Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Man-made chemicals found in remote areas of the world: The experimental definition for POPs

  • Review Articles
  • Review Articles: Persistent Organic Pollutants
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Members of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) signed a legally binding protocol on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in February 1998 under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. A treaty that intends to control the production, import, export, disposal and use of toxic chemicals that persist for decades in the environment has been formally signed at a conference in May 2001 in Stockholm. The 2001 POP treaty, like the 1998 LRTAP POP protocol, contains a provision on adding further chemicals to the initial group of twelve or fifteen. The occurrence of a compound or a group of compounds in so called remote and pristine areas, e.g. in the Artic or in the Southern Hemisphere, proves its stability under the chemical and biological conditions of the environment. Compounds identified in this way, in samples taken primarily in very remote regions of the planet, are classified by their environmental fate and global distribution as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), regardless of any political assessments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acker L, Schulte E (1970): Über das Vorkommen von chlorierten Biphenylen und Hexachlorbenzol neben chlorierten Insektiziden in Humanmilch und menschlichem Fettgewebe. Naturwissenschaften 57, 497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahel M, Giger W, Koch M (1994a): Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment. 1. Occurrence and transformation in sewage treatment. Water Research28, 1131–1142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahel M, Giger W, Schaffner C (1994b): Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment. 2. Occurrence and transformation in rivers. Water Research28, 1143–1152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alder L, B. Vieth B (1996): A congener-specific method for the quantification of camphechlor (toxaphene) residues in fish and other foodstuffs. Fresenius J Anal Chem354, 81–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alcock RE, Jones KC (1996): Dioxins in the environment — A review of trend data. Environ Sci Technol30, 3133–3143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen RJ, Wolfe MS, Faulkner DJ (1974): Autoxic antibiotic production by a marine Chromobacterium. Mar. Biol.27, 281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arend MW, Ballschmiter K (2000): A new sample preparation technique for organochlorines in cod liver oil combining SPE and NPHPLC with HRGC-ECD. Fresenius J Anal Chem 366, 342–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arend MW, Ballschmiter K (2001): Determination of Organochlorine POPs in Pacific Halibut and Cod Liver with SPE, NP-HPLC and HRGC-ECD/MSD. Symposia Paper presented before the Division of Environmental Chemistry, ACS, San Diego CA, April 1–5 2001, Preprints of Extended Abstracts41, 90–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bacon CE, Jarman WM, Costa DP (1992): Organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in pinniped milk from the Arctic, the Antarctic, California and Australia. Chemosphere24, 779–791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bacher R (1992): Quellen und Muster der polyhalogenierten (Brom/ Chlor) Dibenzo-p-dioxine und Dibenzofurane in Umweltproben. Dissertation Dr. rer. nat. Universität Ulm

  • Bacher R, Swerev M, Ballschmiter K (1992): Profile and pattern of monochlorothrough octachlorodibenzodioxins and-dibenzofurans in chimney deposits from wood burning. Environ Sci Technol26, 1649–1655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker JI, Hites RA (1999): Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the remote North Atlantic marine atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol33, 14–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker JI, Hites RA (2000): Siskiwit Lake revisited: Time trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran deposition at Isle Royale, Michigan. Environ Sci Technol34, 2887–2891

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball HA, Reinhard M, McCarty PL (1998): Biotransformation of halogenated and nonhalogenated octylphenol polyethoxylate residues under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Environ Sci Technol23, 951–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K (1979): Allgegenwartskonzentration von Industriechemikalien? Nachr Chem Tech Lab27, 542–546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K (1981): Pollutants in the environment — A global experiment. Impurezas en la naturaleza: un experimento global. Universitas23, 131 (Engl Ed, Spanish Ed)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K (1985): ‘Ulmer Modell’ — Globale Verteilung von Chemikalien. Nachr Chem Tech Lab.33, 206–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K (1992): Transport and fate of organic compounds in the global environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl31, 487–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K (1996): Persistent, ecotoxic, and bioaccumulative compounds and their possible environmental effects. Pure & Appl Chem68, 1771–1780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Zell M (1980): Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) by Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography: Composition of technical Aroclor- and Clophen-PCB mixtures. Fresenius J Anal Chem302, 20–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Zell M (1980): Baseline Studies of the Global Pollution I. Occurrence of organohalogens in pristine European and Antarctic aquatic environments. Intern J Environ Anal Chem8, 15–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Wittlinger R (1991): Interhemisphere exchange of hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorobiphenyls, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane in the lower troposphere. Environ Sci Technol25, 1103–1111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Wiedmann T (1993): Quantification of chlorinated naphthalenes with GC-MS using the molar response of electron impact ionization. Fresenius J Anal Chem346 (6/9), 800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Bacher R (1996): Dioxine — Chemie, Analytik, Vorkommen, Umweltverhalten und Toxikologie der halogenierten Dibenzo-p-dioxine und Dibenzofurane. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft Weinheim

  • Ballschmiter K, Zell M, Neu HJ (1978): Persistence of PCB’s in the Ecosphere: Will some PCB components ‘never’ degrade? Chemosphere2, 173–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Buchert H, Bihler S, Zell M (1981a): Baseline Studies of the Global Pollution IV: The pattern of pollution by organochlorine compounds in the North Atlantic as accumulated by fish. Fresenius J Anal Chem306, 323–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Scholz C, Buchert H, Zell M, Figge K, Polzhofer K, Hörschelmann H (1981b): Studies of the Global Baseline Pollution V. Monitoring the baseline pollution of the sub-antarctic by penguins as bioindicators. Fresenius Z Anal Chem309, 1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Buchert H, Scholz C, Zell M (1983): Baseline Studies of the Global Pollution VI. The pattern of pollution by chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea. Fresenius J Anal Chem316, 242–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Zoller W, Scholz C, Nottrodt A (1983): Occurrence and absence of polychlorodibenzofurans and polychlorodibenzodioxins in fly ash from municipal incinerators. Chemosphere12, 585–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, (1988): Polychlorbiphenyle: Chemie, Analytik und Umweltchemie. In: Analytiker Taschenbuch Bd 7, edited by: Fresenius W, Günzler H, Huber W, Kelker H, Lüderwald I, Tölg G, Wisser H, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, pp 393–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Rappe C, Buser H (1989): Chemical properties, analytical methods and environmental levels of the PCBs, PCTs, PCNs and PBBs. In: Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzodioxins and related compounds, edited by Kimbrough R, Jensen J, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 47–69

  • Banerjee BD, Zaidi SSA, Pasha ST, Rawak DS, Koner C, Hussain QZ (1997): Levels of HCH residues in human milk samples from Delhi, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol59, 403–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barney J: PCB-Link:http://www.epa.gov/toxteam/pcbid/

  • Barrie LA, Gregor D, Hargrave B, Lake R (1992): Arctic contaminants — Sources, occurrence and pathways. Science of the Total Environment22, 1–74. Review

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker M, Phillips T, Safe S (1991): Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers — A review. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry33:189–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker PR, Mackey EA, Demiralp R, Schantz MM, Koster BJ, Wise SA (1997): Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace elements in marine mammal tissues archived in the U.S. National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank. Chemosphere34, 2067–2098

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennet DH, Scheringer, M, McKone TE, Hungerbühler K (2001): Predicting long-range transport: A systematic evaluation of two multimedia Transport Models. Environ Sci Technol35, 1181–1189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester K, Biselli S, Ellerichmann T, Hühnerfuss H, Möller K, Rimkus G, Wolf M (1998): Chlorostyrenes in fish and sediment samples from the river Elbe. Chemosphere37, 2459–2471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer A, Mackay D, Matthies M, Wania F, Webster E (2000): Assessing long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol34, 699–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman TF, Cotham WE, Addison RF, Zinck ME (1992): Organic contaminants in the northwest Atlantic atmosphere at Sable Island, Nova-Scotia, 1988–89. Chemosphere24, 1389–1412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman TF, Walla MD, Roura R, Carr E (1993): Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of the Southern Ocean and Antartica, January–March, 1990. Marine Pollution Bulletin26, 258–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchert H, Bihler S, Schott P, Röper HP, Pachur HJ, Ballschmiter K (1981): Organochlorine Pollutant Analysis of contaminated and uncontaminated lake sediments by resolution gas chromatography. Chemosphere10, 945–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchert H, Bihler S, Ballschmiter K (1982): Untersuchungen zur globalen Grundbelastung mit Umweltchemikalien VII. Hochauflösende Gaschromatographie persistenter Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe (CKW) und Polyaromaten (AKW) in limnischen Sedimenten unterschiedlicher Belastung. Fresenius Z Anal Chem313, 1–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchert H, Class T, Ballschmiter K (1989): High resolution gas chromatography of technical chlordane with electron capture- and mass selective detection. Fresenius J Anal Chem333, 211–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchert H, Krämer W, Ballschmiter K (1989): The pattern of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) in the water column of the North Atlantic. Fresenius Z Anal Chem333, 712–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buehler SS, Basu I, Hites RA (2001): A comparison of PAH, PCB, and Pesticides concentrations in air at two rural sites on Lake Superior. Environ Sci Technol35, 2417–2422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burreau S, Axelman J, Broman D, Jakobsson, E (1997): Dietary uptake in pike (Esox lucis) of some polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers administered in natural diet. Environ Toxicol Chem16, 2508–2513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buser HR (1991): Chlorierte Bornan-Derivate eine neue Klasse umweltrelevanter Chemikalien. Nachr Chem Tech Lab39, 27–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Buser HR (1995): DDT, A Potential Source of Environmental Tris(4-chlorophenyl)-methane and Tris(4-chlorophenyl)-methanol. Environ Sci Technol29, 2133–2139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buser HR, Müller MD (1995): Isomer-selective and enantioselective determination of DDT and related compounds using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 67, 2691–2698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravorty A, Pal S, Das AK, Sukul P, Bhattacharyya A, Adityachaudhury N (1996): Monitoring of endosulfan residues in market fish samples. Pesticide Research Journal8, 164–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen LC, Berberian I, Koch B, Mercier M, Azaisbraesco V, Glauert HP, Chow CK, Robertson LW (1992): Polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls and retinold levels in rat tissues — Structure activity relationships. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology114, 47–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Class T, Ballschmiter K (1986a): Chemistry of organic traces in air V. Determination of halogenated C1-C2-hydrocarbons in clean marine air and ambient continental air and rain by high resolution gas chromatography using different stationary phases. Fresenius Z Anal Chem325, 1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Class T, Ballschmiter K (1986b): Distribution of Organic Traces in Air VI: Distribution of chlorinated C1-C4 hydrocarbons in air over the northern and southern Atlantic Ocean. Chemosphere15, 413–427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Class T, Ballschmiter K (1987a): Chemistry of organic traces in air IX: Evidence of natural marine sources for chloroform in regions of high primary production. Fresenius Z Anal Chem327, 40–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Class T, Ballschmiter K (1987b): Global baseline pollution studies X. Atmospheric halocarbons: global budget estimations for tetrachloroethene, 1,2-dichloro ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, hexachloroethane and hexachlorobutadiene. Estimation of the hydroxyl radical concentrations in the troposphere of the northern and southern hemisphere. Fresenius Z Anal Chem327, 198–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Class T, Ballschmiter K (1988): Chemistry of Organic Traces in Air VIII: Sources and distribution of bromo- and bromochloromethanes in marine air and surface water of the Atlantic Ocean. J Atmos Chem6, 35–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Class T, Kohnle R, Ballschmiter K (1986): Chemistry of Organic Traces in Air VII: Bromo- and bromochloro-methanes in air over the Atlantic Ocean. Chemosphere15, 429–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cok I, Bilgili A, Ozdemir M, Ozbek H, Bilgili N, Burgaz S (1997): Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk from agricultural regions of Turkey, 1995–1996. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol59, 577–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cok I, Karakaya AE, Afkham BL, Burgaz S (1999): Organochlorine pesticide contaminants in human milk samples collected in Tebriz (Iran). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol63, 444–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conde C, Maluenda C, Arrabal C (1993): Organochlorine residues in human milk in Spain — Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS) from 1988 to 1991. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol51, 832–837

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja K, Ludwicki JK, Goralczyk K, Strucinski P (1997): Organochlorine pesticides, HCB, and PCBs in human milk in Poland. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol58, 769–775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dearth MA, Hites RA (1991): Complete analysis of technical chlordane using negative ionization mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol25, 245–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer J (1989): Organochlorine Compounds and Bromodiphenylethers in Livers of Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua) from the North Sea, 1977–1987. Chemosphere18, 2131–2140

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer J, Dennemann M, (1998): Polychlorinated Diphenylethers: Origin, analysis, distribution, and toxicity in the marine environment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology157, 131–144

    Google Scholar 

  • de Geus HJ, Besselink H, Brouwer A, Klungsoyr J, McHugh B, Nixon E, Rimkus GG, Wester PG, de Boer J. (1999): Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. Environ Health Perspect107 Suppl 1, 115–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Ruiter-Dijkman EM, Van den Brink NW (1997): Transnonachlor, octachlorostyrene, mirex and photomirex in Antarctic seabirds. Antarctic Sci9, 414–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Dmochewitz S, Ballschmiter, K (1982): Rückstandsanalyse von Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Humanknochenmark durch hochauflösende Gas-Chromatographie mit Elektroneneinfang-Detektor. Fresenius Z Anal Chem310, 6–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duartedavidson R, Wilson SC, Jones KC (1994): PCBs and other organochlorines in human tissue samples from the Welsh population 2. milk. Environ Pollut84, 79–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards CA (1973): Persistent Pesticides in the Environment. 2nd Ed, CRC Press (The Chemical Rubber Company), Cleveland

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehmann J (1990): Analytik und Simulation des Abbaus der Tetrachlorbenzyltoluole (Ugilec 141). Dissertation Dr. rer. nat., Universität Ulm

  • Ehmann J, Ballschmiter K (1989): Isomer-specific determination of tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes (TCBT) in the technical mixture ‘Ugilec’ 141 by capillary gas chromatography. Fresenius J Anal Chem332, 904–911

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst W, Schaefer RG, Goerke H, Eder G (1974): Aufarbeitung von Meerestieren für die Bestimmung von PCB, DDT, DDE, DDD,x-HCH und HCB. Fresenius J Anal Chem372, 358–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Falandysz J (1998): Polychlorinated naphthalenes: An environmental update. Environ Pollut101, 77–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falandysz J, Strandberg B, Strandberg L, Bergqvist PA, Rappe C (1998): Spatial distribution of TCPM-H and TCPM-OH in blue mussel and fish from the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol61, 411–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenner K, Scheringer M, Hungerbuhler K (2000): Persistence of parent compounds and transformation products in a level IV multimedia model. Environ Sci Technol34, 3809–3817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson PL, Iden CR, Brownawell BJ (2001): Distribution and fate of neutral alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in a sewage-impacted urban estuary. Environ Sci Technol35, 2428–2435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez MA, Hernandez LM, Gonzalez MJ, Eljarrat E, Caixach J, Rivera J (1998): Analysis of polychlorinated terphenyls in marine samples. Chemosphere36, 2941–2948

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer RC (1990): Globales Verteilungsverhalten und biologischer Abbau schwerflüchtiger Organochlorverbindungen. Dissertation Dr. rer. nat., Universität Ulm

  • Fischer RC, Ballschmiter K (1987): The pattern of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from the surface layer and the deep sea of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Fresenius Z Anal. Chem.327, 42–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer RC, Krämer W, Ballschmiter K (1991): Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers as markers in the water flow of the Atlantic Ocean. Chemosphere23, 889–900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk AT, Norstrom RJ, Cymbalisty CD, Muir DCG (1998): Dietary Accumulation and Depuration of Hydrophobie Organochlorines: Bioaccumulation parameters and their relationship with the octanol/water partition coefficient. Environ. Toxicol.Chem.17, 951–961

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Focardi S, Lari L, Marsili L (1992): PCB congeners, DDTs and hexachlorobenzene in Antarctic fish from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). Antarctic Sci4, 151–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fries GF (1985): The PBB episode in Michigan: An overall appraisal. Crit Rev Toxicol16, 105–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froescheis O (1997): Analytik und Vorkommen anthropogener schwerflüchtiger Organochlorverbindungen in marinen Organismen des Atlantischen und des Pazifischen Ozeans. Dissertation Dr. rer.nat. Ulm

  • Froescheis O, Ballschmiter K (1998): Electron capture Negative Ion (ECNI) Mass Spectrometry of Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Decanes and Dodecanes: An approach to ECNI mass spectra of chlorinated paraffins in technical mixtures. Fresenius J Anal Chem361, 784–790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froescheis O, Looser R, Cailliet G, Jarman WM, Ballschmiter K (2000): The deep-sea as a final global sink of semivolatile persistent organic pollutants? Part I: PCBs in the surface and deepsea dwelling fish of the North and South Atlantic and the Monterey Bay Canyon (California). Chemosphere40, 651–660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Führer U (1996): Analytik und Vorkommen der Bromchlor-Anisole (Bromchlormethoxybenzole) in der Umwelt. Dissertation Dr. rer. nat. Ulm

  • Führer U, Ballschmiter K (1999): Bromochloromethoxybenzenes in the Marine Troposphere of the Atlantic Ocean: A group of organohalogens with mixed biogenic and anthropogenic origin. Environ Sci Technol32, 2208–2214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Führer U, Deißler A, Ballschmiter K (1996): Determination of biogenic halogenated methyl-phenyl ethers (halogenated anisoles) in the picogram m-3 range in air. Fresenius J Anal Chem354, 333–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Führer U, Deißler A, Schreitmüller J, Ballschmiter K (1997): Analysis of halogenated methoxybenzenes and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the picogram m-3 range in marine air. Chromatographia45, 414–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fürst P, Fürst C, Wilmers K (1994): Human milk as a bioindicator for body burden of PCDDs, PCDFs, organochlorine pesticides and PCBs. Environ Health Perspect102, 187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (1985) Beratergremium umweltrelevante Altstoffe (BUA): Pentachlorphenol BUA-Stoffbericht 3, VCH Weinheim New York Basel Cambridge

  • Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (1992) Beratergremium umweltrelevante Altstoffe (BUA): Chlorparaffine (Paraffinwachse und Kohlenwasserstoffwachse, chloriert). BUA-Stoffbericht 93, VCH Weinheim New York Basel Cambridge

  • Geyer HJ, Rimkus GG, Scheunert I, Kaune A, Schramm K-W, Kettrup A, Zeeman M, Muir DCG, Hansen LG, Mackay D (2000): Bioaccumulation and occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and other organic compounds in fish and other organisms including humans. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol 2, Part J, ‘Bioaccumulation New Aspects and Developments’ (Beek B, ed), Springer Verlag, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Giesy JP, Kannan K (2001): Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol35, 1339–1342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gobas FAPC, Clark KE, Shiu WY, Mackay D (1989): Bioconcentration of polybrominated benzenes and biphenyls and related superhydrophobic chemicals in fish — Role of bioavailability and elimination into the feces. Environ Toxicol Chem8, 231–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gouin T, Mackay D, Webster E, Wania F (2000): Screening chemicals for persistence in the environment. Environ Sci Technol34, 881–884

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimait JO, Fernandez P, Berdie L, Vilanova RM, Catalan J, Psenner R, Hofer R, Appleby PG, Rosselan BO, Lien L, Massabuau JC, Battarbee RW (2001): Selective trapping of organochlorine compounds in mountain lakes of temperate areas Environ Sci Technol35, 2690–2697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackenberg R, Looser R, Froescheis O, Beck H, Nießner R, Jarman WM, Ballschmiter K (2001): Does the Definition of POPs have to be Expanded? Global Occurrence of Natural POPs? Symposia Paper presented before the Division of Environmental Chemistry, ACS, San Diego CA, April 1–5 2001, Preprints of Extended Abstracts41, 128–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey EP, Matteson Mainor T, Duff WH, Gaylor MO (2001): Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in Virginia freshwater fishes (USA). Environ Sci Technol35, 4585–4591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harner T, Bidleman TF (1997): Polychlorinated naphthalenes in urban air. Atmospheric Environment31, 4009–4016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harner T, Kylin H, Bidleman TF, Halsall C (1998): Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic air. Environ Sci Technol32, 3257–3265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harner T, Lee RGM, Jones KC (2000): Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere of the United Kingdom. Environ Sci Technol34, 3137–3142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht B, Class T, Ballschmiter K (1987): Chemistry of organic traces in air X. Variations of volatile halocarbons in ambient air in Southern Germany. Fresenius Z Anal Chem327, 45–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley DA, Bidleman TF, Rice CP (1991): Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. J Geophys Res96, 7201–7213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hites RA (1992): Mass Spectrometry and the environmental sciences. Internat J Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes118, 369–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoerschelmann H, Polzhofer K, Figge K, Ballschmiter K (1979): Organochlorpestizide und polychlorierte Biphenyle in Vogeleiern von den Falklandinseln und aus Norddeutschland. Environ Pollut 247–269

  • Hooper K (1999): Breast milk monitoring programs (BMMPs): Worldwide early warning systems for polyhalogenated POPs and for targeting studies in children’s environmental health. Environ Health Perspect107, 429–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutzinger O, Safe S, Zitko V (1974): The chemistry of PCBs. CRC Press, Cleveland

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata H, Tanabe S, Sakal N, Tatsukawar R (1993): Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface, sea-water and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environ Sci Technol27, 1080–1098

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata H, Tanabe S, Mizuno T, Tatsukawa R. (1995): High accumulation of toxic butyltins in marine mammals from japanese coastal waters. Environ Sci Technol29, 2959–2962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson JL, Humphrey HEB, Jacobson SW, Schantz SL, Mullin MD, Welch R (1989): Determinants of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) Levels in the sera of young children. American Journal of Public Health79, 1401–1404

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen LM, Bidleman TF (1995): Reversal of the air-water gas exchange direction of hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. 1993 versus 1988. Environ Sci Technol29, 1081–1089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen LM, Bidleman TF, Harner T, Parkhurst WJ (2000): Toxaphene, chlordane, and other organochlorine pesticides in Alabama air. Environ Sci Technol34, 5097–5105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarman WM, Simon M, Norstrom RJ, Burns SA, Bacon CA, Simoneit BRT, Risebrough RW (1992): Global distribution of tris(4-chlorophenyl)-methanol in high trophic level birds and mammals. Environ Sci Technol26, 1770–1774

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarman WM, Burns SA, Bacon CE, Rechtin J, de Benedetti S, Linthicum JL, Walton BJ (1996): High levels of HCB and DDE associated with reproductive failure in Prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) from California. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol57, 8–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarman WM, Norstrom RJ, Muir DCG, Rosenberg B, Simon M, Baird RW (1996): Levels of organochlorine compounds, including PCDDs and PCDFs, in the blubber of Cetaceans from the west coast of North America. Mar Pollut Bull32, 426–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen S, Johnells, AG, Olsson M, Otterlund G, (1969) DDT and PCB in marine animals from Swedish waters, Nature224, 247–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen HR, Becher G, Polder A, Skaare JU (1994): Congener specific determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human milk from Norwegian mothers living in Oslo. J Toxicol Environ Health42, 157–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KC, Duartedavidson R, Cawse PA (1995): Changes in the PCB concentration of United Kingdom air between 1972 and 1992. Environ Sci Technol29, 272–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen EH, Burkow IC, Foshaug H, Killie B, Ingebrigtsen K (1997): Influence of lipid status on tissue distribution of the persistent organic pollutant octachlorostyrene in Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology118, 311

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson JL (2001): Aldrin and Dieldrin: A review of research on their production, environmental deposition and fate, bioaccumulation, toxicology, and epidemiology in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements109, 113–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kale SP, Sarma G, Goswami UC, Raghu K (1996): Uptake and distribution of14C-carbofuran and14C-HCH in catfish. Chemosphere33, 449–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra RL, Singh B, Battu RS (1994): Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk in Punjab, India. Environ. Pollut.85, 147–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Tanabe S, Tatsukawar R (1995a): Geographical distribution and accumulation features of organochlorine residues in fish in tropical Asia and Oceania. Environ Sci Technol29, 2673–2683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Tanabe S, Iwata H, Tatsukawa R (1995b): Butyltins in muscle and liver of fish collected from certain Asian and Oceanian countries. Environmental Pollution90, 279–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Tanabe S, Tatsukawa R (1995c): Phenyltin residues in horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) from Japanese coastal waters. Chemosphere30, 925–932

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karl H, Lehmann I, Oetjen K (1998): Levels of chlordane compounds in fish muscle, -meal, -oil and -feed. Chemosphere36, 2819–2832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawano M, Inoue T, Wada T, Hidaka H, Tatsukawa R (1988): Bioconcentration and residue patterns of chlordane compounds in marine animals: invertebrates, fish, mammals, and seabirds. Environ Sci Technol22, 792–797

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschmer P, Ballschmiter K (1983): Baseline Studies of the Global Pollution VIII: The complex pattern of C1-C4 organohalogens in continental and marine background air. Intern J Environ Anal Chem14, 275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschmer P, Reuter U, Ballschmiter K (1983): Die Belastung der unteren Troposphäre mit C1-C6 Organohalogenen. Chemosphere2, 225–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koistinen J, Stenman O, Haahti H, Suonperae M, Paasivirta J (1997): Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in seals and sediment from the Gulf of Finland. Chemosphere35, 1249–1269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krämer W, Ballschmiter K (1987): Detection of a new class of organochlorine compounds in the marine environment: The chlorinated paraffins. Fresenius Z Anal Chem327, 47–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krämer W, Ballschmiter K (1988): Global baseline pollution studies XII: Content and pattern of polychloro-cyclohexanes (HCH) and -biphenyls (PCB), and content of hexachlorobenzene in the water column of the Atlantic Ocean. Fresenius Z Anal Chem330, 524–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krämer W, Buchen H, Reuter U, Biscoito M, Maul DC, Le Grand G, Ballschmiter K (1984): Global Baseline Pollution Studies IX: C6-C14 Organochlorine compounds in surface-water and deep-sea fish from the eastern North Atlantic. Chemosphere13, 1255–1267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer HJ, van den Erg M, Delang R-J, Brandsma L, Dejongh J (2000): Biotransformation rates of ‘Ugilec’ 141 (R) (tetrachloro-benzyltoluenes) in rat and trout microsomes. Chemosphere40, 1283–1288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuch H, Ballschmiter K (2001): Determination of endocrine disrupting phenols and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NC1)-MS in the picogram/L-Range. Environ Sci Technol35, 3201–3206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuehl DW, Johnson KL, Butterworth B, Leonard EN, Veith GD (1983): Quantification of octachlorosryrene and related compounds in Great Lakes fish by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Great Lakes Res7, 330–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurz J, Ballschmiter K (1994): Relationship between structure and retention of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) in HRGC in comparison with other groups of halogenated aromatic compounds. Fresenius J Anal Chem349, 533–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz J, Ballschmiter K (1995): Isomer-specific determination of 79 polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) in cod liver oils, chlorophenols and in a fly ash. Fresenius J Anal Chem351, 98–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen BR, Turriobaldassarri L, Nilsson T, Iacovella N, Didomenico A, Montagna M, Facchetti S (1994): Toxic PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides in Italian human milk. Ecotoxicol. Environ Safety28, 1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RGM, Hung M, Mackay D, Jones KC (1998): Measurement and modeling of the diurnal cycling of atmospheric PCBs and PAHs. Environ Sci Technol32, 2172–2179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li YF, Bidleman TF, Barrie LA, McConnell LL (1998): Global hexachlorocyclohexane use trends and their impact on the arctic atmospheric environment Geophys Res Lett25, 39–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liebergclark P, Bacon CA, Burns SA, Jarman WM, Leboeuf BJ (1995): DDT in California Sea-lions — A follow-up study after twenty years. Mar Pollut Bull30, 744–745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Looser R, Ballschmiter K (1998): Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in freshwater fish. Fresenius J Anal Chem360, 816–819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Looser R, Froescheis O, Cailliet G, Jarman WM, Ballschmiter K (2000): The deep-sea as a final global sink of semivolatile persistent organic pollutants? Part II: Organochlorine pesticides in surface and deep-sea dwelling fish of the North and South Atlantic and the Monterey Bay Canyon (California). Chemosphere40, 661–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunden A, Noren K, (1998): Polychlorinated naphthalenes and other organochlorine contaminants in Swedish human milk, 1972–1992. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol34, 414–423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luross J, Sergeant DB, Alaee M (1999): Simultaneous determination of chlorinated and brominated diphenyl ethers in biota. Organohalogen Compounds40, 9–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D (1990): Environmental data and modelling. Toxicological and environmental chemistry29, 57–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D, Paterson S (1991): Evaluating the multimedia fate of organic chemicals — A level III fugacity model. Environ Sci Technol25, 427–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D, Diguardo A, Paterson S, Kicsi G, Cowan CE (1996a): Assessing the fate of new and existing chemicals — A five-stage process. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry15, 1618–1626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D, Diguardo A, Paterson S, Cowan CE (1996b): Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry15, 1627–1637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D, Shiu WY, Ma KC (1992) Illustrated Handbook of Physico-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Vols 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Makarewicz JC, Maden AB (1996): Salmonine consumption as a source of mirex in human breast milk near Rochester, New York. J Great Lakes Res22 (4) 810–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maki H, Okamura H, Aoyama I, Fujita M (1998): Halogenation and toxicity of the biodegradation products of a nonionic sufactant, nonylphenol ethoxylate. Environ Toxicol Chem17, 650–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meironyte D, Noren K, Bergman A (1999): Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A time-related trend study, 1972–1997. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A,58, 329–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morosini M, Schreitmüller J, Reuter U, Ballschmiter K (1993): Correlation between C-6/C-14 chlorinated hydrocarbons levels in the vegetation and in the boundary layer of the troposphere. Environ Sci Technol27, 1517–1523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mössner S, Ballschmiter K (1997): Marine mammals as global pollution indicators for organochlorines. Chemosphere34, 1285–1296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mössner S, Barudio I, Spraker T, Antonelis G, Early G, Geraci J, Becker P, Ballschmiter K (1994): Determination of HCH’s, PCB’s, and DDT’s in brain tissues of marine mammals of different age. Fresenius J Anal Chem349, 708–716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muir D, Braune B, DeMarch B, Norstrom R, Wagemann R, Lockhart L, Hargrave B, Bright D, Addison R, Payne J, Reimer K (1999): Spatial and temporal trends and effects of contaminants in the Canadian Arctic marine ecosystem: A review. Science of the Total Environment230, 38–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Herold U (1996): A simple general limiting law for the overall decay of organic compounds with global pollution potential. Environ Sci Technol30, 586–591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Herold U, Caderas D, Funck, P (1997): Validity of global lifetime estimates by a simple general limiting law for the decay of organic compounds with long-range pollution potential. Environ Sci Technol31, 3511–3515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nogami T, Shigihara N, Matusda Y, Takahashi H, Naganawa, H., Nakamura H, Hamada M, Muraoka J, Takita T, Itaka Y, Takeuchi T (1990): Neopyrrolomycin, a new chlorinated phenylpyrrole antibiotic. J Antibiot43, 1192–1194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noren K, (1993): Contemporary and retrospective investigations of human milk in the trend studies of organochlorine contaminants in Sweden. Sci Total Envir140, 347–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noren K, Meironyte D (2000): Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years. Chemosphere40, 1111–1123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okonkwo JO, Kampira L, Chingakule DDK (1999): Organochlorine insecticides residues in human milk: A study of lactating mothers in Siphofaneni, Swaziland. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol63, 243–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong VS, Hites RA (1994): Electron capture mass spectrometry of organic environmental contaminants. Mass Spectrometry Reviews13, 259–283 (Review)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opperhuizen A, Voors PI (1987): Uptake and elimination of polychlorinated aromatic ethers by fish: Chloroanisoles. Chemosphere16, 953–962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paasivirta J (ed) (2000): New types of persistent halogenated compounds. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol 3, Part K, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Pankow JF (1997): Partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds to the air/water interface. Atmospheric Environment31, 927–929

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panshin SY, Hites RA (1994a): Atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls at Bermuda. Environ Sci Technol28, 2001–2007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panshin SY, Hites RA (1994b): Atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls at Bloomington, Indiana. Environ Sci Technol28, 2008–2013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer O, Ballschmiter K (2001): Halogenated methyl-phenyl ethers (anisols) in the environment: Determination of vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, Hernry’s law constants, and gas/water-(Kgw), n-octanol-water-(Kow) and gas /n-octanol (Kgo) partition coefficients. Fresenius J Anal Chem271, 598–606

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pijnenburg AM, Everts JW, de Boer J, Boon JP. (1995): Polybrominated biphenyl and diphenylether flame retardants: Analysis, toxicity, and environmental occurrence. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol141, 1–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger R (1995): Vorkommen und Analytik der Polychloralkane und Polychlorarene in quellennahen und quellenfernen Regionen. Dissertation Dr. rer. nat. Ulm

  • Rieger R, Ballschmiter K (1995): Semivolatile organic compounds — Polychlorinated diebenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 4,4′-DDE and chlorinated paraffins (CP) — as marker in sewer films. Fresenius J Anal Chem352, 715–724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risebrough, RW, Rieche P, Herman SG, Peakall DB und Kirven MN (1968): Polychlorinated biphenyls in the global ecosystem. Nature220, 1098–1102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter L, Solomon KR, Forget J, Stemeroff M, O’Leary C (1995):www.chem.unep.ch/pops/indxhtms/asses0.html#TOC

  • Rodan BD, Pennington, DW, Eckley E, Boethling RS (1999): Screening for persistent organic pollutants: Techniques to provide a scientific basis for POPs criteria in international negotiations. Environ Sci Technol33, 3482–3488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saleh M (1991): Toxaphene: Chemistry, biochemistry, toxicity and environmental fate. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology118, 1–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saleh M, Kamel A, Ragab A, Elbaroty G, Elsebae AK (1996): Regional distribution of organochlorine insecticide residues in human breast milk from Egypt. J Environ Sci Health B-Pestic31, 241–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schantz MM, Porter BJ, Wise SA, Segstro M, Muir DCG, Mössner S, Ballschmiter K, Becker PR (1996): Interlaboratory comparison study for PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides in Beluga whale blubber. Chemosphere33, 1369–1390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheringer M (1996a): Persistence and spatial range as endpoints of an exposure-based assessment of organic chemicals. Environ Sci Technol30, 1652–1659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheringer M (1996b): Persistence and spatial range as endpoints of an exposure-based assessment of organic chemicals (Vol 30, PG 1652, 1996). Environ Sci Technol30, 2660–2660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheringer, M (1997): Characterization of the environmental distribution behavior of organic chemicals by means of persistence and spatial range. Environ Sci Technol31, 2891–2897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel H, Schmid B, Bacher R, Ballschmiter K (1993): Molar response of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans by the mass spectrometric detector. Anal Chem65, 640–644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlottmann U, Kreibich M (2001): Aus für das dreckige Dutzend. Nachrichten aus der Chemie 49, 608–614 (see alsowww.chem. unep.ch/pops/)

  • Schreitmüller J (1994): Verteilung schwerflüchtiger Organohalogenverbindungen in der Troposphäre und Hydrosphäre des Atlantischen Ozeans. Dr. rer. nat. thesis, Universität Ulm

  • Schreitmüller J, Ballschmiter K (1994a): Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in the lower troposphere of the North- and South-Atlantic Ocean. Studies of global baseline pollution XVII. Fresenius J Anal Chem348, 226–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreitmüller J, Ballschmiter K (1994b): The equilibrium distribution of semivolatile organochloro compounds between atmosphere and surface water in the Atlantic Ocean. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl33, 646–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreitmüller J, Ballschmiter K (1995): Air-water equilibrium of hexachlorocyclohexanes and chloromethoxybenzenes in the North and South Atlantic. Environ Sci Technol29, 207–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreitmüller J, Vigneron M, Bacher R, Ballschmiter K (1994): Pattern analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb) in marine air of the Atlantic Ocean. Intern J Environ Anal Chem57, 33–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonich SL, Hites RA (1995): Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds. Science269, 1851–1854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjödin A, Jakobsson E, Kierkegaard A, Marsh G, Sellström U (1998): Gas Chromatographie identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a commercial product, Bromkal 70-5 DE. J Chromatogr A822, 83–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soto AM, Chung KL, Sonnenschein C (1994): The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells. Environ Health Perspect102, 380–383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spicer PE, Kereu RK, (1993): Organochlorine insecticide residues in human breast milk — A survey of lactating mothers from a remote area in Papua-New-Guinea. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol50, 540–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinwandter H, Zimmer L (1983): Research in Environmental Pollution I. Determination of polychlorinated styrenes (PCS’s) in Rhine fish. Fresenius J Anal Chem316, 705–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strandberg B, Dodder NG, Basu I, Hites RA (2001): Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great Lakes air. Environ Sci Technol35, 1078–1083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S (1988): PCB Problems in the Future: Foresight from Current Knowledge. Environ Pollut50, 5–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S (1999) Butyltin contamination in marine mammals — A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin39, 62–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S, Iwata H, Tatsukawa R (1994): Global contamination by persistent organochlorines and their ecotoxicological impact on marine mammals. The Science of the Total Environment154, 163–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tittlemier SA, Simon M, Jarman, WM, Elliott JE, Norstrom RJ (1999): Identification of a novel C10H6N4Br4Cl2 Heterocyclic compound in seabird eggs. A bioaccumulating marine natural product? Environ Sci Technol33, 26–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjärnlund U, Ericson G, Örn U, de Wit C, Balk L (1998): Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed via food. Marine Environmental Research46, 107–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toledo MCF, Jonsson CM (1993): Bioaccumulation and Elimination of Endosulfan in the Fish Yellow Tetra (Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol50, 572–577

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (1998):www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/invent/igo.html

  • Urhahn T, Ballschmiter K (1998): Chemistry of the biosynthesis of halogenated methanes: C1-Organohalogens as pre-industrial chemical Stressors in the environment? Chemosphere37, 1017–1032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Velde EG, Linders SHMA.; Wammes HIJ, Meiring HD, Djien Liem AK (1995): GC-MS analysis of the PCB substitute Ugilec 141 and its occurrence in waste mineral oils. J High Resol Chromatogr18, 647–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaz R (1995): Average Swedish dietary intakes of organochlorine contaminants via foods of animal origin and their relation to levels in human milk, 1975–90. Food Addit Contam12, 543–558

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaz R, Slorach SA, Hofvander Y (1993): Organochlorine contaminants in Swedish human milk — Studies conducted at the national-Food-Administration 1981–1990. Food Addit Contam10, 407–418

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter W (1999): Presence of Q1, a new C9H3C17N2 organochlorine contaminant in environmental samples. Organohalogen Compounds (a)43, 433

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter W, Luckas B (2000): Enantioselective determination of persistent and partly degradable toxaphene congeners in high trophic level biota. Chemosphere41, 499–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter W, Maruya KA (2000): Congener and enantioselective analysis of toxaphene in sediment and food web of a contaminated estuarine wetland. Environ Sci Technol34, 1627–1635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter W, Krock B, Luckas B (1997): Congener specific determination of compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) in different Antarctic seal species. Chromatographia44, 65–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter W, Alder L, Palavinska R (1999): Mass spectrometric characterization of Q1, a C9H3C17N2 contaminant in environmental samples. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom13, 2118–2114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter W, Alder L, Kallenborn R, Schlabach M (2000): Determination of Q1, an unknown organochlorine contaminant, in human milk, Antarctic air, and further environmental samples. Environ Pollut110, 401–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waliszewski SM, Sedas VTP, Chantiri JN, Infanzon RM, Rivera J (1996): Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk from tropical areas in Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol57, 22–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker W, Risebrough RW, Jarman WM, Delappe BW, Tefft JA, Delong RL (1989): Identification of tris(chlorophenyl)methanol in blubber of harbor seals from Puget Sound. Chemosphere18, 1799–1804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter B, Ballschmiter K (1991): Elucidation of biochemical formation of C1/C2-(bromo-/chloro)-hydrocarbons. Fresenius J Anal Chem341, 564–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter B, Ballschmiter K (1992): Formation of C1/C2bromo-/ chloro-hydrocarbons by haloperoxidase reactions. Fresenius J Anal Chem342, 827–833

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, Mackay D (1993): Modelling the global distribution of toxaphene — A discussion of feasibility and desirability. Chemosphere27, 2079–2094

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, Mackay D (1995): A global distribution model for persistent organic chemicals. Science of the Total Environment161, 211–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, Mackay D (1999): Global chemical fate of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. 2. Use of a global distribution model for mass balancing, source apportionment, and trend prediction. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry18, 1400–1407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, Mackay D, Li Y-F, Bidleman TF, Strand A (1999): Global chemical fate of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry18, 1390–1399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe M, Tanabe S, Miyazaki N, Petrov EA, Jarman WM (1999): Contamination of tris(4-chlorophenyl) methane and tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol in marine mammals from Russia and Japan: Body distribution bioaccumulation and contamination status Mar Pollut Bull39, 393–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber K, Goerke H (1996): Organochlorine compounds in fish off the Antarctic peninsula. Chemosphere33, 377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster E, Mackay D, Wania F (1998): Evaluating environmental persistence. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry17, 2148–2158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wester PG, De Boer J (1996): Determination of polychlorinated terphenyls in aquatic biota and sediment with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization. Environ Sci Technol30, 473–480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmann T, Ballschmiter K (1993): Quantification of chlorinated naphthalenes with GC-MS using the molar response of electron impact ionization. Fresenius J Anal Chem346, 800–804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmann T, Güthner B, Class TJ, Ballschmiter K (1994): Global distribution of tetrachloroethene in the troposphere: measurements and modeling. Environ Sci Technol28, 2321–2329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmann T, Riehle U, Kurz J, Ballschmiter K (1997): HRGC-MS of polychlorinated phenanthrenes (PCPhen), dibenzothiophenes (PCDT), dibenzothianthrenes (PCTA), and phenoxathiins (PCPT). Fresenius J Anal Chem359, 176–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmann T, Schimmel H, Ballschmiter K (1998): Ion trap MS/ MS of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: Confirming the concept of the molar response. Fresenius J Anal Chem360, 117–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktelius S, Edwards CA (1997): Organochlorine insecticide residues in African fauna: 1971–1995. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol151, 1–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittlinger R, Ballschmiter K (1987): Isomer-specific analysis of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) in air. Fresenius Z Anal Chem327, 51–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittlinger R, Ballschmiter K (1990): Studies of the Global Baseline Pollution XIII: C6-C14 Organohalogens (α- and x-HCH, HCB, PCB, 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDE, cis- and trans-chlordane, transnonachlor, anisols) in the lower troposphere of the southern Indian Ocean. Fresenius J Anal Chem336, 193–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zell M, Ballschmiter K (1980a): Baseline Studies of the Global Pollution II: Global occurrence of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorocamphenes (toxaphene) (PCC) in biological samples. Fresenius Z Anal Chem300, 387–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zell M, Ballschmiter K (1980b): Baseline Studies of the Global Pollution III. Trace analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by ECD glass capillary gas chromatography in environmental samples of different tropic levels. Fresenius Z Anal Chem304, 337–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zell M, Neu HJ, Ballschmiter K (1977): Identifizierung der PCB-Komponenten durch Retentionsindexvergleich nach Kapillar-Gaschromatographie I. Zusammensetzung technischer Gemische. Chemosphere2, 69–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zell M, Neu HJ, Ballschmiter K (1978): Single component analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)- and chlorinated pesticide residues in marine fish samples. Identifizierung durch hochauf-lösende Glascapillar-Gaschromatographie mit dem Elektronen-einfang-Detektor (ECD). Fresenius Z Anal Chem292, 97–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ralf Looser

    Present address: Metanomics GmbH & Co. KGaA, Tegeler Weg 33, D-10589, Berlin, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany

    Karlheinz Ballschmiter, Rudolf Hackenberg & Ralf Looser

  2. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, 423 Wakara Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Walter M. Jarman

Authors
  1. Karlheinz Ballschmiter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rudolf Hackenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Walter M. Jarman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ralf Looser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karlheinz Ballschmiter.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ballschmiter, K., Hackenberg, R., Jarman, W.M. et al. Man-made chemicals found in remote areas of the world: The experimental definition for POPs. Environ Sci & Pollut Res 9, 274–288 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987503

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987503

Keywords

Search

Navigation