK et al (2017) The plant growth-promoting effect of the nitrogen-fixing endophyte Pseudomonas stutzeri A15. Arch Microbiol 199:513–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-016-1332-3
Philippot L, Piutti S, Martin-Laurent F (2002) Molecular analysis of the nitrate-reducing community from unplanted and maize-planted soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:6121–6128. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.6121
Piotrowska A, Wilczewski E (2012) Effects of catch crops cultivated for green manure and mineral nitrogen fertilization on soil enzyme activities and chemical properties. Geoderma 189–190:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.04.018
Qi Y, Huang Y, Wang Y et al (2011) Biomass and its allocation of four grassland species under different nitrogen levels. Shengtai Xuebao Acta Ecol Sin 31:5121–5129
Ramasamy K, Rahman NZA, Chin SC et al (2012) Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from fermented Malaysian food or milk products. Int J Food Sci Technol 47:2175–2183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03085.x
Saiya-Cork K, Sinsabaugh R, Zak D (2002) The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil. Soil Biol Biochem 34:1309–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00074-3
Sauerstein J, Reuter G (1988) Nachweis und Charakterisierung einer konstitutiven Lävansucrase und einer epigenetisch regulierten Saccharase in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. J Basic Microbiol 28:667–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620280927
Scheffer ARA, Logtestijn RSP Van, Verhoeven JTA (2018) Nordic society oikos decomposition of carex and sphagnum litter in two mesotrophic fens differing in dominant plant species Published by : Wiley on behalf of Nordic Society Oikos Stable URL . https://www.jstor.org/stable/3547679 Nordic Society Oikos, Wil. 92:44–54
Shabbir RN, Waraich EA, Ali H et al (2016) Supplemental exogenous NPK application alters biochemical processes to improve yield and drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:2651–2662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5452-0
Shah G, Jan M, Afreen M et al (2015) Halophilic bacteria mediated phytoremediation of salt-affected soils cultivated with rice. J Geochem Explor 174:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.03.011
Shang H, Shen G (2018) Effect of ammonium/nitrate ratio on pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) photosynthetic capacity and biomass accumulation under low light intensity and water deficit. Photosynthetica 56:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-018-0815-7
Shaw AN, DeForest JL (2013) The cycling of readily available phosphorus in response to elevated phosphate in acidic temperate deciduous forests. Appl Soil Ecol 63:88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.09.008
Shi Y, Sheng L, Wang Z et al (2016) Responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial community compositions to nitrogen addition in bulk and microaggregate soil in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia. Eurasian Soil Sci 49:1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229316100124
Siddiqi MY, King BJ, Glass AD (1992) Effects of nitrite, chlorate, and chlorite on nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase activity. Plant Physiol 100:644–650. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.2.644
Sinica AE, Shangdong Y, Jun WU et al (2013) Variation of soil fertility in Eucalyptus robusta plantations after controlled burning in the red soil region and its ecological evaluation. Acta Ecol Sin 33:7788–7797
Sinsabaugh RL, Belnap J, Findlay SG et al (2014) Extracellular enzyme kinetics scale with resource availability. Biogeochemistry 121:287–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-0030-y
Sogbedji JM, Geohring LD, Magdoff FR et al (2000) Nitrate leaching and nitrogen budget as affected by maize nitrogen rate and soil type. J Environ Qual 29:1813–1820. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900060011x
Srivastwa PK (2014) Growth promotion of plant by nutrient mobilizing PGPR of salt-affected soil. An Asian J Soil Sci 9:126–129
Tabassum B, Khan A, Tariq M et al (2017) Bottlenecks in commercialisation and future prospects of PGPR. Appl Soil Ecol 121:102–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.030
Tamreihao K, Mukherjee S, Khunjamayum R et al (2018) Feather degradation by keratinolytic bacteria and biofertilizing potential for sustainable agricultural production. J Basic Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201800434
Thacker PA (2013) Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for use in swine production: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 4:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-35
Vessey JK (2003) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil 255:571–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.920384
Vitousek PM, Aber J, Howarth RW et al (1997) Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences issues in ecology. Issues Ecol 1:1–17
Waring BG, Weintraub SR, Sinsabaugh RL (2014) Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry of microbial nutrient acquisition in tropical soils. Biogeochemistry 117:101–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-013-9849-x
Warren CR, Dreyer E, Adams M (2003) Photosynthesis–Rubisco relationships in foliage of Pinus sylvestris in response to nitrogen supply and the proposed role of Rubisco and amino acids as nitrogen stores. Trees 17:359–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0246-2
Wei C, Yan W (2018) Effects of Alfalfa cultivars on amount of soil microorganisms and enzyme activity in Ningxia Yellow river irrigation area. Soils 37:4349–4356. https://doi.org/10.13417/j.gab.037.004349
Wei QIN, Kun C, Yuefeng Z (2018) Effects of intercropping garlic on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in greenhouse eggplant rhizosphere soil. 1831–1834. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2481.2018.11.14
Welbaum GE, Sturz AV, Dong Z, Nowak J (2004) Managing soil microorganisms to improve productivity of agro-ecosystems. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 23:175–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680490433295
Whitehead D, Boelman NT, Turnbull MH et al (2005) Photosynthesis and reflectance indices for rainforest species in ecosystems undergoing progression and retrogression along a soil fertility chronosequence in New Zealand. Oecologia 144:233–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0068-6
Wu JT, Hsieh MT, Kow LC (1998) Role of proline accumulation in response to toxic copper in Chlorella sp. (Chlorophyceae) cells. J Phycol 34:113–117. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340113.x
Xu CY, Bai SH, Hao Y et al (2015) Peanut shell biochar improves soil properties and peanut kernel quality on a red Ferrosol. J Soils Sediments 15:2220–2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1242-z
Yang L, Zhang L, Geisseler D et al (2016) Available C and N affect the utilization of glycine by soil microorganisms. Geoderma 283:32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.022
Yu Y, Jia ZQ (2014) Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of Salix cheilophila Schneid. along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin. Tibetan Plateau Solid Earth 5:1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1045-2014
Yuwariah Y (2017) Nitrogenase activity and IAA production of indigenous diazotroph and its effect on rice seedling growth. J Agric Sci 39:31–37
Zhang N, Wan S, Guo J et al (2015) Precipitation modifies the effects of warming and nitrogen addition on soil microbial communities in northern Chinese grasslands. Soil Biol Biochem 89:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.022
Zumstein MT, Helbling DE (2019) Biotransformation of antibiotics: exploring the activity of extracellular and intracellular enzymes derived from wastewater microbial communities. Water Res 155:115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.024
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grant from the Study Abroad Program for Excellent phD Students of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. We thank Dr. Chengqun Lv and Dr. Baoling Huang for help in instructing our trial design and operation. We thank Dr. Jessica R Miesel for her guidance and mentoring of HR. We also thank Xiaohong Qin for assistance with data collection and manuscript preparation. We thank Wei Ding and Kai Kang for assistance with manuscript preparation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ren, H., Qin, X., Huang, B. et al. Responses of soil enzyme activities and plant growth in a eucalyptus seedling plantation amended with bacterial fertilizers. Arch Microbiol 202, 1381–1396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01849-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01849-4