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A comprehensive review on human health effects of chromium: insights on induced toxicity

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Abstract

The growing use of heavy metals in most industrial activities has led to it being considered as the most important environmental pollutant that may cause harm and toxicity to animals and humans. Chromium has been found in the environment in different oxidation states such as Cr0, Cr(III), and Cr(VI) and is released from a variety of anthropogenic and natural activities. At among, trivalent and hexavalent chromium are the most stable forms. Considerably, Cr(VI) is frequently more toxic than Cr(III) because of its particular solubility and high mobility. Chronic exposure and bioaccumulation of chromium, as a heavy metal, can cause toxicity and numerous pathophysiological defects, including allergic reactions, anemia, burns, and sores especially in the stomach and small intestine, damage to sperm along with the male reproductive system, and affect various biological systems. Chromium pollution can have severe consequences for water and the soil environment. This article reviews the toxicological effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and their mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity.

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Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

bHb:

Bovine hemoglobin

CAT:

Catalase

Cr:

Chromium

Cr(III):

Cr trivalent

Cr(VI):

Cr hexavalent

GD:

Gestational days

GSH:

Glutathione

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GST:

Glutathione S-transferases

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HMy2.CIR:

Human B lymphoblastoid cell line

IL-1β:

Interleukine-1β

LPO:

Lipid peroxide

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NOX:

NADPH oxidase

NTP:

National Toxicology Program

Nqo1:

NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1

OH:

Radical hydroxyl

RKIP:

RAF kinase inhibitor protein

ROS:

Reactive species of oxygen

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

8-OHdG:

8-Hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine

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Funding

The authors received the financial support provided by the Research Council of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences under the grant number of 4000088.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Hooshyar Hossini

  2. Food and Drug Administration, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Behnaz Shafie

  3. Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran

    Amir Dehghan Niri

  4. Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahboubeh Nazari

  5. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran

    Aylin Jahanban Esfahlan

  6. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran

    Mohammad Ahmadpour

  7. Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Zohreh Nazmara

  8. Food and Drug Vice Presidency, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mahnaz Ahmadimanesh

  9. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mahnaz Ahmadimanesh

  10. Student research committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran

    Pouran Makhdoumi

  11. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

    Nezam Mirzaei

  12. Incubation and Innovation center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

    Edris Hoseinzadeh

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All authors (Hooshyar Hossini, Behnaz Shafie, Amir Dehghan Niri, Mahboubeh Nazari, Aylin Jahanban Esfahlan, Mohammad Ahmadpour, Zohreh Nazmara, Mahnaz Ahmadimanesh, Pouran Makhdoumi, Nezam Mirzaei, Edris Hoseinzadeh) have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

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Hossini, H., Shafie, B., Niri, A.D. et al. A comprehensive review on human health effects of chromium: insights on induced toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 70686–70705 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22705-6

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