Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Novel synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bauhinia variegata: a recent eco-friendly approach for mosquito control

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Parasitology Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This article was retracted on 04 September 2021

This article has been updated

Abstract

Mosquito vectors are responsible for transmitting diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis. The use of synthetic insecticides to control mosquito vectors has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects, in addition to high operational cost. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has been proposed as an alternative to traditional control tools. In the present study, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Bauhinia variegata by reduction of Ag+ ions from silver nitrate solution has been investigated. The bioreduced silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Leaf extract and synthesized AgNPs were evaluated against the larvae of Anopheles subpictus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Compared to aqueous extract, synthesized AgNPs showed higher toxicity against An. subpictus, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus with LC50 and LC90 values of 41.96, 46.16, and 51.92 μg/mL and 82.93, 89.42, and 97.12 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, this study proves that B. variegata is a potential bioresource for stable, reproducible nanoparticle synthesis and may be proposed as an efficient mosquito control agent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  • Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006a) Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol Res 99:466–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006b) Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 99:478–490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006c) Persistency of larvicidal effects of plant oil extracts under different storage conditions. Parasitol Res 99:473–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006d) The sensilla of Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes and their importance in repellency. Parasitol Res 99:491–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amerasan D, Nataraj T, Murugan K, Madhiyazhagan P, Panneerselvam C, Nicoletti M, Benelli G (2015) Mico-synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Metarhizium anisopliae against the rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). J Pest Sci. doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0675-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP (1999) Multiple host feeding in field populations of Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus in Sri Lanka. Med Vet Entomol 13(2):124–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arjunan NK, Murugan K, Rejeeth C, Madhiyazhagan P, Barnard DR (2012) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the control of mosquito vectors of malaria, filariasis, and dengue. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12(3):262–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azizullah A, Rehman ZU, Ali I, Murad W, Muhammad N, Ullah W, Hader D-P (2014) Chlorophyll derivatives can be an efficient weapon in the fight against dengue. Parasitol Res 113:4321–4326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict MQ, Levine RS, Hawley WA, Lounibos LP (2007) Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Vect Born Zoon Dis 7:76–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G (2015a) Research in mosquito control: current challenges for a brighter future. Parasitol Res 114:2801–2805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G (2015b) Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance: a systematic review. Parasitol Res 114:3201–3212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G (2016) Plant-synthesized nanoparticles: an eco-friendly tool against mosquito vectors? Springer International Publishing Switzerland, H. Mehlhorn (ed.), Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Parasites - Parasitology Research Monographs Chapter 8, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25292-6_8 (ISSN: 2192-3671)

  • Benelli G, Flamini G, Fiore G, Cioni PL, Conti B (2013a) Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil of Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) fruits against the filariasis vector Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 112:1155–1161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G, Canale A, Conti B (2013b) Eco-friendly control strategies against the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): repellency and toxic activity of plant essential oils and extracts. Pharmacologyonline 47:44–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G, Bedini S, Cosci F, Toniolo C, Conti B, Nicoletti M (2015a) Larvicidal and ovideterrent properties of neem oil and fractions against the filariasis vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): a bioactivity survey across production sites. Parasitol Res 114:227–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G, Bedini S, Flamini G, Cosci F, Cioni PL, Amira S, Benchikh F, Laouer H, Di Giuseppe G, Conti B (2015b) Mediterranean essential oils as effective weapons against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens and the Echinostoma intermediate host Physella acuta: what happens around? An acute toxicity survey on non-target mayflies. Parasitol Res 114:1011–1021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Madhiyazhagan P, Conti B, Nicoletti M (2015c) Old ingredients for a new recipe? Neem cake, a low-cost botanical by-product in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases. Parasitol Res 114:391–397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya A, Bhaumik A, Rani PU, Mandal S, Epidi TT (2010) Nanoparticles—a recent approach to insect pest control. Afr J Biotechnol 9:3489–3493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caminade C, Medlock JM, Ducheyne E, McIntryre KM, Leach S, Baylis M, Morse A (2012) Suitability of European climate for the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus: recent trends and future scenarios. J R Soc Interface 9:2708–2717

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalcanti ESB, Morais SM, Lima MAA, Santana EWP (2004) Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99:541–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chansang U, Zahiri NS, Bansiddhi J, Boonruad T, Thongsrirak P, Mingmuang J (2005) Mosquito larvicidal activity of aqueous extracts of long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) from Thailand. J Vector Ecol 30:195–200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng SS, Chang HT, Chang ST, Tsai KH, Chen WJ (2003) Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae. Bioresour Technol 89:99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury N, Chatterjee SK, Laskar S, Chandra G (2009) Larvicidal activity of Solanum villosum Mill (Solanaceae: Solanales) leaves to Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae) with effect on non-target Chironomus circumdatus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae). J Pest Sci 82:13–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conti B, Benelli G, Flamini G, Cioni PL, Profeti R, Ceccarini L, Macchia M, Canale A (2012) Larvicidal and repellent activity of Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) essential oil against the mosquito Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:2013–2021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das NG, Nath DR, Baruah I (2000) Field evaluation of herbal mosquito repellents. J Comb Des 31(4):241–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinesh D, Murugan K, Madhiyazhagan P, Panneerselvam C, Nicoletti M, Jiang W, Benelli G, Chandramohan B, Suresh U (2015) Mosquitocidal and antibacterial activity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe vera extracts: towards an effective tool against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi? Parasitol Res 114:1519–1529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elumalai EK, Prasad TN, Hemachandran J, Therasa VS, Thirumalai T, David E (2010) Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Euphorbia hirta and their antibacterial activities. J Pharm Sci Res 2:549–554

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finney DJ (1971) Probit analysis, vol 551. Cambridge University Press, London, pp 68–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederich M, Dogné JM, Angenot L, DeMol P (2002) New trends in antimalarial agents. Curr Med Chem 9:1435–1456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georges K, Jayaprakasam B, Dalavoy SS, Nair MG (2008) Pest-managing activities of plant extracts and anthraquinones from Cassia nigricans from Burkina Faso. Bioresour Technol 99:2037–2045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M (2010a) Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm. F. (family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. Asia Pac J Trop Med 3:691–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M (2010b) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil from Clausena anisata (willd.) Hook. F. Benth (Rutaceae) against three mosquito species. Asia Pac J Trop Med 3:874–877

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M (2011a) Mosquito larvicidal and ovicidal activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. (family: Sapindaceae) leaf extract against Culex quinquefasciatus (say.) and Aedes aegypti (Linn.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 15(7):787–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M (2011b) Larvicidal and repellent properties of some essential oils against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Asia Pac J Trop Med 4(2):106–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M, Jebanesan A, Pushpanathan T (2008) Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of Cassia fistula Linn. Leaf extract against filarial and malarial vector mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 102:289–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M, Mathivanan T, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Anandan A (2011a) Mosquito larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent properties of botanical extracts against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 109:353–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R, Rajeswari M, Yogalakshmi K (2011b) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species. Parasitol Res 110:2023–2032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R, Rajeswary M, Yogalakshmi K (2013) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum (L.) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol 134:7–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen M, Mehlhorn H (2009) Seventy-five years of Resochin® in the fight against malaria. Parasitol Res 105:609–627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keiser J, Maltese MF, Erlanger TE, Bos R, Tanner M, Singer BH, Utzinger J (2005) Effect of irrigated rice agriculture on Japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management. Acta Trop 95:40–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbaris AC, Koliopoulos G, Michaelakis A, Konstantopoulou MA (2012) Bioactivity of Dianthus caryophyllus, Lepidium sativum, Pimpinella anisum, and Illicium verum essential oils and their major components against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. Parasitol Res 111:2403–2410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZL, He Q, Chu SS, Wang CF, Du SS, Deng ZW (2012) Essential oil composition and larvicidal activity of Saussurea lappa roots against the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:2125–2130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marimuthu S, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Kirthi AV, Jayaseelan C, Bagavan A, Zahir AA, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. Parasitol Res 108(6):1541–1549

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehlhorn H (2008) Encyclopedia of parasitology, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mehlhorn H (ed) (2011) Nature helps. How plants and other organisms contribute to solve health problems. Parasitol Res monographs. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehlhorn H, Schmahl G, Schmidt J (2005) Extract of the seeds of the plant Vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies. Parasitol Res 95:363–365

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehlhorn H, Al-Rasheid KA, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Ghaffar F (2012) Research and increase of expertise in arachno-entomology are urgently needed. Parasitol Res 110:259–265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miao AJ, Luo Z, Chen CS, Chin WC, Santschi PH, Quigg A (2010) Intracellular uptake: a possible mechanism for silver engineered nanoparticle toxicity to a freshwater alga Ochromonas danica. PLoS One 5:15196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murugan K, Benelli G, Ayyappan S, Dinesh D, Panneerselvam C, Nicoletti M, Hwang JS, Mahesh Kumar P, Subramaniam J, Suresh U (2015a) Toxicity of seaweed-synthesized silver nanoparticles against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus and its impact on predation efficiency of the cyclopoid crustacean Mesocyclops longisetus. Parasitol Res 114(6):2243–2253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murugan K, Benelli G, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, Jeyalalitha T, Dinesh D, Nicoletti M, Hwang JS, Suresh U, Madhiyazhagan P (2015b) Cymbopogon citratus-synthesized gold nanoparticles boost the predation efficiency of copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis against malaria and dengue mosquitoes. Exp Parasitol 153:129–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murugan K, Priyanka V, Dinesh D, Madhiyazhagan P, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, Suresh U, Chandramohan B, Roni M, Nicoletti M, Alarfaj AA, Higuchi A, Munusamy MA, Khater HF, Messing RH, Benelli G (2015c) Enhanced predation by Asian bullfrog tadpoles, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in an aquatic environment treated with mosquitocidal nanoparticles. Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-015-4582-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murugan K, Venus JSE, Panneerselvam C, Bedini S, Conti B, Nicoletti M, Kumar Sarkar S, Hwang JS, Subramaniam J, Madhiyazhagan P, Mahesh Kumar P, Dinesh D, Suresh U, Benelli G (2015d) Biosynthesis, mosquitocidal and antibacterial properties of Toddalia asiatica-synthesized silver nanoparticles: do they impact predation of guppy Poecilia reticulata against the filariasis mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus? Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/ s11356-015-4920-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthukumaran U, Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Hoti SL (2015) Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Gmelina asiatica leaf extract against filariasis, dengue, and malaria vector mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 114(5):1817–1827

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patil CD, Borase HP, Patil SV, Salunkhe RB, Salunkhe BK (2012) Larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Pergularia daemia plant latex against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi and non target fish Poecillia reticulata. Parasitol Res 111(2):555–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paupy C, Delatte H, Bagny L, Corbel V, Fontenille D (2009) Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: from the darkness to light. Microbiol Infect 11:1177–1185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponarulselvam S, Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Aarthi N, Kalimuthu K, Thangamani S (2012) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn G. Don and their antiplasmodial activities. Asia Pac J Trop Biomed 2(7):574–580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priyadarshini K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Ponarulselvam S, Hwang J-S, Nicoletti M (2012) Biolarvicidal and pupicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Euphorbia hirta against Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111(3):997–1006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahuman AA, Gopalarkrishnan G, Saleem G, Arumrgam S, Himalayan B (2000) Effect of Feronia limonia on mosquito larvae. Fitoterapia 71:553–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravi V, Vanajakshi S, Gowda A, Chandramuki A (1989) A laboratory diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis using monoclonal antibodies and correlation of findings with the outcome. J Med Virol 29:221–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roni M, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, Hwang JS (2013) Evaluation of leaf aqueous extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles using Nerium oleander against Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 112:981–990

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salunkhe RB, Patil SV, Patil CD, Salunke BK (2011) Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungus Cochliobolus lunatus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 109:823–831

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santhoshkumar T, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Jayaseelan C, Zahir AA, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitol Res 108:693–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sathyavathi R, Balamurali Krishna M, Venugopal Rao S, Saritha R, Narayana Rao D (2010) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract and their application in nonlinear optics. Adv Sci Lett 3:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Mehlhorn H (2009) Nature helps: from research to products against blood sucking arthropods. Parasitol Res 105:1483–1487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senthilkumar N, Varma P, Gurusubramanian G (2009) Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal plants against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Parasitol Res 104:237–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha S, Pan I, Chanda P, Sen SK (2009) Nanoparticles fabrication using ambient biological resources. J Appl Biol Sci 19:1113–1130

    Google Scholar 

  • Soni N, Prakash S (2012) Efficacy of fungus mediated silver and gold nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti larvae. Parasitol Res 110:175–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suman DS, Shrivastava AR, Parashar BD, Pant SC, Agrawal OP, Prakash S (2008) Scanning electron microscopic studies on egg surface morphology and morphometrics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104:173–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sumroiphon S, Yuwaree C, Arunlertaree C, Komalamisra N, Rongsriyam Y (2006) Bioactivity of citrus seed for mosquito-borne diseases larval control. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37(3):123–127

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwary M, Naik SN, Tewaryb DK, Mittalc PK, Yadavc S (2007) Chemical composition and larvicidal activities of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum armatum DC (Rutaceae) against three mosquito vectors. J Vector Borne Dis 44:198–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veerekumar K, Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M (2013) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Sida acuta (Malvaceae) leaf extract against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 112(12):4073–4085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veerekumar K, Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M (2014) Low-cost and ecofriendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Feronia elephantum (Rutaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 113:1775–1785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2014) Malaria. Fact sheet no. 94

  • World Health Organization (2005) Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Communicable disease control, prevention and eradication, WHO pesticide evaluation scheme. WHO, Geneva, WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/1.3

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav R, Srivastava VK, Chandra R, Singh A (2002) Larvicidal activity of latex and stem bark of Euphorbia tirucalli plant on the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. J Commun Dis 34:264–269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yenesew A, Derese S, Midiwo JO, Heydenreich M, Peter MG (2003) Effect of rotenoids from the seeds of Millettia dura on larvae of Aedes aegypti. Pest Manag Sci 59:1159–1161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Tian Y (2011) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of Blumea densiflora essential oils against Anopheles anthropophagus: a malarial vector mosquito. Parasitol Res 109:1417–1422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Professor and the Head of the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, for the laboratory facilities provided. The authors would also like to acknowledge the cooperation of staff members of the VCRC (ICMR), Pondicherry.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India

    Marimuthu Govindarajan, Mohan Rajeswary, Kaliyan Veerakumar & Udaiyan Muthukumaran

  2. Regional Medical Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, 590010, Karnataka, India

    S. L. Hoti

  3. Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

  4. Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA

    Donald R. Barnard

  5. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

Authors
  1. Marimuthu Govindarajan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohan Rajeswary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kaliyan Veerakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Udaiyan Muthukumaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. L. Hoti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Heinz Mehlhorn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Donald R. Barnard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Giovanni Benelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Marimuthu Govindarajan or Giovanni Benelli.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All applicable international and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Heinz Mehlhorn and Giovanni Benelli are Editor in Chief and Editorial Board Member of Parasitology Research, respectively. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the Parasitology Research policies on sharing data and materials.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Govindarajan, M., Rajeswary, M., Veerakumar, K. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Novel synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bauhinia variegata: a recent eco-friendly approach for mosquito control. Parasitol Res 115, 723–733 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4794-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4794-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation