Abstract
In this paper, three cellulose/metal sulfide (CL@HgS, CL@FeS and CL@PbS) nanocomposites were synthesized in situ and characterized by FT-IR, XRD, EDS-SEM, DSC and TGA. All results showed the permanent embedding of single phase of HgS, FeS and PbS nanoparticles on the cellulose polymer. The presence of HgS, FeS and PbS nanoparticles on the surface of cellulose can be clearly seen in the SEM images. This is also confirmed by the results of EDS elemental analysis and XRD patterns. The intensity of peaks in as-prepared nanocomposite is lower than pure chitosan, predicted that the low crystallinity of prepared compounds. Thermogravimetric results (TGA) confirmed the better thermal stability of CL@FeS and CL@PbS than CL@HgS. The residue weight at the temperature of 800 °C is the highest for CL@FeS nanocomposite and is about 66%. DSC thermogram of CL@FeS is completely different from the CL@PbS than CL@HgS, because it shows a sharp and strong peak related to the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) at a temperature of 276.1 °C. Finally, antibacterial activities of the as-prepared nanocomposites showed the more effective of CL@HgS nanocomposites against S. aureus and E. coli than CL@FeS and CL@PbS.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and materials availability
All data are presented and explained in the article.
References
Ahmad H (2021) Celluloses as support materials for antibacterial agents: a review. Cellulose 28:2715–2761
Amirmahani N, Rashidi M, Mahmoodi NO (2020) Synthetic application of gold complexes on magnetic supports. Appl Organomet Chem 34:e5626
Ampiaw RE, Lee W (2020) Persimmon tannins as biosorbents for precious and heavy metal adsorption in wastewater: a review. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:3835–3846
Ayoub A, Treasure T, Hansen L, Nypelö T, Jameel H, Khan S, Chang HM, Hubbe MA, Venditti RA (2020) Effect of plasticizers and polymer blends for processing softwood kraft lignin as carbon fiber precursors. Cellulose 28:1039–1053
Aziz T, Farid A, Haq F, Kiran M, Ullah A, Zhang K, Li C, Ghazanfar S, Sun H, Ullah R, Ali A, Muzammal M, Shah M, Akhtar N, Selim S, Hagagy N, Samy M, Al Jaoun SK (2022) A review on the modification of cellulose and its applications. Polymers 14:3206
Bagade CS, Ghanwat VB, Knot KV, Bhosale PN (2016) Efficient improvement of photoelectrochemical performance of CdSe thin film deposited via arrested precipitation technique. Mater Lett 164:52–55
Bahadoran A, Baghbadorani NB, De Lile JR, Masudy-Panah S, Sadeghi B, Li J, Ramakrishna S, Liu Q, JushiJanani B, Fakhri A (2022) Ag doped Sn3O4 nanostructure and immobilized on hyperbranched polypyrrole for visible light sensitized photocatalytic, antibacterial agent and microbial detection process. J Photochem Photobiol B 228:112393
Bao Y, Zhang H, Luan Q, Zheng M, Tang H, Huang F (2018) Fabrication of cellulose nanowhiskers reinforced chitosan-xylan nanocomposite films with antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Carbohydr Polym 184:66–73
Batmaz R, Mohammed N, Zaman M, Minhas G, Berry RM, Tam KC (2014) Cellulose nanocrystals as promising adsorbents for the removal of cationic dyes. Cellulose 21:1655–1665
Carpenter AW, De Lannoy CF, Wiesner MR (2015) Cellulose nanomaterials in water treatment technologies. Environ Sci Technol 49:5277–5287
Caschera D, Grazia Toro R, Federici F, Montanari R, de Caro T, Al-Shemy MT, Adel AM (2020) Green approach for the fabrication of silver-oxidized cellulose nanocomposite with antibacterial properties. Cellulose 27:8059–8073
Dutta AK, Maji SK, Mondal A, Karmakar B, Biswas P, Adhikary B (2012) Iron selenide thin film: peroxidase-like behavior, glucose detection and amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Sens Actuators B 173:724–731
French AD (2017) Glucose, not cellobiose, is the repeating unit of cellulose and why that is important. Cellulose 24:4605–4609
Govindaraj M, Arivanandhan M (2015) Vedhi C (2015) Chemical vapor deposition of β-HgS nanoparticles from a precursor, bis(cinnamylpiperazinedithiocarbamato) mercury(II). Synth React Inorg, Met-Org, Nano-Met Chem 45:217–224
Gupta VK, Fakhri A, Agarwal S, Sadeghi N (2017) Synthesis of MnO2/cellulose fiber nanocomposites for rapid adsorption of insecticide compound and optimization by response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol 102:840–846
He X, Gan J, Fakhri A, Faraji Dizaji B, Hasani Azarbaijan M, Hosseini M (2020) Preparation of ceric oxide and cobalt sulfide-ceric oxide/cellulose-chitosan nanocomposites as a novel catalyst for efficient photocatalysis and antimicrobial study. Int J Biol Macromol 143:952–957
Hu T, Hu X, Tang C, Liu D (2021) Adsorbent grafted on cellulose by in situ synthesis of EDTA-like groups and its properties of metal ion adsorption from aqueous solution. Cellulose 29:941–952
Jawhid O, Seyedi N, Zohuri GH, Ramezanian N (2021) Cellulose Schiff base as a bio-based polymer ligand: extraction, modification and metal adsorption study. J Polym Environ 29:1860–1868
Johnston JH, Nilsson TW (2011) Nanogold and nanosilver composites with lignin-containing cellulose fibres. J Mater Sci 47:1103–1112
Kumar S, Krishnakumar B, Sobral AJFN, Koh J (2019) Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposite film: thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye. Carbohydr Polym 205:559–564
Lai Y, Fakhri A, Jushi Janani B (2022) Synergistic activities of silver indium sulfide/nickel molybdenum sulfide nanostructures anchored on clay mineral for light-driven bactericidal performance, and detection of uric acid from gout patient serum. J Photocehm Photobiol B 234:112526
Lei C, Sun N, Wu H, Zhao Y, Yu C, JushiJanani B, Fakhri A (2022) Bio-photoelectrochemical degradation, and photocatalysis process by the fabrication of copper oxide/zinc cadmium sulfide heterojunction nanocomposites: mechanism, microbial community and antifungal analysis. Chemosphere 308:136375
Li Y, Guo C, Shi R, Zhang H, Dai L (2019) Chitosan/nanofibrillated cellulose aerogel with highly oriented microchannel structure for rapid removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 223:115048
Li X, Li H, Wang X, Xu D, You T, Wu Y, Xu F (2021) Facile in situ fabrication of ZnO-embedded cellulose nanocomposite films with antibacterial properties and enhanced mechanical strength via hydrogen bonding interactions. Int J Biol Macromol 183:760–771
Lin H, Li T, JushiJanani B, Fakhri A (2022) Fabrication of Cu2MoS4 decorated WO3 nano heterojunction embedded on chitosan: Robust photocatalytic efficiency, antibacterial performance, and bacteria detection by peroxidase activity. J Photochem Photobiol B 226:112354
Long W, Ubaid Hamza M, Abdul-Fattah MN, Rheima AM, Ahmed YM, Fahim FS, Altimai US, Abdulaim AKO, Jushi Janani B, Fakhri A (2022) Preparation, photocatalytic and antibacterial studies on novel doped ferrite nanoparticles: characterization and mechanism evaluation. Coll Surf A 650:129468
Lu M, Cui Y, Zhao S, Fakhri A (2020) Cr2O3/cellulose hybrid nanocomposites with unique properties: facile synthesis, photocatalyst, bactericidal and antioxidant application. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 205:111842
Mao Y, Qiu J, Zhang P, Fei Z, Bian C, Jushi Janani B, Fakhri A (2022) A strategy of silver Ferrite/Bismuth ferrite nano-hybrids synthesis for synergetic white-light photocatalysis, antibacterial systems and peroxidase-like activity. J Photocehm Photobiol A 426:113756
Marimuthu G, Arivanandhan M, Vedhi C (2015) Chemical vapor deposition of β-HgS nanoparticles from a precursor, bis(cinnamylpiperazinedithiocarbamato) mercury(II). Synth React Inorg Metal-Org Nano-Metal Chem 45:217–224
Miikkulainen V, Leskela M, Ritala M, Puurunen RL (2013) Crystallinity of inorganic films grown by atomic layer deposition: overview and general trends. J Appl Phys 113:021301
Najaflou S, Forouzesh Rad M, Bagfhdadi M, Nabi Bidhendi GR (2021) Removal of Pb(II) from contaminated waters using cellulose sulfate/chitosan aerogel: equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. J Envorin Manage 286:112167
Naz S, Ali JS, Zia M (2019) Nanocellulose isolation characterization and applications: a journey from non-remedial to biomedical claims. Bio-Des Manufact 2:187–212
Noremylia MB, Hassan MZ, Ismail Z (2022) Recent advancement in isolation, processing, characterization and applications of emerging nanocellulose: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 206:954–976
Peng Y, Zhou H, Ma Z, Tian L, Zhang R, Tu H, Jiang L (2023) In situ synthesis of Ag/Ag2O–cellulose/chitosan nanocomposites via adjusting KOH concentration for improved photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. Int J Biol Macromol 225:185–197
Rajashree C, Balu AR, Nagarethinam VS (2015) Properties of Cd doped PbS thin films: doping concentration effect. Surf Eng 31:316–321
Seddiqi H, Oliaei E, Honarkar H, Jin J, Geonzon LC, Bacabac RG, Klein-Nulend J (2021) Cellulose and its derivatives: towards biomedical applications. Cellulose 28:1893–1931
Suganya S, Balu AR (2017) PbS nanopowder—synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity. Mater Sci Poland 35:322–328
Syed A, Marraiki N, Al-Rashed S, Elgorban AM, Yassin MT (2021) A potent multifunctional MnS/Ag-polyvinylpyrrolidone nanocomposite for enhanced detection of Hg2+ from aqueous sample and its photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. Spectrochim Acta A 244:118844
Tao H, Lavoine N, Jiang F, Tang J, Lin N (2020) Reducing end modification on cellulose nanocrystals: strategy, characterization, applications and challenges. Nanoscale Horiz 5:607–627
Varshney S, Mishra N, Gupta MK (2021) Progress in nanocellulose and its polymer based composites: a review on processing, characterization, and applications. Polym Nanocom 42:3660–3686
Wahid F, Duan YX, Hu XH, Chu LQ, Jia SR, Cui JD, Zhong C (2019) A facile construction of bacterial cellulose/ZnO nanocomposites films and their photocatalytic and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 132:692–700
Wang W, Zhang TJ, Zhang DW, Li HY, Ma YR, Qi LM, Zhou YL, Zhang XX (2011) Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the immobilization of heme proteins on gold nanoparticles–bacteria cellulose nanofibers nanocomposite. Talanta 84:71–77
Wang G, Lu T, Zhang X, Feng M, Wang C, Yao W, Zhou S, Zhu Z, Ding W, He M (2021) Structure and properties of cellulose/HAP nanocamposite hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 186:377–384
Xiao S, Fakhri A, JushiJanani B (2021) Synthesis of spinel Tin ferrite decorated on Bismuth ferrite nanostructures for synergetic photocatalytic, superior drug delivery, and antibacterial efficiencies. Surf Interfaces 27:101490
Xie WQ, Yu KX, Gong YX (2019) Preparation of fluorescent and antibacterial nanocomposite films based on cellulose nanocrystals/ZnS quantum dots/polyvinyl alcohol. Cellulose 26:2363–2373
Zhang H, Peng L, Chen A, Shang C, Lei M, He K, Luo S, Shao J, Zeng Q (2019) Chitosan-stabilized FeS magnetic composite for chromium removal: characterization, performance, mechanism, and stability. Carbohydr Polym 214:276–285
Zhao Y, Sun B, Wang T, Yang L, Xu X, Chen C, Wei F, Lv W, Zhang L, Sun D (2019) Synthesis of cellulose–silica nanocomposites by in situ biomineralization during fermentation. Cellulose 27:703–712
Zheng H, Li X, Liu L, Bai C, Liu B, Liao H, Yan M, Liu F, Han P, Zhang H, He J (2022) Preparation of nanofiber core-spun yarn based on cellulose nanowhiskers/quaternary ammonium salts nanocomposites for efficient and durable antibacterial textiles. Comp Commun 36:101388
Zong E, Wang C, Yang J, Zhu H, Jiang S, Liu X, Song P (2021) Preparation of TiO2/cellulose nanocomposites as antibacterial bio-adsorbents for effective phosphate removal from aqueous medium. Int J Biol Macromol 182:434–444
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Golestan University for its financial support.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
P Nazari has conducted the experiments and collected their results. A.D. Khalaji is responsible for the main idea of the article and the analysis and writing of the article.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
The authors of the article have contributed equally to this article and have full consent.
Consent for publication
The authors agree to publish the article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nazari, P., Khalaji, A.D. Cellulose/metal sulfide (CL@HgS, CL@FeS and CL@PbS) nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization, thermal study and antibacterial activity. Cellulose 30, 8899–8907 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05400-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05400-8