Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The plant cell cycle in context

  • Review
  • Published:
Molecular Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Biological scientists are eagerly confronting the challenge of understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control the cell division cycle in eukaryotes. New information will have major implications for the treatment of growth-related diseases and cancer in animals. In plants, cell division has a key role in root and shoot growth as well as in the development of vegetative storage organs and reproductive tissues such as flowers and seeds. Many of the strategies for crop improvement, especially those aimed at increasing yield, involve the manipulation of cell division. This review describes, in some detail, the current status of our understanding of the regulation of cell division in eukaryotes and especially in plants. It also features an outline of some preliminary attempts to exploit transgenesis for manipulation of plant cell division.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Howard, A. and Pelc, S. R. (1953) Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in normal and irradiated cells and its relation to chromosome breakage.Heredity 6(Suppl.), 261–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Muller, R., Mumberg, D., and Lucibello, F. C. (1993) Signals and genes in the control of cell-cycle progression.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1155, 151–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pardee, A. B. (1989) G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation.Science 246, 603–608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wick, M., Burger, C., Brusselbach, S., Lucibello, F. C., and Muller, R. (1994) Identification of serum-inducible genes: different patterns of gene regulation during G0-S and G1-S progression.J. Cell Sci. 107, 227–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Burger, C., Wick, M., Brusselbach, S., and Muller, R. (1994) Differential induction of “metabolic genes” after mitogen stimulation and during normal cell cycle progression.J. Cell Sci. 107, 241–252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Drewinko, B., Yang, L. Y., Barlogie, B., and Trujillo, J. M. (1984) Cultured human tumour cells may be arrested in all stages of the cycle during stationary phase: demonstration of quiescent cells in G1, S and G2 phase.Cell Tissue Kinet. 17, 453–463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ferreira, P., Hemerly, A., Van Montagu, M., and Inze, D. (1994) Control of cell proliferation during plant development.Plant Mol. Biol. 26, 1289–1303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hutchison, C. and Glover, D. M. (1995)Cell Cycle Control, OUP, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Van't Hof, J. (1973) The regulation of cell division in higher plants.Brookhaven Sympo 25, 125–165.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hanks, S. K., Quinn, A. M., and Hunter, T. (1988) The protein kinase family: conserved features and deduced phylogeny of the catalytic domain.Science 241, 42–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nurse, P., and Bissett, Y. (1981) Gene required in G1 for commitment to cell cycle and in G2 for control of mitosis in fission yeast.Nature 292, 558–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lorincz, A. T. and Reed, S. I. (1984) Primary structure homology between the product of a yeast cell division control geneCDC28 and vertebrate oncogenes.Nature 307, 183–185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Reed, S. I. (1995) START and the G1-S phase transition in budding yeast, inCell Cycle Control (Hutchison, C. and Glover, D. M., eds.) OUP, Oxford, UK, pp. 40–62.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lee, M. G., and Nurse, P. (1987) Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control genecdc2.Nature 327, 31–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ellidge, S. J. and Spottswood, M. R. (1991) A new human p34 protein kinase, CDK2, identified by complementation of acdc28 mutation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, is a homolog ofXenopus Eg1.EMBO J. 10, 2653–2659.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Tsai, L.-H., Harlow, E., and Meyerson, M. (1991) Isolation of the humancdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin A- and adenovirus E1A-associated p33 kinase.Nature 353, 174–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Fang, F. and Newport, J. W. (1991) Evidence that the G1-S and G2-M transition are controlled by different cdc2 proteins in higher eukaryotes.Cell 66, 731–742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rosenblatt, J., Gu, Y., and Morgan, D. O. (1992) Human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is activated during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle and associates with cyclin A.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 2824–2828.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Elledge, S. J., Richman, R., Hall, F. L., Williams, R. T., Lodgson, N., and Wade-Harper, J. (1992)CDK2 encodes a 33-kDa cyclin A-associated protein kinase and is expressed beforeCDC2 in the cell cycle.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 2907–2911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tsai, L.-H., Lees, E., Faha, B., Harlow, E., and Riabowol, K. (1993) The cdk2 kinase is required for the G1-to-S transition in mammalian cells.Oncogene 8, 1593–1602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pagano, M., Pepperkok, R., Lukas, J., Baldin, V., Ansorge, W., Bartek, J., and Draetta, G. (1993) Regulation of the cell cycle by the cdk2 protein kinase in cultured human fibroblasts.J. Cell Biol. 121, 101–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Meyerson, M., Enders, G. H., Wu, C.-L., Su, L.-K., Gorka, C., Nelson, C., Harlow, E., and Tsai, L.-H. (1992) A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases.EMBO J. 11, 2909–2917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hofmann, F. and Livingston, D. M. (1996) Differential effects of cdk2 and cdk3 on the control of pRb and E2F function during G1 exit.Genes Dev. 10, 851–861.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Matsushime, H., Ewen, M. E., Strom, D. K., Kato, J.-Y., Hanks, S. K., Roussel, M. F., and Sherr, C. J. (1992) Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins.Cell 71,,323–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Xiong, Y., Zhang, H., and Beach, D. (1992) D type cyclins associate with multiple protein kinases and the DNA replication and repair factor PCNA.Cell 71, 505–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hellmich, M. R., Pant, H. C., Wada, E., and Battey, J. F. (1992) Neuronal cdc2-like kinase: a cdc2-related protein kinase with predominantly neuronal expression.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10,867–10,871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Meyerson, M. and Harlow, E. (1994) Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner.Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 2077–2086.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bates, S., Bonetta, L., MacAllan, D., Parry, D., Holder, A., Dickson, C., and Peters, G. (1994) CDK6 (PLSTIRE) and CDK4 (PSK-J3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin D1.Oncogene 9, 71–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shuttleworth, J., Godfrey, R., and Coleman, A. (1990) p40MO15, a cdc2-related protein kinase involved in negative regulation of meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes.EMBO J. 9, 3233–3240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Solomon, M. J., Harper, J. W., and Shuttleworth, J. (1993) CAK, the p34cdc2 activating kinase, contains a protein identical or closely related to p40MO15.EMBO J. 12, 3133–3142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Poon, R. Y. C., Yamashita, K., Adamczewski, J. P., Hunt, T., and Shuttleworth, J. (1993) The cdc2-related protein p40MO15 is the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase that can activate p33cdk2 and p34cdc2.EMBO J. 12, 3123–3132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fesquet, D., Labbe, J.-C., Derancourt, J., Capony, J.-P., Galas, S., Girard, F., Lorca, T., Shuttleworth, J., Doree, M., and Cavadore, J.-C. (1993) TheMO15 gene encodes the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase that activates cdc2 and other cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) through phosphorylation of Thr161 and its homologues.EMBO J. 12, 3111–3121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wu, L., Yee, A., Liu, L., Carbonaro-Hall, D., Venkatesan, N., Tolo, V. T., and Hall, F. L. (1994) Molecular cloning of the human CAK1 gene encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase.Oncogene 9, 2089–2096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tassan, J.-P., Jaquenoud, M., Leopold, P., Schultz, S. J., and Nigg, E. A. (1995) Identification of human CDK8, a protein kinase partner for cyclin C and potential homolog of yeast SRB10.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8871–8875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Leclerc, V., Tassan, J.-P., O'Farrell, P. H., Nigg, E. A., and Leopold, P. (1996) Drosophila cdk8, a kinase partner of cyclin C that interacts with the large subunit of RNA polymerase II.Mol. Biol. Cell 7, 505–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rickert, P., Seghezzi, W., Shanahan, F., Cho, H., and Less, E. (1996) Cyclin C/CDK8 is a novel CTD kinase associated with RNA polymerase II.Oncogene 12, 2631–2640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Guadagno, T. M. and Newport, J. W. (1996) Cdk2 kinase is required for entry into mitosis as a positive regulator of Cdc2-cyclin B kinase activity.Cell 84, 73–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Marcote, M. J., Knoghton, D. R., Basi, G., Sowadski, J. M., Brambilla, P., Draetta, G., and Taylor, S. S. (1993) A three-dimensional model of the cdc2 protein kinase: localisation of cyclin- and suc1-binding regions and phosphorylation sites.Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 5122–5131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. DeBondt, H. L., Rosenblatt, J., Jancarik, J., Jones, H. D., Morgan, D. O., and Kim, S-H. (1993) Crystal structure of cyclin-dependent kinases 2.Nature 363, 595–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pines, J. (1996) Cyclin from sea urchins to HeLas: making the human cell cycle.Biochem. Soc. Trans. 24, 15–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Morla, A. O., Draetta, G., Beach, D., and Wang, J. Y. J. (1989) Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of cdc2: dephosphorylation accompanies activation during entry into mitosis.Cell 58, 193–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Krek, W. and Nigg, E. A. (1991) Differential phosphorylation of vertebrate p34cdc2 kinase at the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle: identification of major phosphorylation sites.EMBO J. 10, 305–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Krek, W., and Nigg, E. A. (1991) Mutations of p34cdc2 phosphorylation sites induce premature mitotic events in HeLa cells: evidence for a double block to p34cdc2 kinase activation in vertebrates.EMBO J. 10, 3331–3341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Norbury, C., Blow, J. J., and Nurse, P. (1991) Regulatory phosphorylation of the p34cdc2 protein kinase in vertebrates.EMBO J. 10, 3321–3329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Atherton-Fessler, S., Parker, L. L., Geahlen, R. L., and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1993) Mechanisms of p34cdc2 regulation.Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 1675–1685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. MacNeill, S. A. and Fantes, P. A. (1995) Controlling entry into mitosis in fission yeast, inCell Cycle Control (Hutchison, C. and Glover, D. M., eds.), OUP, Oxford, UK, pp. 63–105.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Koff, A., Cross, F., Fisher, A., Schumacher, J., Legullec, K., Philippe, M., and Roberts, J. M. (1991) Human cyclin E, a new cyclin that interacts with two members of theCDC2 gene family.Cell 66, 1217–1228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Koff, A., Giordano, A., Desai, D., Yamashita, K., Harper, J. W., Elledge, S., Nishimoto, T., Morgan, D. O., Franza, B. R., and Roberts, J. M. (1992) Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the G1 phase of the human cell cycle.Science 257, 1689–1693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tamura, K., Kanaoka, Y., Jinno, S., Nagata, A., Ogiso, Y., Shimizu, K., Hayakawa, T., Nojima, H., and Okayama, H. (1993) Cyclin-G—a new mammalian cyclin with homology to fission yeast Cig1.Oncogene 8, 2113–2118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bates, S., Rowan, S., and Vousden, K. H. (1996) Characterisation of human cyclin G1 and G2: DNA damage inducible genes.Oncogene 13, 1103–1109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Horne, M. C., Goolsby, G. L., Donaldson, K. L., Tran, D., Neubauer, M., and Wahl, A. F. (1996) Cyclin G1 and cyclin G2 comprise a new family of cyclins with contrasting tissue-specific and cell cycle-regulated expression.J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6050–6061.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fisher, R. P. and Morgan, D. O. (1994) A novel cyclin associates with MO15/cdk7 to form the CDK-activating kinase.Cell 78, 713–724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Makela, T. P., Tassan, J. P., Nigg, E. A., Frutiger, S., Hughes, G. J., and Weinberg, R. A. (1994) A cyclin associated with the CDK-activating kinase MO15.Nature 371, 254–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tassan, J. P., Schultz, S. J., Bartek, J., and Nigg, E. A. (1994) Cell cycle analysis of the activity, subcellular localisation and subunit composition of human CAK (CDK-activating kinase).J. Cell Biol. 127, 467–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lew, J. and Wang, J. H. (1995) Neuronal cdc2-like kinase.TIBS 20, 33–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Higashi, H., Suzuki-Takahashi, I., Saitoh, S., Segawa, K., Taya, Y., Okuyama, A., Nishimura, S., and Kitagawa, M. (1996) Cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (Cdk2) forms an inactive complex with cyclin D1 since Cdk2 associated with cyclin D1 is not phosphorylated by Cdk7-cyclin H.Eur. J. Biochem. 237, 460–467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kobayashi, H., Stewart, E., Poon, R., Adamczewski, J. P., Gannon, J., and Hunt, T. (1992) Identification of the domains in cyclin-A required for binding to, and activation of p34 (cdc2) and p32 (cdk2) protein-kinase subunits.Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 1279–1294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lees, E. and Harlow, E. (1993) Sequences within the conserved cyclin box of human cyclin A are sufficient for binding to and activation of cdc2 kinase.Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 1194–1201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Peeper, D. S., Parker, L.L., Ewen, M. E., Toebes, M., Hall, F. L., Xu, M., Zantema, A., van der Eb, A. J., and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1993) A- and B-type cyclin differnetially modulate substrate specificity of cyclin-cdk complexes.EMBO J. 12, 1947–1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1989) Isolation of a human cyclin cDNA—evidence for cyclin messenger-RNA and protein-regulation in the cell-cycle and for interaction with p34cdc2.Cell 58, 833–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1990) Human cyclin-A is adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60 and behaves differnetly from cyclin-B.Nature 346, 760–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hunt, T. (1991) Destruction's our delight.Nature 349, 100,101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Glotzer, M., Murray, A. W., and Kirscner, M. W. (1991) Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway.Nature 349, 132–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hershko, A., Ganoth, D., Pehrson, J., Palazzo, R. E., and Cohen, L. H. (1991) Methylated ubiquitin inhibits cyclin degradation in clam embryo extracts.J. Biol. Chem. 266, 16,376–16,379.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Luca, F. C. and Ruderman, J. V. (1989) Control of programmed cyclin destruction in a cell-free system.J. Cell Biol. 109, 1895–1909.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Minshull, J., Golsteyn, R., Hill, C. S., and Hunt, T. (1990) The A- and B-type cyclin associated kinases inXenopus turn on and off at different times in the cell cycle.EMBO J. 8, 2865–2875.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Whitfield, W. G. F., Gonzalez, C., Maldon-do-Codina, G., and Glover, D. M. (1990) The A- and B-type cyclins ofDrosophila are accumulated and destroyed in temporally distinct events that define separable phases of the G2-M transition.EMBO J. 9, 2563–2572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hunt, T., Luca, F. C., and Ruderman, J. V. (1992) The requirements for protein synthesis and degradation, and the control of destruction of cyclins A and B in the meiotic and mitotic cell cycles of the clam embryo.J. Cell Biol. 116, 707–724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Rogers, S., Wells, R., and Rechsteiner, M. (1986) Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis.Science 234, 364–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Jeffrey, P. D., Russo, A. A., Polyak, K., Gibbs, E., Hurwitz, J., Massague, J., and Pavletich, N. P. (1995) Mechanism of CDK activation revealed by the structure of a cyclin A-CDK2 complex.Nature 376, 313–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nigg, E. A. (1996) Cyclin-dependent kinase 7: at the crossroads of transcription, DNA repair and cell cycle control?Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 312–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Basi, G., and Draetta, G. (1995) The cdc2 kinase: structure, activation, and its role at mitosis in vertebrate cells, inCell Cycle Control (Hutchison, C., and Glover, D. M., eds) OUP, Oxford, UK, pp. 106–143.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Russo, A. A., Jeffrey, P. D., and Paveltich, N. P. (1996) Structural basis of cyclin-dependent kinase activation by phosphorylation.Nature Structural Biol. 3, 696–700.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Solomon, M. (1994) The function(s) of CAK, the p34cdc2-activating kinase.TIBS 19, 496–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tassan, J. P., Jaquenoud, M., Fry, A. M., Frutiger, S., Hughes, G. J., and Nigg, E. A. (1995) In vitro assembly of a functional human CDK7-cyclin H complex requires MAT1, a novel 36kDa RING finger protein.EMBO J. 14, 5608–5617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yee, A., Nichols, M. A., Wu, L., Hall, F. L., Kobayashi, R., and Xiong, Y. (1995) Molecular cloning of CDK7-associated human MAT1, a cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) assembly factor.Cancer Res. 55, 6058–6062.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Shuttleworth, J. (1995) The regulation and functions of cdk7.Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 1, 229–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hata, S. (1991) cDNA cloning of a novel cdc2+/ CDC28-related protein kinase from rice.FEBS Lett. 279, 149–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sauter, M. (1997) Differential expression of a CAK (cdc2-activating kinase)-like protein kinase, cyclins andcdc2 genes from rice during the cell cycle and in response to gibberellin.Plant J. 11, 181–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Devault, A., Martinez, A. M., Fesquet, D., Labbe, J. C., Tassan, J. P., Nigg, E. A., Cavadore, J. C., and Doree, M. (1995) MAT1, a new RING-finger protein subunit stabilizing cyclin H-cdk7 complexes in starfish andXenopus CAK.EMBO J. 14, 5027–5036.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fisher, R. P., Jin, P., Chamberlin, H. M., and Morgan, D. O. (1995) Alternative mechanisms of CAK assembly require an assembly factor or an activating kinase.Cell 83, 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Matsuoka, M., Kato, J. Y., Fisher, R. P., Morgan, D. O., and Sherr, C. J. (1994) Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by mouse MO15-associated kinase.Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 7265–7275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kato, J.-Y., Matsuoka, M., Strom, D. K., and Sherr, C. J. (1994) Regulation of cyclin D-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by cdk4-activating kinase.Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 2713–2721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Roy, R., Adamczewski, J. P., Seroz, T., Vermeulen, W., Tassan, J. P., Schaeffer, L., Nigg, E. A., Hoejimakers, J. H. J., and Egly, J. M. (1994) The MO15 cell cycle kinase is associated with the TFHH transcription-DNA repair factor.Cell 79, 1093–1101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Serizawa, H., Makela, T. P., Conaway, J. W., Conaway, R. C., Weinberg, R. A., and Young, R. A. (1995) Association of cdk-activating kinase subunits with transcription factor TFIIH.Nature 374, 280–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Shiekhatter, R., Mermelstein, F., Fisher, R., Drapkin, R., Dynlacht, B., Wessling, H. C., Morgan, D. O., and Reinberg, D. (1995) Cdk-activating kinase complex is a component of human transcription factor TFIIH.Nature 374, 283–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Adamczewski, J. P., Rossignoi, M., Tassan, J. P., Nigg, E. A., Moncollin, V., and Egly, J. M. (1996) MATI, cdk7 and cyclin H form a kinase complex which is UV light sensitive upon association with IFIIH.EMBO J. 15, 1877–1884.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Simon, M., Seraphin, B., and Faye, G. (1986) KIN28, a yeast split gene coding for a putative protein kinase homologous to CDC28.EMBO J.,5, 2697–2701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Valay, J. G., Simon, M., Dubois, M. F., Bensaude, O., Facca, C., and Faye, G. (1995) The KIN28 gene is required both for RNA polymerase II mediated transcription and phosphorylation of the CTD.J. Mol. Biol. 249, 535–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Feaver, W. J., Svejstrup, J. Q., Henry, N. L., and Kornberg, R. D. (1994) Relationship of CDK-activating kinase and RNA polymerase II CTD kinase TFIIH/TFIIK.Cell 79, 1103–1109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Cismowski, M. J., Laff, G. M., Solomon, M. J., and Reed, S. I. (1995) KIN28 encodes a C-terminal domain kinase that controls mRNA transcription inSaccharomyces cerevisiae but lacks cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) activity.Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2983–2992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Buck, V., Russell, R., and Millar, J. B. A. (1995) Identification of a cdk-activating kinase in fission yeast.EMBO J. 14, 6173–6183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Damagnez, V., Makela, T. P., and Cottarel, G. (1995)Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mopl-Mcs2 is related to mammalian CAK.EMBO J. 14, 6164–6172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Liao, S.-M., Zhang, J., Jeffery, D. A., Koleske, A. J., Thompson, C. M., Chao, D. M., Viljeon, M., van Vuuren, H. J. J., and Young, R. A. (1995) A kinase cyclin pair in the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme.Nature 374, 193–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Espinoza, F. H., Farrell, A., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempest, P., and Morgan, D. O. (1996) A cyclindependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) in budding yeast unrelated to vertebrate CAK.Science 273, 1714–1717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Solomon, M. J., Lee, T., and Kirschner, M. W. (1992) The role of phosphorylation in p34cdc2 activation: identification of an activating kinase.Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 13–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Honda, R., Ohba, Y., and Yasuda, H. (1992) The cell cycle regulator, human p50weel, is a tyrosine kinase and not a serine/tyrosine kinase.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 1333–1338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Igarashi, M., Nagata, A., Jinno, S., Suto, K., and Okayama, H. (1991) Weel+-like gene in human cells.Nature 353, 80–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. McGowan, C. H. and Russell, P. (1993) Human Weel kinase inhibits cell division by phosphorylating p34cdc2 exclusively on Tyr15.EMBO J. 12, 75–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. McGowan, C. H. and Russell, P. (1995) Cell cycle regulation of human WEE1.EMBO J. 14, 2166–2175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Parker, L. L. and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1992) Inactivation of the p34cdc2/cyclin B complex by the human WEE1 tyrosine kinase.Science 257, 1955–1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Parker, L. L., Sylvestre, P. J., Byrnes, M. J., Liu, F., and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1995) Identification of a 95-kDA WEE1-like tyrosine kinase in HeLa cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA92, 9638–9642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Liu, F., Stanton, J. J., Wu, Z., and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1997) The human Mytl kinase preferentially phosphorylates Cdc2 on threonine 14 and localises to the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex.Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 571–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Mueller, P. R., Coleman, T. R., Kumagai, A., and Dunphy, W. G. (1995) Mytl: a membrane-associated inhibitory kinase that phosphorylates Cdc2 on both threonine-14 and tyrosine-15.Science 270, 86–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Parker, L. L., Atherton-Fessler, S., and Pownica-Worms, H. (1992) p107weel is a dual-specificity kinase that phosphorylates p34cdc2 on tyrosine 15.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 2917–2921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Atherton-Fessler, S., Hannig, G., and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1993) Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation and cell cycle control.Semin. Cell Biol. 4, 433–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kornbluth, S., Sebastian, B., Hunter, T., and Newport, J., (1994) Membrane localization of the kinase which phosphorylates p34cdc2 on threonine 14.Mol. Biol. Cell 5, 273–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Baldin, V. and Ducommun, B. (1995) Subcellular localisation of human weel kinase is regulated during the cell cycle.J. Cell Sci. 108, 2425–2432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Heald, R., McLoughlin, M., and McKeon, F. (1993) Human Weel maintains mitotic timing by protecting the nucleus from cytoplasmically activated Cdc2 kinase.Cell 74, 463–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1994) The differential localisation of human cyclins A and B is due to a cytoplasmic retention signal in cyclin B.EMBO J. 13, 3772–3781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Russell, P. and Nurse, P. (1987) The mitotic inducernim1 + functions in a regulatory network of protein kinase homologs controlling the initiation of mitosis.Cell 49, 569–576.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Young, P. G. and Fantes, P. (1987)Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants affected in their division response to starvation.J. Cell Sci. 88, 295–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Belenguer, P., Pelloquin, L., Baldin, V., Oustrin, M.-L., and Ducommun, B. (1995) The fission yeast Nim1/Cdr1 kinase: a link between nutritional state and cell cycle control.Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 1, 207–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Russell, P. and Nurse, P. (1986) cdc25+ functions as an inducer in the mitotic control of fission yeast.Cell 45, 145–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Dunphy, W. G., and Kumagai, A. (1991) The cdc25 protein contains an intrinsic phosphatase activity.Cell 67, 189–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Millar, J. B. A., McGowan, C. H., Lenaers, G., Jones, R., and Russell, P. (1991) p80cdc25 mitotic inducer is the tyrosine phosphatase that activates cdc2 kinase in fission yeast.EMBO J. 10, 4301–4309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kumagai, A. and Dunphy, W. G. (1991) The cdc25 protein controls tyrosine dephosphorylation of the cdc2 protein in a cell-free system.Cell 64, 903–914.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Gautier, J., Solomon, M. J., Booher, R. N., Bazan, J. F., and Kirschner, M. W. (1991) cdc25 is a specific tyrosine phosphatase that directly activates p34cdc2.Cell 67, 197–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Belle, R., Ollivier, E., and Guerrucci, M.-A. (1992) Higher eukaryotic cdc25 proteins are structurally related to phosphoseryl/threonyl protein phosphatases.Biol. Cell 75, 139–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Millar, J. B. A. and Russell, P. (1992) The cdc25 M-phase inducer: an unconventional protein phosphatase.Cell 68, 407–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Honda, R., Ohba, Y., Nagata, A., Okayama, H., and Yasuda, H. (1993) Dephosphorylation of human p34 (cdc2) kinase on both Thr-14 and Tyr-15 by human cdc25B phosphatase.FEBS Lett. 318, 331–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Jessus, C. and Ozon, R. (1995) Function and regulation of cdc25 protein phosphatase through mitosis and meiosis.Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 1, 215–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Galactionov, K. and Beach, D. (1991) Specific activation of cdc25 tyrosine phosphatase by B-type cyclins: evidence for multiple roles of mitotic cyclins.Cell 67, 1181–1194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Nagata, A., Igarashi, M., Jinno, S., Suto, K., and Okayama, H. (1991) An additional homolog of the fission yeastcdc25 gene occurs in humans and is highly expressed in some cancer cells.New Biol. 3, 959–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Sadhu, K., Reed, S. I., Richardson, H., and Russell, P. (1990) Human homolog of fission yeastcdc25 is predominantly expressed in G1.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5139–5143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Sebastian, B., Kakizuka, A., and Hunter, T. (1993). Cdc25M2 activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by dephosphorylation of threonine-14 and tyrosine-15.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3521–3524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Hoffmann, I., Clarke, P., Draetta, G. and Karsenti, E. (1993) Regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases and tyrosine phosphatases during the cell cycle.Eur. J. Cell Biol. 61(Suppl 38), 6–12.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Kakizuka, A., Sebastian, B., Borgmeyer, U., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., Bolado, J., Hunter, T., Hoekstra, M. F., and Evans, R. M. (1992) A mouse cdc25 homolog is differentially and developmentally expressed.Genes Dev. 6, 578–590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Hoffmann, I., Clarke, P. R., Marcote, M. J., Karsenti, E., and Draetta, G. (1993) Phosphorylation and activation of cdc25-C by cdc2-cyclin B and its involvement in the self-amplification of MPF at mitosis.EMBO J. 12, 53–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Strausfeld, U., Fernandez, A., Capony, J.-P., Girard, F., Lautredou, N., Derancourt, J., Labbe, J.-C., and Lamb, N. J. C. (1994) Activation of p34cdc2 kinase by microinjection of human cdc25C into mammalian cells.J. Biol. Chem. 269, 5989–6000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Jinno, S., Suto, K., Nagata, A., Igarishi, M., Kanaoka, Y., Nojima, H., and Okayama, H. (1994) Cdc25A is a novel phosphatase functioning early in the cell cycle.EMBO J. 13, 1549–1556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Hoffmann, I., Draetta, G., and Karsenti, E. (1994) Activation of the phosphatase activity of human cdc25A by a cdk2-cyclin E dependent phosphorylation at the G1/S transition.EMBO J. 13, 4302–4310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Millar, J. B., Blevitt, J., Gerace, L., Sadhu, K., Featherstone, C., and Russell, P. (1991) p55CDC25 is a nuclear protein required for the initiation of mitosis in human cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10,500–10,504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Zheng, X.-F. and Ruderman, J. V. (1993) Functional analysis of the P box, a domain required for the activation of cdc25.Cell 75 155–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Izumi, T. and Maller, J. L. (1993) Elimination of cdc2 phosphorylation sites in the cdc25 phosphatase blocks initiation of M-phase.Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 1337–1350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Walker, D. H., and Maller, J. L. (1991) Role for cyclin-A in the dependence of mitosis on completion of DNA-replication.Nature 354, 314–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Clarke, P. R., Leiss, D., Pagano, M., and Karsenti, E. (1992) Cyclin A-dependent and cyclin B-dependent protein kinases are regulated by different mechanisms inXenopus egg extracts.The EMBO J. 11, 1751–1761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Devault, A., Fesquet, D., Cavadore, J. C., Garrigues, A. M., Labbe, J. C., Lorca, T., Picard, A., Philippe, M., and Doree, M. (1992) Cyclin A potentiates maturation promoting factor activation in the earlyXenopus embryo via inhibition of the tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates cdc2.J. Cell Biol. 118, 1109–1120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Izumi, T., Walker, D. H., and Maller, J. L. (1992) Periodic changes in phosphorylation of theXenopus cdc25 phosphatase regulate its activity.Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 927–939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Yeudall, W. A. and Jakus, J. (1995) Cyclin kinase inhibitors add a new dimension to cell cycle control.Oral Oncol. Eur. J. Cancer 31, 291–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Peter, M. and Herslowitz, I. (1994) Joining the complex:cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory proteins and the cell cycle.Cell 79, 181–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Ellidge, S. J., Winston, J., and Harper, J. W. (1996) A question of balance: the role of cyclin-kinase inhibitors in development and tumorigenesis.Trends Cell Biol. 6, 388–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Hunter, T. and Pines, J. (1994) Cyclins and cancer II: cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age.Cell 79, 573–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Gallant, P. and Nigg, E. A. (1994) Identification of a novel vertebrate cyclin: cyclin B3 shares properties with both A- and B-type cyclins.EMBO J. 13, 595–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. McGowan, C. H., Russell, P., and Reed, S. I. (1990) Periodic biosynthesis of the human M-phase promoting factor catalytic subunit p34 during the cell-cycle.Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 3847–3851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Dalton, S. (1992) Cell cycle regulation of the humancdc2 gene.EMBO J. 11, 1797–1804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Welch, P. J. and Wang, J. Y. J. (1992) Coordinated synthesis and degradation of cdc2 in the mammalian cell cycle.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3093–3097.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Gautier, J., Norbury, C., Lohka, M., Nurse, P., and Maller, J. (1988) Purified maturation-promoting factor contains the product of a Xenopus homolog of the fission yeast cell cycle control genecdc2 2+.Cell 54, 433–439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Arion, D., Meijer, L., Brizuela, L., and Beach, D. (1988)cdc2 is a component of the M phase-specific histone H1 kinase: evidence for identity with MPF.Cell 55, 371–378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Meijer, L., Arion, D., Golsteyn, R., Pines, J., Brizuela, L., Hunt, T., and Beach, D. (1989) Cyclin is a component of the sea urchin egg M-phase specific histone H1 kinase.EMBO J. 8, 2275–2282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Labbe, J. C., Picard, A., Peaucellier, G., Cavadore, J. C., Nurse, P., and Doree, M. (1989) Purification of MPF from starfish: identification as the histone H1 kinase p34cdc2 and a possible mechanism for its periodic action.Cell 57, 253–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Draetta, G., Luca, F., Westendorf, J., Brizuela, L., Ruderman, J., and Beach, D. (1989) cdc2 protein kinase is complexed with both cyclin A and B: evidence for proteolytic inactivation of MPF.Cell 56, 829–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Buendia, B., Draetta, G., and Karsenti, E. (1992) Regulation of the microtubule nucleating activity of centrosomes inXenopus egg extracts: role of cyclin A-associated protein kinase.J. Cell Biol. 116, 1431–1442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Bailly, E., Pines, J., Hunter, T., and Bornens, M. (1992) Cytoplasmic accumulation of cyclin-B1 in human cells—association with a detergent-resistant compartment and with the centrosome.J. Cell Sci. 101, 529–545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Maldonado, G. and Glover, D. M. (1992) Cyclin-A and cyclin-B associate with chromatin and the polar-regions of spindles, respectively, and do not undergo complete degradation at anaphase in syncytialDrosophila embryos.J. Cell Biol 116, 967–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Verde, F., Dogterom, M., Stelzer, E., Karsenti, E., and Leibler, S. (1992) Control of microtubule dynamics and length by cyclin A-dependent and cyclin B-dependent kinases inXenopus egg extracts.J. Cell Biol. 118, 1097–1108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1991) Human cyclin-A and cyclin-B are differentially located in the cell and undergo cell-cycle dependent nuclear transport.J. Cell Biol. 115, 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Gallant, P. and Nigg, E. A. (1992) Cyclin-B2 undergoes cell cycle-dependent nuclear translocation and, when expressed as a non-destructable mutant, causes mitotic arrest in HeLa cells.J. Cell Biol. 117, 213–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Jackman, M., Firth, M., and Pines, J. (1995) Human cyclins B1 and B2 are localized to strikingly different structures: B1 to microtubules, B2 primarily to the Golgi apparatus.EMBO J. 14, 1646–1654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Peter, M., Nakagawa, J., Doree, M., Labbe, J.-C., and Nigg, E. A. (1990)In vitro disassembly of the nuclear lamina and M phase-specific phosphorylation of lamins by cdc2 kinase.Cell 61, 591–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Ward, G. E. and Kirschner, M. W. (1990) Identification of cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation sites on nuclear lamin C.Cell 61, 561–577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Dessev, G., Iovcheva-Dessev, C., Bischoff, J. R., Beach, D., and Goldman, R. (1991) a complex containing p34cdc2 and cyclin B phosphorylates the nuclear lamina and disassembles nuclei of clamin vitro.J. Cell Biol. 112, 523–533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Peter, M., Heitlinger, E., Haener, M., Aebi, U., and Nigg, E. A. (1991) Disassembly ofin vitro formed lamin head-to-tail polymers by cdc2 kinase.EMBO J. 10, 1535–1544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Heald, R. and McKeon, F. (1990) Mutations of phosphorylation sites in lamin A that prevent nuclear lamina disassembly in mitosis.Cell 61, 579–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Chou, Y.-H., Bischoff, J. R., Beach, D., and Goldman, R. (1990) Intermediate filament reorganisation during mitosis is mediated by p34cdc2 phosphorylation of vimentin.Cell 62, 1063–1071.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Shiina, N., Moriguchi, T., Ohta, K., Gotoh, Y., and Nishida, E. (1992) Regulation of a major microtubule associated protein by MPF and MAP kinase.EMBO J 11, 3977–3988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Satterwhite, L. L., Lohka, M. J., Wilson, K. L., Scherson, T. Y., Cisek, L. J., Corden, J. L., and Pollard, T. D. (1992) Phosphorylation of myosin-II regulatory light chain by cyclin-p34cdc2: a mechanism for the timing of cytokinesis.J. Cell Biol. 118, 595–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Shenoy, S., Choi, J., Bagrodia, S., Copeland, T. D., Maller, J. L., and Shalloway, D. (1989) Purified maturation promoting factor phosphorylates pp60c-src at the sites phosphorylated during fibroblast mitosis.Cell 57, 763–774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Morgan, D. O., Kaplan, J. M., Bishop, J. M., and Varmus, H. E. (1989) Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of p60c-src by p34cdc2-associated protein kinase.Cell 57, 775–786.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Shenoy, S., Chackalaparampil, I., Bagrodia, S., Lin, P.-H., and Shalloway, D. (1992) Role of p34cdc2 mediated phosphorylations in two step activation of p60c-src during mitosis.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7237–7241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kipreos, E. T. and Wang, J. Y. (1990) Differential phosphorylation of c-Abl in cell cycle determined by cdc2 kinase and phosphatase activity.Science 248, 217–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Kipreos, E. t. and Wang, J. Y. (1992) Cell cycle regulated binding of c-abl tyrosine kinase to DNA.Science 256, 382–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Litchfield, D. W., Lozeman, F. J., Cicirelli, M. F., Harrylock, M., Ericsson, L. H., Piening, C. J., and Krebs, E. G. (1991) Phosphorylation of the beta subunit of casein kinase II in human A431 cells. Identification of the autophosphorylation site and a site phosphorylated by p34cdc2.J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20,380–20,389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Litchfield, D. W., Luescher, B., Lozeman, F. J., Eisenman, R. N., and Krebs, E. G. (1992) Phosphorylation of casein kinase IIin vitro and at mitosis.J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13,943–13,951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Langan, T. A., Gautier, J., Lohka, M., Hollingsworth, R., Moreno, S., Nurse, P., Maller, J., and Sclafani, R. A. (1989) Mammalian growth-associated H1 histone kinase: a homolog ofcdc2 +/CDC28 protein kinase controlling mitotic entry in yeast and frog cells.Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 3860–3868.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Meijer, L., Ostvold, A.-C., Walaas, S. I., Lund, T., and Laland, S. G. (1991) High mobility-group proteins P1, I, Y as substrates of the M-phase-specific p34cdc2/ cyclincdc13 kinase.Eur. J. Biochem. 196, 557–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Nissen, M. S., Langan, T. A., and Reeves, R. (1991). Phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase modulates DNA binding activity of high mobility group I nonhistone chromatin protein.J. Biol. Chem. 266, 19,945–19,952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Belengeur, P., Caizergues-Ferrer, M., Labbe, J.-C., Doree, M., and Amalric, F. (1990) Mitosis specific phosphorylation of nucleolin by p34cdc2 kinase.Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 3607–3618.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Luscher, B., and Eisenman, R. N. (1992) Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of the nuclear oncoproteins myc and myb.J. Cell. Biol. 118, 775–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Peter, M., Nakagawa, J., Doree, M., Labbe, J.-C., and Nigg, E. A. (1990) Identification of major nucleolar proteins as candidate mitotic substrates of cdc2 kinase.Cell 60, 791–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Gurley, L. R., Valdez, J. G., and Buchanan, J. S. (1995) Characterisation of the mitotic specific phosphorylation site of Histone H1.J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27,653–27,660.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Evans, T., Rosenthal, E. T., Youngblom, J., Distel, D., and Hunt, T. (1983) Cyclin: a protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division.Cell 33, 389–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Cardoso, M. C., Leonhardt, H., and Nadal-Ginard, B. (1993) Reversal of terminal differentiation and control of DNA replication: cyclin A and cdk2 specifically localize at subnuclear sites of DNA replication.Cell 74, 979–992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Girard, F., Strausfeld, U., Fernandez, A., and Lamb, N. J. C. (1991) Cyclin A is required for the onset of DNA replication in mammalian fibroblasts.Cell 67, 1169–1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Pagano, M., Pepperkok, R., Verde, F., Ansorge, W., and Draetta, G. (1992) Cyclin A is required at two points in the human cell cycle.EMBO J. 11, 961–971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Lehner, C. F. and O'Farrell, P. H. (1989) Expression and function ofDrosophila cyclin A during embryogenic cell cycle progression.Cell 56, 957–968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Zindy, F., Lamas, E., Chenivesse, X., Sobczak, J., Wang, J., Fesquet, D., Henglein, B., and Brechot, C. (1992) Cyclin A is required in S phase in normal epithelial cells.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182, 1144–1154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Sherr, C. J. (1993) Mammalian G1 cyclins.Cell 73, 1059–1065.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Sherr, C. J. (1995) D-type cyclins. TIBS20, 187–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Matsushime, H., Roussel, M. F., Ashmun, R. A., and Sherr, C. J. (1991) Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.Cell 65, 701–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Kato, J. Y., and Sherr, C. J. (1993) Inhibition of granulocyte differentiation by G1 cyclins D2 and D3 but not D1.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11,513–11,517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Sewing, A., Burger, C., Brusselbach, S., Schalk, C., Lucibello, F. C., and Muller, R. (1993) Human cyclin D1 encodes a labile nuclear protein whose synthesis is directly induced by growth factors and suppressed by cyclic AMP.J. Cell Sci. 104, 545–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Motokura, T., Bloom, T., Kim, H. G., Juppner, H., Ruderman, J. V., Kronenberg, H. M., and Arnold, A. (1991) A novel cyclin encoded by abcl-linked candi-date oncogene.Nature 350, 512–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Withers, D. A., Harvey, R. C., Faust, J. B., Melnyk, O., Carey, K., and Meeker, T. C. (1991) Characterisation of a candidatebcl-1 gene.Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 4846–4853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Hanna, Z., Jankowski, M., Tremblay, P., Jiang, X., Milatovich, A., Francke, U., and Jolicoeur, P. (1993) Thevin-1 gene, identified by provirus insertional mutagenesis, is the cyclin D2.Oncogene 8, 1661–1666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Won, K. A., Xiong, Y., Beach, D., and Gilman, M. Z. (1992) Growth-regulated expression of D-type cyclin genes in human diploid fibroblasts.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9910–9914.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Ajchenbaum, F., Ando, K., DeCaprio, J. A., and Griffen, J. D. (1993) Independent regulation of human D-type cyclin gene expression during the G1 phase in primary human t lymphocytes.J. Biol. Chem. 268, 4113–4119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Lukas, J., Bartkova, J., and Bartek, J. (1996) Convergence of mitogenic signalling cascades from diverse classes of receptors at the cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase-pRb-controlled G1 checkpoint.Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 6917–6925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Quelle, D. E., Ashmun, R. A., Shurtleff, S. A., Kato, J.-Y., Bar-Sagi, D., Roussel, M. F., and Sherr, C. J. (1993) Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts.Genes Dev. 7, 1559–1571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Resnitzky, D., Gossen, M., Bujard, H., and Reed, S. I. (1994) Acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by expression of cyclins D1 and E with an inducible system.Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1669–1679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Resnitzky, D. and Reed, S. I. (1995) Different roles for cyclins D1 and E in regulation of the G1-to-S transition.Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 3463–3469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Baldin, V., Lukas, J., Marcote, M. J., Pagano, M., and Draetta, G. (1993) Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle progression in G1.Genes Dev. 7, 812–821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Sewing, A., Ronicke, V., Burger, C., Funk, M., and Muller, R. (1994) Alternative splicing of human cyclin E.J. Cell Sci. 107, 581–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Ohtsubo, M., Theodoras, A. M., Schumacher, J., Roberts, J. M., and Pagano, M. (1995) Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the G1-to-S phase transition.Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2612–2624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. D'Urso, G., Marraccino, R., Marshak, D., and Roberts, J. (1990) Cell cycle control of DNA replication by a homologue from human cells of the p34cdc2 protein kinase.Science 250, 786–791.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Dulic, V., Lees, E., and Reed, S. I. (1992) Association of human cyclin E with a periodic G1-S phase protein kinase.Science 257, 1958–1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Dulic, V., Drullinger, L., Lees, E., Reed, S., and Stein, G. (1993) Altered regulation of G1 cyclins in senescent human diploid fibroblasts: accumulation of inactive cyclin E-Cdk2 and cyclin D1-Cdk2 complexes.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11,034–11,038.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Ohtsubo, M., Theodoras, A. M., Schumacher, J., Roberts, J. M., and Pagano, M. (1995) Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the G1-to-S phase transition.Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2612–2624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Won, K.-A. and Reed, S. I. (1996) Activation of cyclin E/CDK2 is coupled to site-specific autophosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin E.EMBO J. 15, 4182–4193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Knoblich, J. A., Sauer, K., Jones, L., Richardson, H., Saint, R., and Lehner, C. F. (1994) Cyclin E controls S phase progression and its down-regulation during Drosophila embryogenesis is required for the arrest of cell proliferation.Cell 77, 107–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Wimmel, A., Lucibello, F. C., Sewing, A., Adolph, S., and Muller, R. (1994) Inducible acceleration of G1 progression through tetracyclin regulated expression of human cyclin E.Oncogene 9, 995–997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Ohtsubo, M. and Roberts, J. (1993) Cyclin-dependent regulation of G1 in mammalian fibroblasts.Science 259, 1908–1912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Mudryi, M., Devoto, S. H., Hiebert, S. W., Hunter, T., Pines, J., and Nevins, J. R. (1991) Cell cycle regulation of the E2F transcription factor involves an interaction with cyclin A.Cell 65, 1243–1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Devoto, S. H., Mudryi, M., Pines, J., Hunter, T., and Nevins, J. R. (1992) A cyclin A-protein kinase complex possesses sequence-specific DNA binding activity: p33cdk2 is a component of the E2F-cyclin A complex.Cell 68, 167–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Shirodkar, S., Ewen, M., DeCaprio, J. A., Morgan, J., Livingston, D. M., and Chittenden, T. (1992) The transcription factor E2F interacts with the retinoblastoma gene product and a p107-cyclin A complex in a cell cycle- regulated manner.Cell 68, 157–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Kato, J-Y., Matsushime, H., Hiebert, S. W., Ewen, M. E., and Sherr, C. J. (1993) Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4.Genes Dev. 7, 331–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Ewen, M. E., Sluss, H. K., Sherr, C. J., Matsushime, H., Kato, J.-Y., and Livingston, D. M. (1993) Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins.Cell 73, 487–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Dowdy, S. F., Hinds, P. W., Louie, K., Reed, S. I., Arnold, A., and Weinberg, R. A. (1993) Physical interaction of the retinoblastoma protein with human D cyclins.Cell 73, 499–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Lukas, J., Bartkova, J., Rohde, M., Strauss, M., and Bartek, J. (1995) Cyclin D1 is dispensable for G1 control in retinoblastoma gene-deficient cells independently of cdk4 activity.Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2600–2611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Krek, W., Xu, G., and Livingston, D. M. (1995) Cyclin A-kinase regulation of E2F-1 DNA binding function underlies suppression of an S phase checkpoint.Cell 83, 1149–1158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. DeGregori, J., Leone, G., Ohtani, K., Miron, A., and Nevins, J. R. (1995) E2F-1 accumulation bypasses a G1 arrest resulting from the inhibition of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase activity.Genes Dev. 9, 2873–2887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Hatakeyama, M. and Weinberg, R. A. (1995) The role of RB in cell cycle control.Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 1, 9–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Cobrinik, D. (1995) Regulatory interactions among E2Fs and cell cycle control proteins.Curr. Top. Microbiol. and Immunol. 208, 32–61.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Xiao, Z.-X., Ginsberg, D., Ewen, M., and Livingston, D. M. (1996) Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related protein p107 by G1 cyclin-associated kinases.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4633–4637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Duronio, R. J., Brook, A., Dyson, N., and O'Farrell, P. H. (1996) E2F-induced S phase requirescyclin E.Genes Dev. 10, 2505–2513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Hofmann, F. and Livingston, D. M. (1996) Differential effects of cdk2 and cdk3 on the control of pRb and E2F function during G1 exit.Genes Dev. 10, 851–861.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Zwicker, J. and Muller, R. (1995) Cell cycle regulated transcription in mammalian cells.Progr. Cell Cycle Res. 1, 91–99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Kitagawa, M., Higashi, H., Jung, H.-K., Suzuki-Takahashi, I., Ikeda, M., Tamai, K., Kato, J.-Y., Segawa, K., Yoshida, E., Nishimura, S., and Taya, Y. (1996) The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1-Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E-Cdk2.EMBO J. 15, 7060–7069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Schwarz, J. K., Devoto, S. H., Smith, E. J., Chellapan, S. P., Jakoi, L., and Nevins, J. R. (1993) Interaction of the p107 and Rb proteins with E2F during the cell proliferation response.EMBO J. 12, 1013–1020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Johnson, D. G., Ohtani, K., and Nevins, J. R. (1994) Autoregulatory control of E2F-1 expression in response to positive and negative regulators of cell cycle progression.Genes Dev. 7, 331–342.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Dynlacht, B. D., Flores, O., Less, J. A., and Harlow, E. (1994) Differential regulation of E2Ftrans-activation by cyclin/cdk2 complexes.Genes Dev. 8, 1772–1786.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Krek, W., Ewen, M. E., Shirodkar, S., Arany, Z., Kaelin, W. G., and Livingston, D. M. (1994) Negative regulation of the growth-promoting transcription factor E2F-1 by a stably bound cyclin A-dependent protein kinase.Cell 78, 161–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Xu, M., Sheppard, K.-A., Peng, C.-Y., Yee, A. S., and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1994) Cyclin A/CDK2 binds directly to E2F-1 and inhibits the DNA-binding activity of E2F-1/DP-1 by phosphorylation.Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 8420–8431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Ohtani, K., DeGregori, J., and Nevins, J. R. (1995) Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12,146–12,150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Geng, Y., Eaton, E. N., Picon, M., Roberts, J. M., Lundberg, A. S., Gifford, A., Sardet, C., and Weinberg, R. A. (1996) Regulation of cyclin E transcription by E2Fs and retinoblastoma protein.Oncogene 12, 1173–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Bunnell, B. A., Heath, L. S. Adams, D. E., Lahti, J. M., and Kidd, V. J. (1990) Increased expression of a 58-kDa protein kinase leads to changes in the CHO cell cycle.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7467–7471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Okuda, T., Cleveland, J. L., and Downing, J. R. (1992)PCTAIRE-1 andPCTAIRE-3, two members of a novelcdc2/CDC28-related protein kinase gene family.Oncogene 7, 2249–2258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Lapidot-Lifson, Y., Patinkin, D., Prody, C. A., Ehrlich, G., Seidman, S., Ben-Aziz, R., Benseller, F., Eckstein, F., Zakut, H., and Soreq, H. (1992) Cloning and oligodeoxynucleotide inhibition of a human homolog ofcdc2 required in hematopoiesis.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 579–583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Li, H., Grenet, J., Valentine, M., Lahti, J. M., and Kidd, V. J. (1995) Structure and expression of chicken protein kinase PITSLRE-encoding genes.Gene 153, 237–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Lahti, J. M., Xiang, J., and Kidd, V. J. (1995) The PITSLRE protein family.Progr. Cell Cycle Res. 1, 329–338.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Grana, X., De Luca, A., Sang, N., Fu, Y., Claudio, P. P., Rosenblatt, J., Morgan, D. O., and Giordano, A. (1994) PITALRE, a nuclear CDC2-related protein kinase that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma proteinin vitro.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3834–3838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Brambilla, R. and Draetta, G. (1994) Molecular cloning of PISSLRE, a novel putative member of the cdk family of protein serine/threonine kinases.Oncogene 9, 3037–3041.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Grana, X., Claudio, P. P., De Luca, A., Sang, N., and Giordano, A. (1994) PISSLRE, a human novel CDC2-related protein kinase.Oncogene 9, 2097–2103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Daksis, J. I., Lu, R. Y., Facchini, L. M., Martin, M. W., and Penn, L. J. Z. (1994) Myc induces cyclin D1 expression in the absence ofde novo protein synthesis and links mitogen-stimulated signal transduction to the cell cycle.Oncogene 12, 3635–3645.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Jansen-Durr, P., Meichle, A., Steiner, P., Pagano, M., Finke, K., Botz, J., Wessbecher, J., Draetta, G., and Ellers, M. (1993) Differential modulation of cyclin gene expression byMYC.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3685–3689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Colasanti J., Cho, S.-O., Wick, S., and Sundaresan, V. (1993) Localization of the functional p34cdc2 homolog of maize in root tip and stomatal complex cells: association with predicted division sites.Plant Cell 5, 1101–1111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Jacobs, T. W. (1995) Cell cycle control.Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 317–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Doerner, P. W. (1994) Cell cycle regulation in plants.Plant Physiol. 106, 823–827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Francis, D. (1992) The cell cycle in plant development.New Phytol. 122, 1–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Hata, S., Kouchi, H., Suzuka, J., and Ishii, T. (1991) Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for plant cyclins.EMBO J. 10, 2681–2688.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Hemerly, A., Bergounioux, C., Van Montagu, M., Inze, D., and Ferreira, P. (1992) Genes regulating the plant cell cycle: isolation of a mitotic-like cyclin fromArabidopsis thaliana.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3295–3299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Hirt, H., Mink, M., Pfosser, M., Bogre, L., Gyogyey, J., Jonak, C., Gartner, A., Dudits, D., and Heberle-Bors, E. (1992) Alfalfa cyclins: differential expression during the cell cycle and in plant organs.Plant Cell 4, 1531–1538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Ferreira, P., Hemerly, A., de Almeida Engler, J., Bergounioux, C., Burssens, S., Van Montagu, M., Engler, G., and Inze, D. (1994) Three discrete classes ofArabidopsis cyclins are expressed during different intervals of the cell cycle.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11,313–11,317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Ferreira, P. C. G., Hemerly, A. S., de Almeida Engler, J., Van Montagu, M., Engler, G., and Inze, D. (1994) Developmental expression of the Arabidopsis cyclin genecyc1At.Plant Cell 6, 1763–1774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Day, I. S. and Reddy, A. S. N. (1994) Cloning of a family of cyclins from,Arabidopsis Thaliana.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1218, 115–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Fobert, P. R., Coen, E. S., Murphy, G. J. P., and Doonan J. H. (1994) Patterns of cell division revealed by transcriptional regulation of genes during the cell cycle in plants.EMBO J. 13, 616–624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Renaudin, J.-P., Colasanti, J., Rime, H., Yuan, Z., and Sundaresan, V. (1994) Cloning of four cyclins from maize indicates that higher plants have three structurally distinct groups of mitotic cyclins.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7375–7379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Dahl, M., Meskiene, I., Bogre, L., Ha, D. T. C., Swoboda, I., Hubmann, R., Hirt, H., and Heberle-Bors, E. (1995) The D-type alfalfa cyclin genecycMs4 complements G1 cyclin-deficient yeast and is, induced in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.Plant Cell 7, 1847–1857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Soni R., Carmichael, J. P., Shah, Z. H., and Murray, J. A. H. (1995) A family of cyclin D homologs from plants differentially controlled by growth, regulators and containing the conserved retinoblastoma protein interaction motif.Plant Cell 7, 85–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Setiady, Y. Y., Sekine, M., Hariguchi, N., Yamamoto, T., Kouchi, H., and Shinmyo, A. (1995) Tobacco mitotic cyclins: cloning, characterisation, gene expression and functional assay.Plant J. 8, 949–957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Savoure, A., Feher, A., Kalo, P., Petrovics, G., Csanadi, G., Szecsi, J., Kiss, G., Brown, S., Kondorosi, A., and Kondorosi, E. (1995) Isolation of a full length mitotic cyclin cloneCycIIIMs fromMedicago sativa: chromosomal mapping and expression.Plant Mol. Biol. 27, 1059–1070.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Kouchi, H., Sekine, M., and Hata, S. (1995) Distinct classes of mitotic cyclins are differentially expressed in the soybean shoot apex during the cell cycle.Plant Cell 7, 1143–1155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Meskiene, I., Bogre, L., Dahl, M., Pirck, M., Ha, D. T. C., Swododa, I., Heberle-Bors, E., Ammerer, G., and Hirt, H. (1995)cycMs3, a novel B-type alfalfa cyclin gene, is induced in the G0-to-G1 transition of the cell cycle.Plant Cell 7, 759–771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Szarka, S., Fitch, M., Schaerer, S., and Moloney, M. (1995) Classification and expression of a family of cyclin homologues inBrassica napus.Plant Mol. Biol. 27, 263–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Shaul, O., Mironov, V., Van Montagu, M., and Inze, D. (1996) TwoArabidopsis cyclin promoters mediate distinctive transcriptional oscillation in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4868–4872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Day, I. S., Reddy, A. S. N., and Golovkin, M. (1996) Isolation of a new mitotic cyclin from Arabidopsis: complementation of a yeast mutant with a plant cyclin.Plant Mol. Biol. 30, 565–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Fuerst, R. A. U. A., Soni, R., Murray, J. A. H., and Lindsay, K. (1996) Modulation of cyclin transcript levels in cultured cells ofArabidopsis thaliana.Plant Physiol. 112, 1023–1033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Feiler, H. S. and Jacobs, T. W. (1990) Cell division in higher plants: acdc2 gene, its 34-kDa product and histone H1 kinase activity in pea.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5397–5401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Hirayama, T., Imajuku, Y., Matsui, M., and Oka, A. (1991) Identification of two cell-cycle-controllingcdc2 gene homologs inArabidopsis thaliana.Gene 105, 159–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Hata, S. (1991) cDNA cloning of a novel cdc2+/CDC28-related protein kinase from rice.FEBS Lett. 279, 149–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Hirt, H., Pay, A., Gyorgyey, J., Bako, L., Nemeth, K., Bogre, L., Schweyen, R. J., Heberle-Bors, E., and Dudits, D. (1991) Complementation of a yeast cell cycle mutant by an alfalfa cDNA encoding a protein kinase homologous to p34cdc2.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 1636–1640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Colasanti, J., Tyers, M., and Sundaresan, V. (1991) Isolation and characterisation of cDNA clones encoding a functional p34cdc2 homologue fromZea mays.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3377–3381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Feiler, H. S. and Jacobs, T. W. (1991) Cloning of the peacdc2 homologue by efficient immunological screening of PCR products.Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 321–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Ferreira, P. C. G., Hemerly, A. S., Villarroel, R., Van Mantagu, M., and Inze, D. (1991) The Arabidopsis functional homolog of the p34cdc2 protein kinase.Plant Cell 3, 531–540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Imajuku, Y., Hirayama, T., Endoh, H., and Oka, A. (1992) Exon-intron organisation of theArabidopsis thaliana protein kinase genes CDC2a and CDC2b.FEBS Lett. 304, 73–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Hashimoto, J., Hirabayashi, T., Hayano, Y., Hata, S., Ohashi, Y., Suzuka, I., Utsugi, T., Toh-E, A., and Kikuchi, Y. (1992) Isolation and characterisation of cDNA clones encodingcdc2 homologues fromOryza sativa: a functional homologue and cognate variants.Mol. Gen. Genetics 233, 10–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Martinez, M. C., Jorgensen, J.-E., Lawton, M. A., Lamb, C. J., and Doerner, P. W. (1992) Spatial pattern ofcdc2 expression in relation to meristem activity and cell proliferation during plant development.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7360–7364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Bergounioux, C., Perennes, C., Hemerly, A. S., Qin, L. X., Sarda, C., Inze, D., and Gadal, P. (1992) Acdc2 gene ofPetunia hybrida is differentially expressed in leaves, protoplasts and during various cell cycle phases.Plant Mol. Biol. 20, 1121–1130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Magyar, Z., Bako, L., Bogre, L., Dedeoglu, D., Kapros, T., and Dudits, D. (1993) Activecdc2 genes and cell cycle phase-specific cdc2-related kinase complexes in hormone-stimulated alfalfa cells.Plant J. 4, 151–161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Miao, G-H., Hong, Z., and Verma, D. P. S. (1993) Two functional soybean genes encoding p34cdc2 protein kinases are regulated by different plant developmental pathways.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 943–947.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Hirt, H., Pay, A., Bogre, L., Meskiene, I., and Heberle-Bors, E. (1993)cdc2MsB, a cognatecdc2 gene from alfalfa, complements the G1/S but not the G2/M transition of budding yeastcdc28 mutants.Plant J. 4, 61–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Hemerly, A. S., Ferreira, P., de Almeida Engler, J., Van Montagu, M., Engler, G., and Inze, D. (1993)cdc2a expression in Arabidopsis is linked with competence for cell division.Plant Cell 5, 1711–1723.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Russinova, E., Slater, A., Atanassov, A. I., and Elliott, M. C. (1995) Cloning novel alfalfa sequences—a RACE-PCR approach.Cell. Mol. Biol. 41, 703–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Qin, L.-X., Perennes, C., Richard, L., Bouvier-Durand, M., Trehin, C., Inze, D., and Bergounioux, C. (1996) G2- and early-M-specific expression of theNTCYC1 cyclin gene inNicotiana tabacum cells.Plant Mol. Biol. 32, 1093–1101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Segers, G., Gadisseur, I., Bergounioux, C., de Almeida Engler, J., Jacqmard, A., Van Montagu, M., and Inze, D. (1996) TheArabidopsis cyclin-dependent kinase gene cdc2bAt is preferentially expressed during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.Plant J. 10, 601–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Fobert, P. R., Gaudin, V., Lunness, P., Coen, E. S., and Doonan, J. H. (1996) Distinct classes ofcdc2-related genes are differentially expressed during the cell division cycle in plants.Plant Cell 8, 1465–1476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Magyar, Z., Meszaros, T., Miskolczi, P., Deak, M., Feher, A., Brown, S., Kondorosi, E., Athanasiadis, A., Pongor, S., Bilgin, M., Bako, L., Koncz, C., and Dudits, D. (1997) Cell cycle phase specificity of putative cyclin-dependent kinase varients in synchronised Alfalfa cells.Plant Cell 9, 223–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. John, P. C. L., Sek, F. J., and Lee M. G. (1989) A homolog of the cell cycle control protein p34cde2 participates in the division cycle ofChlamydomonas, and a similar protein is detectable in higher plants and remote taxa.Plant Cell 1, 1185–1193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. John, P. C. L., Sek, F. J., Carmichael, J. P., and McCurdy, D. W. (1990) p34cdc2 homologue level, cell division, phytohormone responsiveness and cell differentiation in wheat leaves.J. Cell Sci. 97, 627–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Gorst, J. R., John, P. C. L., and Sek, F. J. (1991) Levels of p34cdc2-like protein in dividing, differentiating and dedifferentiating cells of carrot.Planta 185, 304–310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Renaudin, J.-P., Doonan, J. H., Freeman, D., Hashimoto, J., Hirt, H., Inze, D., Jacobs, T., Kouchi, H., Rouze, P., Sauter, M., Savoure, A., Sorrell, D. A., Sundaresan, V., and Murray, J. A. H. (1996) Plant cyclins: a unified nomenclature for plant A-, B- and D-type cyclins based on sequence organisation.Plant Mol. Biol.,32, 1003–1018.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Fowler, M. R., Kirby, M. J., Scott, N. W., Slater, A., and Elliott, M. C. (1996) Polyamine metabolism and gene-regulation during the transition of autonomous sugar-beet cells in suspension-culture from quiescence to division.Physiol. Plant 98, 439–446.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Doerner, P., Jorgensen, J.-E., You, R., Steppuhn, J. and Lamb, C. (1996) Control of root growth and development by cyclin expression.Nature 380, 520–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Chung, S. K. and Parish, R. W. (1995). Studies on the promoter of theArabidopsis thaliana cdc2a gene.FEBS Lett. 362, 215–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Bogre, L., Zwerger, K., Meskiene, I., Binarova, P., Csizadia, V., Planck, C., Wagner, E., Hirt, H., and Heberle-Bors, E. (1997) The cdc2Ms Kinase is differentially regulated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.Plant Physiol. 113, 841–852.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Wang, H., Fowke, L. C., and Crosby, W. L. (1997) A plant cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene.Nature 386, 451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Grafi, G., and Larkins, B. A. (1995) Endoreduplication in maize endosperm: involvement of M phasepromoting factor inhibition and induction of S phase-related kinases.Science 269, 1262–1264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Moran, T. V. and Walker, J. C. (1993) Molecular cloning of two novel protein kinase genes fromArabidopsis thaliana.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1216, 9–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Elliott, M. C., Chen, D.-F., Fowler, M. L., Kirby, M. J., Kubalakova, M., Scott, N. W., and Slater, A. (1996) Transgenesis—A scheme for improving sugar-beet productivity.Russ. J. Plant Phys. 43, 544–551.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Fowler, M. R., Kirby, M. J., Scott, N. W., Slater, A., and Elliott, M. C. (1998) Induction of cell divisionrelated genes in quiescent (G0) sugar beet cells.Physiol. Plant. 102, 61–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Zhang, K., Letham, D. S., and John, P. C. L. (1996) Cytokinin controls the cell cycle at mitosis by stimulating the tyrosine dephosphorylation and activation of p34cdc2-like H1 histone kinase.Planta 200, 2–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Bell, M. H., Halford, N. G., Ormrod, J. C., and Francis, D. (1993). Tobacco plants transformed with cdc25, a mitotic inducer gene from fission yeast.Plant. Mol. Biol. 23, 445–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Minyuki, Y., Yamashita, M., and Nagahama, Y. (1991) p34cdc2 kinase homologue in the preprophase band.Protoplasma 162, 182–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  304. Grafi, G., Burnett, R. J., Heleltjaris, T., Larkins, B. A., DeCaprio, J. A., Sellers, W. R., and Kaelin, W. G. (1996) A maize cDNA encoding a member of the retinoblastoma protein family: involvement in endoreduplication.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8962–8967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Xe, Q., Sanz-Burgos, P., Hannon, G. J., and Gutierrez, C. (1996) Plant cells contain a novel member of growth regulatory proteins.EMBO J. 15, 4900–4908.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Chiatante, D., and Bryant, J. A. (1994) Activity of DNA topoisomerase I and quiescence of embryo cells in seeds of Pisum sativum L.J. Exp. Bot. 45, 959–965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Fowler, M. R. (1996) Gene expression during sugar beet cell division, PhD thesis, De Montfort University, Leicester, England.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Hemerly, A., de Almeida Engler, J., Bergounioux, C., Van Montagu, M., Engler, G., Inze, D. and Ferreira, P. (1995) Dominant negative mutants of the Cdc2 kinase uncouple cell division from iterative development.EMBO J. 14, 3925–3936.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Norman Borlaug Institute for Plant Science Research, De Montfort University, Scraptoft Campus, Scraptoft, LE7 9SU, Leicester, England

    M. R. Fowler, S. Eyre, N. W. Scott, A. Slater & M. C. Elliott

Authors
  1. M. R. Fowler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Eyre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. W. Scott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Slater
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. C. Elliott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Slater.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fowler, M.R., Eyre, S., Scott, N.W. et al. The plant cell cycle in context. Mol Biotechnol 10, 123–153 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02760861

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02760861

Index Entries

Search

Navigation