Abstract
A theory of relativistic traveling wave tube with magnetized thermal plasma-filled corrugated waveguide with annular electron beam is given. The dispersion relation is obtained by linear fluid theory. The characteristic of the dispersion relation is obtained by numerical solutions. The effect of plasma density, corrugated period, waveguide radius and plasma thermal effect on the dispersion relation and growth rate are analyzed. Some useful results are given.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Relativistic traveling wave tube (RTWT) is an important high-power microwave (HPM) apparatus which has been developed in the past 20 years [1–3]. Most of the TWT mathematical analysis has been done by John Robinson Pierce and his colleagues at Bell Labs [4–6] and then has been developed by Chu et al. [7–9]. In TWT, sinusoidal corrugated slow wave structure (SWS) is used to reduce the phase velocity of the electromagnetic wave to synchronize it with the electron beam velocity, so that a strong interaction between the two can take place [10, 11]. TWT is extensively applied in satellite and airborne communications, radar, particle accelerators, cyclotron resonance and electronic warfare system. The plasma injection to TWT has been studied recently which can increase the growth rate and improve the quality of transmission of electron beam. We investigate the effect of thermal plasma and electron beam on the growth rate [12–17].
The use of plasmas for generating high-power microwaves is studied for more than 50 years. During the 1990s plasma-assisted slow-wave oscillators (SWO) were invented and actively developed at Hughes Research Lab (HRL) [22–27].
An analytical and numerical study is made on the dispersion properties of a cylindrical waveguide filled with plasma. An electron beam and static external magnetic field are considered as the mechanisms for controlling the field attenuation and possible stability of the waveguide [24–29].
In this paper, a RTWT with magnetized thermal plasma-filled corrugated waveguide with annular electron beam is studied. The dispersion relation of corrugated waveguide is derived from a solution of the field equations. By numerical computation, the dispersion characteristics of the RTWT are analyzed in detail in different cases of various geometric parameters of slow-wave structure.
In Sect. 2, the physical model of the RTWT filled with thermal plasma is established in an infinite longitudinal magnetic field. In Sect. 3, the dispersion relation of the RTWT is derived. In Sect. 4, the dispersion characteristics of the RTWT are analyzed by numerical computation.
Physical model
The analysis presented in this paper is based on the SWS shown in Fig. 1. The SWS of the system is the corrugated waveguide that reduce the speed of wave. Wave after collision with waveguide its speed is reduced and reaches to speed of the electron beam (synchronism), so the wave is amplified.
Cylindrical waveguide, whose wall radius \( R\left( z \right), \) varies sinusoidal according to the relation (1), h is the corrugation amplitude, \( \kappa_{0} = 2\pi \;z_{0} \) is the corrugation wave number, and \( z_{0} \) is the length of the corrugation period, \( R_{0 } \) is the waveguide radius and \( k_{z} \) is the axial wave number.
A finite annular relativistic electron beam with density \( n_{\text{b}} \) and radius \( R_{\text{b}} \) goes through the cylindrical waveguide, which is loaded completely with a thermal, uniform and collision less plasma of density \( n_{\text{p}} \).The entire system is immersed in a strong, longitudinal magnetic field, which magnetizes both the beam and the plasma. Because dielectric constant is an anisotropic so it will be a tensor. In the beam–plasma case in a linearized scheme, the dielectric tensor, in cylindrical coordinates, may be given by:
We assume that \( B_{0} \) is very strong that \( \varepsilon_{1} = 1 \) and \( |\varepsilon_{2} | \) is negligibly small.
Here, \( \omega_{\text{p}} = (\frac{{n_{\text{p}} e^{2} }}{{m\varepsilon_{0} }})^{1/2} \) is the plasma frequency, \( \omega_{\text{b}} = (\frac{{n_{\text{b}} e^{2} }}{{m\varepsilon_{0} }})^{1/2} \) is the beam frequency, ω is the angular frequency of the electromagnetic wave, \( \gamma \) is the relativistic factor, \( v_{{{\text{th}}_{\text{p}} }} = \sqrt {\frac{{KT_{\text{p}} }}{m}} \) is the thermal velocity of the plasma, \( v_{{{\text{th}}_{\text{b}} }} = \sqrt {\frac{{KT_{\text{b}} }}{m}} \) is the thermal velocity of the beam, \( v \) is the velocity of the beam, \( T_{\text{b}} \) is the beam temperature, \( T_{\text{p}} \) is the plasma temperature and \( K \) is the Boltzmann constant.
Dispersion equation
In the above physical model, its Maxwell equations can be written as:
Suppose that every variable can be regarded as:
From Eqs. (10) and (11) we can obtain:
Now Substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (16), we have:
From Eq. (13), we have:
Substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (18), we obtain:
From Eqs. (16) and (19), the wave equation is obtained in the area of plasma-beam as follows:
We investigated ground state (n = 0) in solving the equation, substituting Eq. (21) into Eq. (20), we have:
According to Fig. 1, in the area of \( 0 \le r \le R_{\text{b}} \), there is Plasma only, and in the area of \( R_{{{\text{b}} }} \le r \le R_{c } \), there are plasma + beam, and in the area of \( R_{c } \le r \le Rz \), there is plasma only.
The field components must satisfy the following continuity equations (first boundary condition):
As a result, the field components are obtained as follows:
where
At the perfectly conducting corrugated waveguide surface (second boundary condition), the tangential electric field must be zero,
Substituting Eqs. (22)–(24) into Eq. (39), we investigate second boundary condition in ground state (n = 0) to achieve the dispersion equation.
Using the factorization of Eq. (40) and substituting \( B_{0} \) and \( C_{0} \), we obtain:
“A” is a vector with element \( A_{0} \) and “D” is a matrix with element \( D_{0} \). With the help of derivative of Bessel functions and substituting Eq. (1), the dispersion relation can be obtained and written as [18–22],
Numerical result and discussion
The analysis of the dispersion relation is obtained by Eq. 40. First, we consider the dispersion analysis in the absence of the electron beam.
In Fig. 2, the chosen parameters are as follows: \( n_{\text{p}} = 3 \times 10^{11} {\text{cm}}^{ - 3} \), R 0 = 1.60 cm, h = 0.7 cm, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm and \( T_{\text{p}} = 30 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}} \), Fig. 2 shows the variation of normalized frequency \( \text{Re} (\frac{\omega }{{c\kappa_{0} }} ) \) versus wave number (\( \frac{{k_{\text{z}} }}{{\kappa_{0} }} \)) for several values of the corrugation periods (\( z_{0} \)). As seen in this figure the effect of \( z_{0} \) increases the frequency.
The effect of the plasma temperature on the frequency of the system as a function of \( k_{z} \) is shown in Fig. 3. The chosen parameters are as follows: n p = 3 × 1011 cm−3, R 0 = 1.60 cm, h = 0.7 cm, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm and z 0 = 0.66 cm. Figure 3 shows that the effect of plasma temperature increases the frequency. This effect is in good agreement with the thermal plasma dispersion relation \( \omega^{2} = \omega_{\text{p}}^{2} + 3k_{z}^{2} v_{\text{th}}^{2} \) .
The effect of waveguide radius on the frequency of the wave as a function of \( k_{z} \) is shown in Fig. 4. The chosen parameters are as follows:\( n_{\text{p}} = 3 \times 10^{11} {\text{cm}}^{ - 3} , \) h = 0.7 cm, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm, \( T_{\text{p}} = 30 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}} \) and z 0 = 0.66 cm. As illustrated in this figure, the frequency decreases with increase in the waveguide radius.
The variations of the frequency as a function of the wave number for different values of the plasma density are shown in Fig. 5. The chosen parameters are as follows: R 0 = 1.60 cm, h = 0.7 cm, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm, z 0 = 0.66 cm and \( T_{\text{p}} = 30 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}} \). It is clear that from the figure, the effect of plasma considerably increases the frequency. This effect is in good agreement with the simple relation of the plasma (\( \omega^{2} = \omega_{\text{p}}^{2} + 3k_{z}^{2} v_{\text{th}}^{2} \)).
Now, we consider the analysis of the growth rate in the presence of the electron beam.
Figure 6, shows the effect of corrugation period on the normalized growth rate Im (\( \frac{\omega }{{c\kappa_{0} }} \)) as a function of the normalized wave number (\( \frac{{k_{z} }}{{\kappa_{0} }} \)). The chosen parameters are as follows: γ = 1.001, h = 0.7 cm, R 0 = 1.6 cm, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm, n b = 10 × 1011 cm−3, n p = 3 × 1011 cm−3, T p = 30 × 108 °K and T b = 20 × 107 °K. It is clear that from Fig. 6, the growth rate increases by increasing the corrugation period.
The effect of electron beam internal radius on the growth rate on the frequency of the wave as a function of \( k_{z} \) is shown in Fig. 7. The chosen parameters are as follows n p = 3 × 1011 cm−3, R 0 = 1.6 cm, z 0 = 0.66 cm, γ = 1.001, z = 0.33 cm, h = 0.7 cm, n b = 10 × 1011 cm−3, T p = 30 × 108 °K and T b = 20 × 107 °K. As illustrated in this figure, the frequency decreases by increasing the electron beam internal radius.
Figure 8, shows the effect of waveguide radius on the growth rate as a function of wave number for several values of waveguide radius. The chosen parameters are as follows: n p = 3 × 1011 cm−3, h = 0.7 cm, T p = 30 × 108 °K, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm, γ = 1.001, z 0 = 0.66 cm, n b = 10 × 1011 cm−3 and T b = 20 × 10 °K. As seen in this figure, the growth rate decreases by increasing the R 0.
The effect of the plasma density on the growth rate of the system as a function of the wave number is shown in Fig. 9. It is clear that in this frequency range the effect of plasma density decreases the growth rate of the system. The chosen parameters are as follows: R0 = 1.6 cm, h = 0.7 cm, T p = 30 × 108 °K, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm, γ = 1.001, z 0 = 0.66 cm, n b = 10 × 1011 cm−3 and T b = 20 × 107 °K. Figure 10 illustrates the variation of the growth rate for several values of the electron beam density. It is clear that from the figure, because of bunching effect, the increasing e-beam density increases the growth rate. The chosen parameters are as follows: \( R_{0} = 1.6 cm , h = 0.7 cm , T_{p} = 30 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}}, \;R_{\text{b}} = 0.7 {\text{cm }}, z = 0.33 \;{\text{cm}}, \gamma = 1.001,\;z_{0} = 0.66\; {\text{cm}},\; n_{\text{p}} = 3 \times 10^{11} \;{\text{cm}}^{ - 3} , {\text{and}}\;T_{\text{b}} = 20 \times 10^{7} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}}. \)
Figure 11 shows the variation of the growth rate as a function of the wave number for several values of the electron beam energy. The chosen parameters are as follows: R 0 = 1.6 cm, h = 0.7 cm, z 0 = 0.66 cm, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm, n b = 10 × 1011 cm−3, T p = 30 × 108 °K, n p = 3 × 1011 cm−3 and T b = 20 × 107 °K. As seen this figure because of the synchronism condition, the effect of γ decreases the growth rate.
The plasma temperature effect on the growth rate as a function of the normalized wave number is given in Fig. 12. The figure shows, the plasma temperature considerably increases the growth rate. The chosen parameters are as follows: n p = 3 × 1011 cm−3, h = 0.7 cm, R 0 = 1.6 cm, R b = 0.7 cm, z = 0.33 cm, γ = 1.001, z 0 = 0.66 cm, n b = 0
The plasma temperature effect on the growth rate with constant value \( T_{\text{b}} = 50 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}}, \) is given in Fig. 13. The figure shows, the plasma temperature at first decrease to the point \( T_{\text{p}} = 55 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}} \), and then the graph increases. The chosen parameters are as follows: \( n_{p} = 3 \times 10^{11} {\text{cm}}^{ - 3} , h = 0.7 {\text{cm}},\; R_{0} = 1.6 \;{\text{cm}},\; R_{b} = 0.7 {\text{cm}}, z = 0.33 \,{\text{cm}}, \gamma = 1.001,\;\;z_{0} = 0.66 \;{\text{cm}}, n_{\text{b}} = 10 \times 10^{11} {\text{cm}}^{ - 3} \;{\text{and}} \;T_{\text{b}} = 50 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}}. \)
The beam temperature effect on e growth rate as a function of the normalized wave number is given in Fig. 14. It is clear that from the figure, the beam temperature considerably increases the growth rate. The chosen parameters are as follows: \( h = 0.7\;{\text{cm}}, \;R_{0} = 1.6\; {\text{cm}}, R_{\text{b}} = 0.7\;{\text{cm}}, \;z = 0.33\; {\text{cm}}, \gamma = 1.001,\;z_{0} = 0.66 \;{\text{cm}}, n_{\text{b}} = 10{ \times }10^{11} \;{\text{cm}}^{{\text{ - } 3}} ,\;T_{\text{p}} = 0. \)
The beam temperature effect on the growth rate as a function of the normalized wave number is given in Fig. 15. It is clear from the figure that the beam temperature at first increase but from point \( T_{\text{b}} = 32 \times 10^{8} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}} \) the graph decreases. The chosen parameters are as follows: \( h = 0.7\;{\text{cm}}, \;R_{0} = 1.6\; {\text{cm}},\;R_{\text{b}} = 0.7\;{\text{cm}}, z = 0.33\;{\text{cm}},\;\gamma = 1.001,\;z_{0} = 0.66\;{\text{cm}},\;n_{\text{b}} = 10{ \times }10^{11} \;{\text{cm}}^{{\text{ - } 3}} \), \( T_{\text{p}} = 12 \times 10^{9} \;{^\circ }{\text{K}} \), \( n_{\text{p}} = 3 \times 10^{11} \;{\text{cm}}^{ - 3} . \)
Conclusions
In this paper, useful results are obtained as:
-
1.
In the absence of the electron beam, the frequency increases by increasing the length of the corrugation period, plasma temperature and plasma density.
-
2.
The frequency decreases by increasing the waveguide radius in the absence of the electron beam.
-
3.
In the presence of the electron beam, the growth rate increases by increasing the corrugation period and e-beam density.
-
4.
The growth rate decreases by increasing the waveguide radius, plasma density and e-beam energy in the presence of the electron beam.
References
Shiffler, D., Nation, J.A., Graham, S.K.: A high-power, traveling wave tube amplifier. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 18, 546 (1990)
Nusinovich, G.S., Carmel, Y., Antonsen, Jr., T.M.: Recent progress in the development of plasma-filled traveling-wave tubes and backward-wave oscillation. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 628 (1998)
Kobayashi Jr, S., Antonsen, T.M., Nusinovich, G.S.: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 669 (1998)
Pierce, J.R., Field, L.M.: Traveling-wave tubes. Proc. IRE 35, 108 (1947)
Pierce, J.R.: Travelling-Wave Tubes. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1950). (ch. 3)
Pierce, J.R.: Theory of the beam-type traveling wave tube. Proc. IRE 35, 111 (1947)
Chu, L.J., Jackson, J.D.: Field theory of traveling-wave tubes. Proc. IRE 36, 853 (1948)
Freund, H.P., Ganguly, A.K.: Three-dimensional theory of the free electron laser in the collective regime. Phys. Rev. A 28(6), 3438–3449 (1983)
Freund, H.P.: Multimode nonlinear analysis of free-electron laser, amplifiers in three dimensions. Phys. Rev. A 37(9), 3371–3380 (1988)
Brillouin, L.: Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures. Dover, New York (1953)
Collin, R.E.: Field Theory of Guided Waves. McGraw-Hill, New York (1960)
Saviz, S.: The effect of beam and plasma parameters on the four modes of plasma-loaded traveling-wave tube with tape helix. J. Theor. Appl. Phys. 8, 135 (2014)
Saviz, S., Salehizadeh, F.: Plasma effect in tape helix traveling-wave tube. J. Theor. Appl. Phys. 8, 1 (2014)
Wahley, D.R., et al.: Operation of a low voltage high-transconductance field emitter array TWT. In: Proceedings of IEEE Vacuum Electronics Conference, pp. 78–79 (2008)
Saviz, S., Shahi, F.: Analysis of axial electric field in thermal plasma-loaded helix traveling-wave tube with dielectric-loaded waveguide. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42, 917 (2014)
Zavyalov, M.A., Mitin, L.A., Perevodchikov, V.I., Tskhai, V.N., Shapiro, A.L.: Powerful wideband amplifier based on hybrid plasma-cavity slow-wave structure. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 22, 600 (1994)
Saviz, S.: Plasma thermal effect on the growth rate of the helix traveling wave tube. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42, 2023 (2014)
Miyamoto, K.: Parameter sensitivity of ITER type experimental tokamak reactor toward compactness. J. Plasma Fusion Res. 76, 166 (2000)
Hong-Quan, X., Pu-Kun, L.: Theoretical analysis of a relativistic travelling wave tube filled with plasma. Chin. Phys. Soc. 16(3), 766 (2007)
Chen, F.F.: Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. Plenum Press, New York (1984)
Krall, N.A., Trivelpiece, A.W.: Principles of Plasma Physics. McGraw-Hill, New York (1973)
Goldston, R.J., Rutherford, P.H.: Introduction to Plasma Physics. Institute of Phyics Publishing, London (1995)
Kuzelev, M.V., Panin, V.A., Plotnikov, A.P., Rukhadze, A.A., M. V. Lomonosov State University, Moscow: The theory of transverse-unhomogeneous beam-plasma amplifiers. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 101, 460–478 (1992)
Novgorod, N., Abubakirov, R.E.B.: Peculiarities of backward-wave amplification by relativistic high-current electron beams. Inst. Appl. Phys. Russ. Acad. Sci. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. (Impact Factor: 0.95) (2010). doi:10.1109/TPS.2010.2043120
Chelpanov, V.I., Dubinov, A.E., Dubinov, E.E., Babkin, A.L: Pulsed power conference, digest of technical papers. In: 1997 IEEE International, Institute of Experimental Physics, Federation Nuclear Centre, Sarov, Russia (1997)
Selivanov, I.A., Shkvarunets, A.G.: Harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier for high power. In: High-Power Particle Beams, 1992 9th International Conference on IEEE, 25–29 May (1992)
Khalil, S.M., Mousa, N.M.: Dispersion characteristics of plasma-filled cylindrical waveguide. J Theor Appl Phys 8, 111 (2014). doi:10.1007/s40094-014-0111-2
Babkin, A.L., Chelpanov, V.I., Dubinov, A.E., Dubinov, E.E., Hizhnyakov, A.A., Konovalov, I.V., Komilov, V.G., Selemir, V.D., Zhdanov, V.S.: Powerful electron accelerator “COVCHEG”: status, parameters and physical experiments. In: Pulsed Power Conference, 1997. Digest of Technical Papers. 11th IEEE International (1997)
Almazova, K.I., Borovkov, V.V., Komilov, V.G., Markevtsev, I.M., Tatsenko, O.M., Selemir, V.D.: Optical diagnostics methods of plasma current channels in plasma current open switches of the developed EMIR complex. In: Pulsed Power Plasma Science. IEEE Conference Record—Abstracts (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Dehghanizadeh, S., Saviz, S. Dispersion relation and growth rate in thermal plasma-loaded traveling wave tube with corrugated waveguide hollow electron beam. J Theor Appl Phys 9, 111–118 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40094-015-0168-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40094-015-0168-6