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Banding and microstructural features in laser cladding of a 304 substrate using 316 powder

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Abstract

The aim of the cladding process is to improve mechanical, chemical, and physical features of the surface of metals. This laser process is frequently used to promote such alterations via deposition of metals/alloys with mechanical behavior superior to that of the substrate. In this contribution, an AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel is covered with an AISI 316 as powder filler metal using multiple laser deposition parameters. In the produced samples, the effect of the studied parameters on the geometry, surface appearance, dilution, and microstructural features was evaluated. The authors focus on metallurgical characteristics of cladding, seeking to explain the formation of three attributes: banding, columnar structure, and equiaxial grains. It was determined that banding is composed of a cellular-dendritic structure and is generated by changes in the microstructure size, derived from local variations in the solidification rate. The same applies for the columnar and equiaxial zones, but the appearance of equiaxial geometry is due to the change of the growth direction of the aforementioned columns, in the middle of the fusion zone. All the samples confirmed the formation of F/MA-type solidification mode, which indicates that the cooling rate is low and similar to those recorded in conventional fusion welding.

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Acknowledgments

This work was undertaken under the auspices of the project: Strengthen International Research Collaborations on the Development of Functional Surfaces, involving the European Union, Brazil, and Mexico (Grant Agreement 295254), supported by the European Commission under the FP7-People Program Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Scheme (IRSES).

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Funding

The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by UFPE, ANP, FINEP, CNPq, FACEPE, and CAPES.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Antioquia, P.O. Box 1226, Medellin, AN, Colombia

    Edwar A. Torres

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Arquitetura, s/n, Recife, PE, 50740-550, Brazil

    Luis H. R. Apolinario, Helen R. Araujo, Ivan B. M. Picchi & Tiago F. A. Santos

  3. Brazilian Institute for Material Joining and Coating Technologies (INTM), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Inovação, s/n, PE, 50730-120, Recife, Brazil

    Luis H. R. Apolinario, Helen R. Araujo, Ivan B. M. Picchi & Tiago F. A. Santos

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  1. Edwar A. Torres
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  2. Luis H. R. Apolinario
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  3. Helen R. Araujo
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Contributions

Edwar Andrés Torres López: conceived the idea of evaluating of the band formation; investigated and analyzed the finds of the present work; took the lead in writing the manuscript. Luis Henrique Rodrigues Apolinario: contributed with microstructural analysis, digital image analysis and sample preparation; contributed to the interpretation of the results. Helen Rodrigues Araújo: conducted some SEM characterization of the samples and microstructural analysis; designed the figures and the manuscript formatting. Ivan Bezerra de Mello Picchi: contributed with digital image analysis and sample preparation; performed the measurements and analyzing it. Tiago Felipe de Abreu Santos: supervised the findings of this work; contributed to the interpretation of the results; revised it critically for important intellectual content. All the authors contributed to manuscript writing.

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It is approved that the paper is original and has been written based on the authors’ own finding. All the figures and tables are original. WRC-1992 diagram (Fig. 11) and Schaeffler diagram (Fig. 12) were adapted to the authors’ work, citing original sources, and every expression from other published works were acknowledged and referenced.

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Torres, E.A., Apolinario, L.H.R., Araujo, H.R. et al. Banding and microstructural features in laser cladding of a 304 substrate using 316 powder. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 112, 2327–2339 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06418-z

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