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Association Among Sources Exposure of Cadmium in the Adult Non-smoking General Population of Tehran

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Abstract

Acute and chronic exposure to cadmium can cause numerous health effects including poisoning, as well as, bone, liver, and kidney diseases. Cadmium competes with iron absorption in blood and can induce anemia. Cadmium body burden can be measured through urine and blood samples. Urine reflects chronic and blood indicates recent and cumulative exposures to cadmium. Dietary is considered as the main source of exposure to cadmium in non-smoking general population. The study was conducted to determine cadmium level in blood, urine, and in diet of 120 non-smoking adults in Tehran. Dietary components and consumption pattern of participants estimated by a food frequency questionnaire. Next, the correlation investigated between them. Moreover, serum ferritin measured as a marker of iron storage in blood to determine its association with cadmium. The prediction of cadmium fate in the body is determined by toxicokinetic models. This study tried to evaluate one of these models’ validity which is developed to predict urinary cadmium from dietary. Afterwards, the predicted urinary compared with the measured urinary cadmium. The correlation coefficient between dietary and blood cadmium equaled 0.66 which was statically significant, but the correlation between dietary and urinary cadmium was minimal and not statically significant (p > 0.05). An inverse and negative correlation was found between serum ferritin and blood cadmium. The mean predicted urinary cadmium calculated by the model was 2.5-fold higher than the measured value in the total population. Results of the present study revealed that blood cadmium reflected mainly acute exposure. There was no correlation between chronic and acute exposures to cadmium. The low serum ferritin level increased cadmium amount in blood. Moreover, the mean predicted urinary cadmium by the model was greater than the measured value. It can because of characteristics of populations and type of dietary exposure. Thus, it is suggested that the model coefficients are determined in each society based on their characteristics.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the staff at the laboratory of the Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. We also thank the staff at the Occupational Medicine Clinic and the laboratory of Baharloo Hospital.

Funding Sources

This study was conducted as part of the Ph.D. dissertation of the first author, supported by the Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, under grant number 96-02-46-34989.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahboobeh Ghoochani, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi & Masud Yunesian

  2. Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Hadi Dehghani

  3. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Noushin Rastkari & Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi

  4. Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Masud Yunesian

  5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Alireza Mesdaghinia

  6. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Anahita Houshiarrad

  7. Center for research on occupational disease, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Saraei

Authors
  1. Mahboobeh Ghoochani
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  2. Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
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  3. Noushin Rastkari
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  4. Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
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  5. Masud Yunesian
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  6. Alireza Mesdaghinia
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  7. Anahita Houshiarrad
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  8. Maryam Saraei
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mohammad Hadi Dehghani or Noushin Rastkari.

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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1397.280).

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Ghoochani, M., Dehghani, M.H., Rastkari, N. et al. Association Among Sources Exposure of Cadmium in the Adult Non-smoking General Population of Tehran. Biol Trace Elem Res 191, 27–33 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1590-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1590-9

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