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Mangrove Helps: Sonneratia alba-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Magnify Guppy Fish Predation Against Aedes aegypti Young Instars and Down-Regulate the Expression of Envelope (E) Gene in Dengue Virus (Serotype DEN-2)

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Abstract

The control of dengue vectors with effective tools is crucial. Here, we fabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using a cheap method relying to a mangrove extract (Sonneratia alba) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. AgNP were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. LC50 of S. alba extract against Aedes aegypti ranged from 192.03 ppm (larva I) to 353.36 ppm (pupa). LC50 of AgNP ranged from 3.15 (I) to 13.61 ppm (pupa). Sub-lethal doses of AgNP magnified predation rates of guppy fishes, Poecilia reticulata, against Ae. aegypti and Chironomus kiiensis larvae. Mangrove-fabricated AgNP were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi, using the agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration protocol. Notably, S. alba-synthesized AgNP tested at doses ranging from 5 to 15 µg/mL down-regulated the expression of the envelope (E) gene and protein in dengue virus (serotype DEN-2), while only little cytotoxicity rates (i.e. <15%) were detected on Vero cells when AgNP were tested at 10 µg/mL. Overall, this study pointed out the potential of S. alba-synthesized AgNP to develop eco-friendly nanoformulations effective against dengue virus and its mosquito vectors.

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Acknowledgements

The author (Dr. Jayapal Subramaniam/Principal Investigator/NPDF-DST-SERB/Project File No. PDF/2015/000650) is grateful to the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India for providing financial support. The authors are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (New Delhi, India), Project No. DST/SB/EMEQ-335/2013. This work was also supported by the King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research, and College of Sciences Research Center. Funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan, Devakumar Dinesh, Manickam Paulpandi, Jayapal Subramaniam, R. Rakesh, Pandiyan Amuthavalli, Udaiyan Suresh & Chitravel Vadivalagan

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 115, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan

  3. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia

    Chellasamy Panneerselvam

  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad Saleh Alsalhi & Sandhanasamy Devanesan

  5. Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, People’s Republic of China

    Hui Wei

  6. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan

    Akon Higuchi

  7. Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Marcello Nicoletti

  8. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Angelo Canale & Giovanni Benelli

  9. Division of Vector Biology and Control, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India

    Jayapal Subramaniam

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  1. Kadarkarai Murugan
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Correspondence to Giovanni Benelli.

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All applicable international and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

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Murugan, K., Dinesh, D., Paulpandi, M. et al. Mangrove Helps: Sonneratia alba-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Magnify Guppy Fish Predation Against Aedes aegypti Young Instars and Down-Regulate the Expression of Envelope (E) Gene in Dengue Virus (Serotype DEN-2). J Clust Sci 28, 437–461 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-1115-7

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