Abstract
Several types of microbes such as whole cells of algae, fungi, yeast, and bacteria are employed to produce biofuel which include several steps such as aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, transesterification, etc. for biofuel production. Present chapter aims to review the wide range of applications of microbes and enzymes used in the pretreatment of diversified lignocellulosic biomass, starchy biomass, and oily biomass having complex structure for the development of a sustainable and economically significant biofuel. Numerous microorganisms have been reported to be involved in biofuel productions such as bioethanol/biobutanol, biogas, biohydrogen, and bioelectricity production. A special focus has been laid on recent microbial resources identified for these purposes from saline and other environmental conditions. Specific applications of microorganisms in pretreatment of solid waste and wastewater are also discussed.
Saccharomyces sp., Kluyveromyces sp., Clostridium sp., and Trichoderma sp. have been extensively exploited to obtain a high yield of simpler sugars, lower concentration of inhibitory compounds, and high biofuel yield. Several steps have been taken in recent years to develop genetically engineered microorganisms to enhance saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass, decrease the production of inhibitory sugars, and increase the tolerance level of the fermenting microorganisms for desirable end products.
To overcome the challenges associated with municipal solid waste-derived and agricultural feedstocks for enzymatic hydrolysis, potential of diverse microorganisms of biotechnological interest have been identified for fermenting this complex feedstock. This chapter further covers the collective approaches of genetic engineering and metabolic engineering currently being researched to develop mutant and engineered strain of microorganisms for the production of various biofuels (e.g., alcohol, hydrogen, biodiesel, and biogas) from multifarious feedstock materials. The concept of a rational and designed whole-cell catalyst for the production of fourth-generation biofuel and the prospects of microorganisms developed by genetic and metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for second- and fourth-generation biofuel production are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of metabolic engineering techniques being highly efficient, rapid, precise, and rational when compared to the conventional strategies for development of strain, for instance, mutagenesis. Biosynthetic pathways need to be altered, and it is even possible to introduce and optimize an entirely new pathway in microbes to ensure that we get the final product of our interest from them. There is a need to integrate biofuel fermentation technology and metabolic engineering with an aim to improve metabolism and enhance heterogeneity in gene expression.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbasi M, Pishvaee MS, Mohseni S (2021) Third-generation biofuel supply chain: a comprehensive review and future research directions. J Clean Prod 323:129100
Abu-Khader MM (2006) Recent progress in CO2 capture/sequestration: a review. EnergySources Part A 28:1261–1279
Ahmad AL, Yasin NHM, Derek CJC, Lim JK (2014) Kinetic studies and thermodynamics of oil extraction and transesterification of chlorella sp. for biodiesel production. Environ Technol 35:891–897
Ali I, Akbar A, Anwar M, Prasongsuk S, Lotrakul P, Punnapayak H (2015) Purification and characterization of a polyextremophilic α-amylase from an obligate halophilic Aspergillus penicillioides isolate and its potential for souse with detergents. Biomed Res Int 9:2015
Ali SS, Abomohra AE, Sun J (2017) Effective bio-pretreatment of sawdust waste with a novel microbial consortium for enhanced biomethanation. Bioresour Technol 238:425–432
Almaraz-Delgado AL, Flores-Uribe J, Pérez-España VH, Salgado-Manjarrez E, Badillo-Corona JA (2013) Production of therapeutic proteins in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AMB Express 4:57
Althuri A, Venkata Mohan S (2020) Sequential and consolidated bioprocessing of biogenic municipal solid waste: a strategic pairing of thermophilic anaerobe and mesophilic microaerobe for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 308:123260
Aman A (2018) Hydrogen as an alternative fuel—an overview. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 7(11):1232–1237. https://www.ijsr.net/search_index_results_paperid.php?id=ART20193015
Anderson DG, Salm SN, Allen DP, Nester EW (2016) Nester’s microbiology: a human perspective, 9th edn. McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY
Andre A, Diamantopoulou P, Philippoussis A, Sarris D (2010) Biotechnological conversions of bio-diesel derived waste glycerol into added-value compounds by higher fungi: production of biomass, single cell oil and oxalic acid. Ind Crop Prod 31:407–416
Angerbauer C, Siebenhofer M, Mittelbach M, Guebitz GM (2008) Conversion of sewage sludge into lipids by Lipomyces starkeyi for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 99:3051–3056
Antoni D, Zverlov VV, Schwarz WH (2007) Biofuels from microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77(1):23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1163-x
Archambault-Leger V, Shao X, Lynd LR (2012) Integrated analysis of hydrothermal flow through pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels 5(1):49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-49
Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Barberio G (2005) Utilization of macro-algae for enhanced CO2 fixation and biofuels production: development of a computing software for an LCA study. Fuel Process Technol 86(14–15):1679–1693
Asachi R, Karimi K (2013) Enhanced ethanol and chitosan production from wheat straw by Mucor indicus with minimal nutrient consumption. Process Biochem 48(10):1524–1531
Ataya F, Dube MA, Ternan M (2008) Variables affecting the induction period during acid-catalyzed transesterification of canola oil to FAME. Energy Fuel 22(1):679–685
Azizi A, Bazyar A, Elbeshbishy E (2019) Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production—a review. J Environ Manag 233:774–784
Bakhat K, Rasul I, Azeem F, Hussain S, Siddique MH, Muzammil S, Riaz M, Bari A, Liaqat S, Nadeem H (2019) Microbial Production of Ethanol. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900116-12
Ban K et al (2001) Whole-cell biocatalyst for biodiesel fuel production utilizing Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles. Biochem Eng J 8:39–43
Bao JJ, Jiang MY (2012) The research status and development trend of microbial flocculant. Phys Procedia 24:425–428
Barancewicz M, Gryta M (2012) Ethanol production in a bioreactor with an integrated membrane distillation module. Chem Pap 66:85–91. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-011-0088-0
Barchiesi J, Velazquez MB, Palopoli N, Iglesias AA, Gomez-Casati DF, Ballicora MA, Busi MV (2018) Starch synthesis in Ostreococcus tauri: the starch-binding domains of starch synthase III-B are essential for catalytic activity. Front Plant Sci 9:1541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01541
Beetul K, Sadally SB, Taleb-Hossenkhan N, Bhagooli R, Puchooa D (2014) An investigation of biodiesel production from microalgae found in Mauritian waters. Biofuel Res J 1(2):58–64
Behera M, Ghangrekar JMM, Jana PS (2010) Performance evaluation of low-cost microbial fuel cell fabricated using earthen pot with biotic and abiotic cathode. Bioresour Technol 101:1183–1189
Beldman G, Rombouts FM, Voragen AG, Pilnik W (1984) Application of cellulase and pectinase from fungal origin for the liquefaction and saccharification of biomass. Enzym Microb Technol 6(11):503–507
Ben Atitallah I, Arous F, Louati I, Zouari-Mechichi H, Brysch-Herzberg M, Woodward S, Mechichi T (2021) Efficient bioethanol production from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) sap by a newly isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae X19G2. Process Biochem 105:102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2021.03.019
Bhatia SK, Ravi SM, Bhatia K, Kumar M, Pugazhendhi A, Awasthi MK (2021) Wastewater based microalgal biorefinery for bioenergy production: progress and challenges. Sci Total Environ 751:14159
Bischoff KM, Wicklow DT, Jordan DB, de Rezende ST, Liu S, Hughes SR, Rich JO (2009) Extracellular hemicellulolytic enzymes from the maize endophyte Acremonium zeae. Curr Microbiol 58(5):499–503
Black G, Rixon J, Clarke J, Hazlewood G, Theodorou M, Morris P, Gilbert H (1996) Evidence that linker sequences and cellulose-binding domains enhance the activity of hemicellulases against complex substrates. Biochem J 319(Pt 2):515–520. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3190515
Bok JD, Yernool DA, Eveleigh DE (1998) Purification, characterization, and molecular analysis of thermostable cellulases CelA and CelB from Thermotoga neapolitana. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(12):4774–4781
Bokhari S, Latif F, Rajoka MI (2008) Purification and characterization of xylanases from Thermomyces lanuginosus and its mutant derivative possessing novel kinetic and thermodynamic properties. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25:493–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9915-z
Bond DR, Holmes DE, Tender LM (2002) Electrode reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments. Science 295:483–485
Bond-Watts BB, Chang MC, Wen M (2013) Production of advanced biofuels in engineered E. coli. Curr Opin Chem Biol 17(3):472–479
Borowitzka MA (1999) Commercial production of microalgae: ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters. J Biotechnol 70:313–321
Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae-A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustian Energy Rev 14:557–577
Brown D, Shi J (2012) Comparison of solid-state to liquid anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic feedstocks for biogas production. Bioresour Technol 124:379–386
Campbell PK, Beer T, Batten D (2011) Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from microalgae in ponds. Bioresour Technol 102:50–56
Cao B, Zhao Z, Peng L, Shiu HY, Ding M, Song F, Guan X, Lee CK, Huang J, Zhu D, Fu X, Wong G, Liu C, Nealson K, Weiss PS, Duan X, Huang Y (2021) Silver nanoparticles boost charge-extraction efficiency in Shewanella microbial fuel cells. Science (New York) 373(6561):1336–1340. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf3427
Cardone M, Mazzoncini M, Menini S, Rocco V, Senatore A, Seggiani M, Vitolo S (2003) Brassica carinata as alternative oil crop for the production of biodiesel in Italy: agronomic evaluation, fuel production by transesterification and characterization. Biomass Bioenergy 25:623–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00058-8
Carlsson M, Lagerkvist A, Morgan-Sagastume F (2012) The effects of substrate pre-treatment on anaerobic digestion systems: a review. Waste Manag 32:1634–1650
Carol D (2011) Litchfield, Potential for industrial products from the halophilic Archaea. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38(10):1635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-011-1021-9
Chai KP, Othman NF, Teh AH, Ho KL, Chan KG, Shamsir MS, Goh KM, Ng CL (2016) Crystal structure of Anoxybacillus α-amylase provides insights into maltose binding of a new glycosyl hydrolase subclass. Sci Rep 6:23126. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23126
Chandel AK, Antunes FF, Anjos V, Bell MJ, Rodrigues LN, Singh OV, Rosa CA, Pagnocca FC, da Silva SS (2013) Ultra-structural mapping of sugarcane bagasse after oxalic acid fiber expansion (OAFEX) and ethanol production by Candida shehatae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Biofuels 6(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-4
Chandra R, Takeuchi H, Hasegawa T (2012) Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes: a review in context to second generation of biofuel production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16(3):1462–1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.035. ISSN 1364-0321 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111005818)
Chang JJ, Ho FJ, Ho CY, Wu YC, Hou YH, Huang CC et al (2013) Assembling a cellulose cocktail and a cellodextrin transporter into a yeast host for CBP ethanol production. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-19
Chauhan PS, Puri N, Sharma P et al (2012) Mannanases: microbial sources, production, properties and potential biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93:1817–1830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-3887-5
Chew KW, Yap JY, Show PL, Suan NH, Juan JC, Ling TC (2017) Microalgae biorefinery: high-value products perspectives. Bioresour Technol 229:53–62
Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 25:294–306
Cho HU, Park JM (2018) Biodiesel production by various oleaginous microorganisms from organic wastes. Bioresour Technol 1(256):502–508
Chou TY, Whiteley CG (2014) Anodic potential on dual-chambered microbial fuel cell with sulphate reducing bacteria biofilm. Int J Hydrog Energy 39:19225–19231
Chu BC, Lee H (2007) Genetic improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for xylose fermentation. Biotechnol Adv 25(5):425–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.04.001
Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R (2010) Biofuel production in Escherichia coli: the role of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86(2):419–434
Devi S (2012) Biochemical conversion process of producing bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Int J Microb Resour Technol 1:28–32
Dheeran P, Nandhagopal N, Kumar S, Jaiswal YK, Adhikari DK (2012) A novel thermostable xylanase of Paenibacillus macerans IIPSP3 isolated from the termite gut. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 39(6):851–860
Eleonora, Cano Carmona, Marcia Regina Brochetto-braga, Aline Aparecida Pizzirani-Kleiner, João Atilio Jorge, Purification and biochemical characterization of an endoxylanase from Aspergillus versicolor, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 166, 2, September 1998, Pages 311–315, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13906.x
Fujita Y et al (2002) Direct and efficient production of ethanol from cellulosic material with a yeast strain displaying cellulolytic enzymes. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5136–5141
Fukushima T, Mizuki T, Echigo A, Inoue A, Usami R (2005) Organic solvent tolerance of halophilic α-amylase from a Haloarchaeon, Haloarcula sp. strain S-1. Extremophiles 9(1):85–89
Gao D, Uppugundla N, Chundawat SP et al (2011) Hemicellulases and auxiliary enzymes for improved conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to monosaccharides. Biotechnol Biofuels 4:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-4-5
Goldemberg J, Coelho S, Guardabassi P (2008) The sustainability of ethanol production from sugarcane. Energy Policy 36:2086–2097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.028
Gouveia L, Oliveira AC (2009) Micro algae as a raw material for biofuels production. J Ind Microbial Biotech 36:269–274
Goyal M, Soni G (2011) Production and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes by Pleurotus florida. Afr J Microbiol Res 5(10):1131–1136
Greenwell HC, Laurens LML, Shields RJ, Lovitt RW, Flynn KJ (2010) Placing microalgae on the biofuel’s priority list: a review of the technological challenges. J R Soc Interface 7:703–726
Guo J, Yang C, Zeng G (2013) Treatment of swine wastewater using chemically modified zeolite and bioflocculant from activated sludge. Bioresour Technol 143:289–297
Hama S et al (2007) Biodiesel fuel production in a packed-bed reactor using lipase-producing Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles. Biochem Eng J 34:273–278
Haque RU, Paradisi F, Allers T (2020) Haloferax volcanii for biotechnology applications: challenges, current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104:1371–1382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10314-2
Hemansi SC, Yadav G, Saini JK, Kuhad RC (2019) Chapter 7—Comparative Study of Cellulase Production Using Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation. In: Srivastava N, Srivastava M, Mishra PK, Ramteke PW, Singh RL (eds) New and future developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier, pp 99–113. isbn:9780444642233. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64223-3.00007-2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444642233000072
Hendriks A, Zeeman G (2009) Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 100:10–18
Hossain S (2013) Bioethanol fermentation from non-treated and pretreated corn stover using Aspergillus oryzae. Chem Eng Res Bull 16. https://doi.org/10.3329/cerb.v16i1.6659
Hou Z, Liu Z, Wang T (2013) Experimental research on Phanerochaete chrysosporium as coal microbial flocculant. Int J Min Sci Technol 23:521–524
Hreggvidsson GO, Kaiste E, Holst O, Eggertsson G, Palsdottir A, Kristjansson JK (1996) An extremely thermostable cellulase from the thermophilic eubacterium Rhodothermus marinus. Applied and environmental microbiology. 62(8):3047–3049
Hsieh YSY, Harris PJ (2019) Xylans of red and green algae: what is known about their structures and how they are synthesized? Polymers 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020354
Huang J, Chen D, Wei Y, Wang Q, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang R (2014) Direct ethanol production from lignocellulosic sugars and sugarcane bagasse by a recombinant Trichoderma reesei strain HJ48. Sci World J 2014:798683. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/798683. Epub 2014 Jun 2. PMCID: PMC4060538
Huang XP, Monk C (2004) Purification and characterization of a cellulase (CMCase) from a newly isolated thermophilic aerobic bacterium Caldibacillus cellulovorans gen. nov., sp. nov. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 20(1):85–92
Hung KS, Liu SM, Tzou WS, Lin FP, Pan CL, Fang TY, Sun KH, Tang SJ (2011) Characterization of a novel GH10 thermostable, halophilic xylanase from the marine bacterium Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum NTOU1. Process Biochemistry. 46(6):1257–1263
Jang YS, Park JM, Choi S, Choi YJ, do Seung Y, Cho JH, Lee SY (2012) Engineering of microorganisms for the production of biofuels and perspectives based on systems metabolic engineering approaches. Biotechnol Adv 30(5):989–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.015
Jeong D, Park H, Jang BK, Ju Y, Shin MH, Oh EJ et al (2021) Recent advances in the biological valorization of citrus peel waste into fuels and chemicals. Bioresour Technol 323:124603
Jin H, Chen L, Wang J, Zhang W (2014) Engineering biofuel tolerance in non-native producing microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 32(2):541–548
Jorge I, de la Rosa O, Navas-Cortés JA et al (2005) Extracellular xylanases from two pathogenic races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris: enzyme production in culture and purification and characterization of a major isoform as an alkaline endo-β-(1,4)-xylanase of low molecular weight. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 88:48–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-004-7584-y
Kaieda M, Samukawa T, Kondo A, Fukuda H (2001) Effect of methanol and water contents on production of biodiesel fuel from plant oil catalyzed by various lipases in a solvent-free system. J Biosci Bioeng 91(1):12–15, 1389-1723
Khasin A, Alchanati I, Shoham Y (1993) Purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(6):1725–1730
Kis-Papo T, Kirzhner V, Wasser SP, Nevo E (2003) Evolution of genomic diversity and sex at extreme environments: fungal life under hypersaline Dead Sea stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(25):14970–14975. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2036284100
Klanchui A, Dulsawat S, Chaloemngam K, Cheevadhanarak S, Prommeenate P, Meechai A (2018) An improved genome-scale metabolic model of Arthrospira platensis C1 (iAK888) and its application in glycogen overproduction. Metabolites 8(4):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo8040084
Ko CH, Tsai CH, Lin PH, Chang KC, Tu J, Wang YN, Yang CY (2010) Characterization and pulp refining activity of a Paenibacillus campinasensis cellulase expressed in Escherichia coli. Bioresour Technol 101(20):7882–7888
Kobayashi T, Kanai HA, Hayashi TA, Akiba TE, Akaboshi R, Horikoshi K (1992) Haloalkaliphilic maltotriose-forming alpha-amylase from the archaebacterium Natronococcus sp. strain Ah-36. J Bacteriol 174(11):3439–3444
Kosa M, Ragauskas AJ (2012) Bioconversion of lignin model compounds with oleaginous Rhodococci. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93(2):891–900
Kosa M, Ragauskas AJ (2013) Lignin to lipid bioconversion by oleaginous Rhodococci. Green Chem 15:2070–2074. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40434j
Kui H, Luo H, Shi P, Bai Y, Yuan T, Wang Y, Yang P, Dong S, Yao B (2010) Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Nesterenkonia xinjiangensis CCTCC AA001025. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 162(4):953–965
Kumar A, Sehgal M (2018) Hydrogen fuel cell technology for a sustainable future: a review. SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1307. https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1307.
Kumar L, Kumar D, Nagar S, Gupta R, Garg N, Kuhad RC, Gupta VK (2014) Modulation of xylanase production from alkaliphilic Bacillus pumilus VLK-1 through process optimization and temperature shift operation. 3 Biotech 4(4):345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-013-0160-2
Kumari A, Shah S, Gupta M, N. (2007) Preparation of biodiesel by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of high free fatty acid containing oil from Madhuca indica. Energy Fuels 21(1 January):368–371, 0087-0624
Lama L, Calandrelli V, Gambacorta A, Nicolaus B (2004) Purification and characterization of thermostable xylanase and β-xylosidase by the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus thermantarcticus. Res Microbiol 155(4):283–289
Lan EI, Liao JC (2013) Microbial synthesis of n-butanol, isobutanol, and other higher alcohols from diverse resources. Bioresour Technol 135:339–349
Lee SK, Chou H, Ham TS, Lee TS, Keasling JD (2008) Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19(6):556–563
Li X, Yu HY (2011) Extracellular production of beta-amylase by a halophilic isolate, Halobacillus sp. LY9. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38(11):1837–1843
Li X, Yu HY (2012) Purification and characterization of novel organic-solvent-tolerant β-amylase and serine protease from a newly isolated Salimicrobium halophilum strain LY20. FEMS Microbiol Lett 329(2):204–211
Li W et al (2007) Rhizopus orzae IFO 4697l whole cell catalyzed methanolysis of crude and acidified rapeseed oils for biodiesel production in ter-butanol system. Process Biochem 42:1481–1485
Li N, Zong M, Wu H (2009) Highly efficient transformation of waste oil to biodiesel by immobilized lipase from Penicillium expansum. Process Biochem 44(6 June):685–688, 1359-5113
Li YH, Zhang XY, Zhang F, Peng LC, Zhang DB, Kondo A et al (2018) Optimization of cellulolytic enzyme components through engineering Trichoderma reesei and on-site fermentation using the soluble inducer for cellulosic ethanol production from corn stover. Biotechnol Biofuels 11(1):1–14
Liang C, Xue Y, Fioroni M, Rodríguez-Ropero F, Zhou C, Schwaneberg U, Ma Y (2011) Cloning and characterization of a thermostable and halo-tolerant endoglucanase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 89(2):315–326
Liang MH, Xue LL, Jiang JG (2019) Two-stage cultivation of Dunaliella tertiolecta with glycerol and triethylamine for lipid accumulation: a viable way to alleviate the inhibitory effect of triethylamine on biomass. Appl Environ Microbiol 85(4):e02614–e02618. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02614-18
Liao JC, Mi L, Pontrelli S, Luo S (2016) Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(5):288–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32
Lindberg P, Park S, Melis A (2010) Engineering a platform for photosynthetic isoprene production in cyanobacteria, using Synechocystis as the model organism. Metab Eng 12(1):70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2009.10.001
Lindenmuth BE, McDonald KA (2011) Production and characterization of Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase in Pichia pastoris. Protein expression and purification. 77(2):153–158
Lo YC, Huang CY, Cheng CL, Lin CY, Chang JS (2011) Characterization of cellulolytic enzymes and bioH2 production from anaerobic thermophilic Clostridium sp. TCW1. Bioresour Technol 102(18):8384–8392
Lotti M, Pleiss J, Valero F et al (2015) Effect of methanol on lipases: molecular, kinetic and process issues in the production of biodiesel. Biotechnol J 10:22–30
Lü J, Sheahan C, Fu P (2011) Metabolic engineering of algae for fourth generation biofuels production. Energy Environ Sci 4(7):2451–2466
Lynd LR et al (2002) Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:506–577. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002
Madigan TM, Kelly BS, Daniel BH, Sattley Matthew W, David SA (2021) Brock biology of microorganisms, 16th edn. Pearson Education
Matsumoto T et al (2001) Yeast whole-cell biocatalyst constructed by intracellular overproduction of Rhyzopus oryzae lipase is applicable to biodiesel fuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:515–520
Matsumoto T et al (2002) Construction of yeast strains with high cell surface lipase activity by using novel display systems based on the Flo1p flocculation functional domain. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:4517–4522
Meher LC, Vidya Sagar D, Naik SN (2006) A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 10:248–268
Menzel T, Neubauer P, Junne S (2020) Role of microbial hydrolysis in anaerobic digestion. Energies 13(21):5555. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215555
Mesbah NM, Wiegel J (2018) Biochemical characterization of halophilic, alkali thermophilic amylopullulanase PulD7 and truncated amylopullulanase PulD7ΔN and PulD7ΔC. International journal of biological macromolecules. (111):632–638
Mittal S, Ahlgren EO, Shukla PR (2018) Barriers to biogas dissemination in India: a review. Energy Policy 112:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.027. ISSN:0301-4215. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421517306869
Mohd Azhar SH, Abdulla R, Jambo SA, Marbawi H, Gansau JA, Mohd Faik AA, Rodrigues KF (2017) Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: a review. Biochem Biophys Rep. 6(10):52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.003
Møller MF, Kjeldsen KU, Ingvorsen K (2010) Marinimicrobium haloxylanilyticum sp. nov., a new moderately halophilic, polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from Great Salt Lake, Utah. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98(4):553–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-010-9472-y. PMID: 20574646
Mosier N, Hendrickson R, Ho N, Sedlak M, Ladisch MR (2005) Optimization of pH controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover. Bioresour Technol 96(18):1986–1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.013
Motamedi E, Sadeghian Motahar SF, Maleki M et al (2021) Upgrading the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by immobilization of metagenome-derived novel halotolerant cellulase on the carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel. Cellulose 28:3485–3503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03727-8
Moysés DN, Reis VC, de Almeida JR, de Moraes LM, Torres FA (2016) Xylose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: challenges and prospects. Int J Mol Sci. 17(3):207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030207
Naik SN, Goud VV, Rout PK, Dalai AK (2010) Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(2):578–597
Nakashima T et al (1990) Cell aggregation as a trigger for enhancement of intracellular lipase production by a Rhizopus species. J Ferment Bioeng 70:83–89
Narita J et al (2006) Display of active enzymes on the cell surface of Escherichia coli using PgsA anchor protein and their application to bioconversion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 70:564–572
Nilsson A, Shabestary K, Brandão M, Hudson EP (2019) Environmental impacts and limitations of third-generation biobutanol: life cycle assessment of n-butanol produced by genetically-engineered cyanobacteria. J Ind Ecol:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12843
Oliver CD, Nassar NT, Lippke BR, McCarter JB (2014) Carbon, fossil fuel, and biodiversity mitigation with wood and forests. J Sustain For 33(3):248–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2013.839386
Olson DG, Sparling R, Lynd LR (2015) Ethanol production by engineered thermophiles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 33:130–141
Onishi H, Hidaka O (1978) Purification and properties of amylase produced by a moderately halophilic Acinetobacter sp. Can J Microbiol 24(9):1017–1023
Onishi H, Sonoda K (1979) Purification and some properties of an extracellular amylase from a moderate halophile, Micrococcus halobius. Appl Environ Microbiol 38(4):616–620
Oren A, Gunde-Cimerman N (2012) Fungal life in the dead sea. In: Raghukumar C (ed) Biology of marine fungi. Progress in molecular and subcellular biology, vol 53. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5_6
Pan W, Wang H, Qiu Y, Ren L, Jiang B (2018) Microbial characteristics in anaerobic digestion process of food waste for methane production–A review. Bioresour Technol 248(Part A):29–36. issn:0960-8524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.152. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852417310568
Parawira W (2012) Enzyme research and applications in biotechnological intensification of biogas production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 32:172–186
Patel SK, Kalia VC (2013) Integrative biological hydrogen production: an overview. Ind J Microbiol 53(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-012-0287-6
Patel A, Arora N, Mehtani J, Pruthi V, Pruthi PA (2017) Assessment of fuel properties on the basis of fatty acid profiles of oleaginous yeast for potential biodiesel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 77:604–616
Paul D, Arora A, Verma ML (2021) Advances in microbial biofuel production. Front Microbiol 12:2768. issn:1664-302X. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2021.746216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.746216
Peng J, Wang W, Jiang Y, Liu M, Zhang H, Shao W (2011) Enhanced soluble expression of a thermostable cellulase from Clostridium thermocellum in Escherichia coli. Current Microbiol 63(6):523–530
Pérez-Pomares F, Bautista V, Ferrer J, Pire C, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Bonete MJ (2003) α-Amylase activity from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. Extremophiles 7(4):299–306
Pommerville JC (2011) Alcamo’s fundamentals of microbiology, 9th edn. Jones and Bartlett Publishers
Prasertsit K, Mueanmas C, Tongurai C (2013) Transesterification of palm oil with methanol in a reactive distillation column. Chem Eng Process 70:21–26
Qin HE et al (2008) Biodiesel production catalyzed by whole-cell lipase from Rhizopus chinensis. Chin J Catal 29:41–46
Reiter J, Strittmatter H, Wiemann LO, Schieder D, Sieber V (2013) Enzymatic cleavage of lignin β-O-4 aryl ether bonds via net internal hydrogen transfer. Green Chem 15(5):1373–1381
Riedel S, Stephen MA, Timothy M, Steve M (2019) Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s medical microbiology, 28th edn. McGraw-Hill Education
Rodionova M, Poudyal R, Tiwari I, Voloshin R, Zharmukhamedov S, Nam HG, Zayadan B, Bruce B, Hou H, Allakhverdiev S (2017) Biofuel production: challenges and opportunities. Int J Hydr Energy 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.125
Royon D, Daz M, Ellenrieder G, Locatelli S (2007) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent. Bioresour Technol 98(3 February):648–653, 0960-8524
Runguphan W, Keasling JD (2014) Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and chemicals. Metabol Eng 1(21):103–113
Ryabova O, Vršanská M, Kaneko S, van Zyl WH, Biely P (2009) A novel family of hemicellulolytic α-glucuronidase. FEBS Lett 583(9):1457–1462
Ryan KJ (2018) Sherris medical microbiology, 7th edn. McGraw-Hill Education
Saini JK, Saini R, Tewari L (2015) Lignocellulosic agriculture wastes as biomass feedstocks for second-generation bioethanol production: concepts and recent developments. 3 Biotech 5:337–353
Saleem M, Aslam F, Akhtar MS, Tariq M, Rajoka MI (2012) Characterization of a thermostable and alkaline xylanase from Bacillus sp. and its bleaching impact on wheat straw pulp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28(2):513–522
Salim S, Bosma R, Vermuë MH, Wijffels RH (2011) Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation. J Appl Phycol 23(5):849–855
Sanghvi G, Jivrajani M, Patel N et al (2014) Purification and characterization of haloalkaline, organic solvent stable xylanase from newly isolated halophilic bacterium-OKH. Int Scholar Res Notices 2014:198251. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/198251
Sarikhan S, Azarbaijani R, Yeganeh LP, Fazeli AS, Amoozegar MA, Salekdeh GH (2011) Draft genome sequence of Nesterenkonia sp. strain F, isolated from Aran-Bidgol Salt Lake in Iran. J Bacteriol 193(19):5580. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.05808-11
Saritha M, Arora A, Nain L (2012) Pretreatment of paddy straw with Trametes hirsuta for improved enzymatic saccharification. Bioresour Technol (104):459–465
Sawatdeenarunat C, Surendra KC (2015) Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities. Bioresour Technol 178:178–186
Schuster BG, Chinn MS (2013) Consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks for ethanol fuel production. Bioenergy Res 6:416–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9278-z
Seungwoo C, Kim HM, Gustavsson M, Lee SY (2016) Recent trends in metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of advanced biofuels. Curr Opin Chem Biol 35:10–21. issn:1367-5931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.003. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593116301004
Shafiei M, Ziaee AA, Amoozegar MA (2012) Purification and characterization of a halophilic α-amylase with increased activity in the presence of organic solvents from the moderately halophilic Nesterenkonia sp. strain F. Extremophiles 16(4):627–635
Shah S, Gupta M, N. (2007) Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil in a solvent free system. Process Biochem 42(2 March):409–414, 1359-5113
Sharma P, Chapadgaonkar S (2021) Optimization of a-amylase production from bacillus amyloliquefaciens using Taguchi method. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 18:337–345. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2920
Sharma A, Tewari R, Rana SS, Soni R, Soni SK (2016) Cellulases: classification, methods of determination and industrial applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 179(8):1346–1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2070-3
Shen YP, Liao YL, Lu Q, He X, Yan ZB, Liu JZ (2021) ATP and NADPH engineering of Escherichia coli to improve the production of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid using CRISPRi. Biotechnol Biofuels 14(1):100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01954-6
Shi J, Zhang M, Zhang L, Wang P, Jiang L, Deng H (2014) Xylose-fermenting Pichia stipitis by genome shuffling for improved ethanol production. Microb Biotechnol 7(2):90–99
Shinke R, Nishira H, Mugibayashi N (1974) Isolation of β-amylase producing microorganisms. Agric Biol Chem 38(3):665–666
Shuba ES, Kifle D (2018) Microalgae to biofuels: ‘promising’ alternative and renewable energy, review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 81:743–755
Silva Benavides AM, Torzillo G, Kopecký J, Masojídek J (2013) Productivity and biochemical composition of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) cultures grown outdoors in tubular photobioreactors and open ponds. Biomass Bioenergy 54:115–122
Singh S, Gu S (2010) Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:2596–2610
Singh DP, Trivedi RK (2013) Production of biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT) 02:06. (June 2013)
Siroosi M, Amoozegar MA, Khajeh K, Fazeli M, Rezaei MH (2014) Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular halophilic and organic solvent-tolerant amylopullulanase from the haloarchaeon, Halorubrum sp. strain Ha25. Extremophiles 18(1):25–33
Sittipol D, Saelao P, Lohnoo T, Lerksuthirat T, Kumsang Y, Yingyong W, Khunrae P, Rattanarojpong T, Jongruja N (2019) Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of a thermo- and surfactant-stable protease from Thermomonospora curvata. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 19:101111. issn:1878-8181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101111. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878818118309228
Sriwongchai S, Pokethitiyook P, Pugkaew W, Kruatrachue M, Lee H (2012) Optimization of lipid production in the oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis growing on glycerol as the sole carbon source. Afr J Biotechnol 11(79):14440–14447
Sriyapai T, Somyoonsap P, Matsui K, Kawai F, Chansiri K (2011) Cloning of a thermostable xylanase from Actinomadura sp. S14 and its expression in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. J Biosci Bioeng 111(5):528–536
Sunna A, Prowe SG, Stoffregen T, Antranikian G (1997) Characterization of the xylanases from the new isolated thermophilic xylan-degrading Bacillus thermoleovorans strain K-3d and Bacillus flavothermus strain LB3A. FEMS Microbiol Lett 148(2):209–216
Tajudeen S, Sairam K, Gopinath A, Govindaraj K, Velraj R (2015) Effect of dispersion of various nanoadditives on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with diesel, biodiesel and blends—A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 49:563–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.086
Takeda H, Yoneyama F, Kawai S, Hashimoto W, Murata K (2011) Bioethanol production from marine biomass alginate by metabolically engineered bacteria. Energy Environ Sci 4(7):2575–2581
Tamalampudi S et al (2008) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from jatropha oil: a comparative study of immobilized-whole cell and commercial lipases as a biocatalyst. Biochem Eng J 39:185–189
Thite VS, Nerurkar AS (2020) Crude xylanases and pectinases from Bacillus spp. Along with commercial cellulase formulate an efficient tailor-made cocktail for sugarcane bagasse saccharification. BioEnergy Res 13(1):286–300
Thomas CM, Scheel RA, Nomura CT, Ramarao B, Kumar D (2021) Production of polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-MCL copolymers from brewer’s spent grains by recombinant Escherichia coli LSBJ. Biomass Conv Bioref:1–12
Tu W-C, Hallett JP (2019) Recent advances in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 20:11–17. Issn:2452-2236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.07.004. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452223619300185)
Van den Burg B (2003) Extremophiles as a source for novel enzymes. Curr Opin Microb 6(3):213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(03)00060-2
Ventorino V, Romano I, Pagliano G, Robertiello A, Pepe O (2018) Pre-treatment and inoculum affect the microbial community structure and enhance the biogas reactor performance in a pilot-scale biodigestion of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 73:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.005
Verma D, Satyanarayana T (2012) Cloning, expression and applicability of thermo-alkali-stable xylanase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans in generating xylooligosaccharides from agro-residues. Bioresour Technol 1(107):333–338
Victor H, Díaz G, Willis MJ (2019) Ethanol production using Zymomonas mobilis: development of a kinetic model describing glucose and xylose co-fermentation. Biomass Bioenergy 123:41–50. issn:0961-9534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.02.004. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953419300649)
Vite-Vallejo O, Palomares LA, Dantán-González E, Ayala-Castro HG, Martínez-Anaya C, Valderrama B, Folch-Mallol J (2009) The role of N-glycosylation on the enzymatic activity of a Pycnoporus sanguineus laccase. Enzyme Microbial Technol 45(3):233–239. issn:0141-0229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.05.007. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141022909000994
Wang Q, Wang X, Wang X, Ma H (2008) Glucoamylase production from food waste by Aspergillus niger under submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 43(3):280–286
Wang J, Bai Y, Yang P, Shi P, Luo H, Meng K, Huang H, Yin J, Yao B (2010) A new xylanase from thermoalkaline Anoxybacillus sp. E2 with high activity and stability over a broad pH range. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26(5):917–924
Wang C, Chen L, Rakesh B et al (2012) Technologies for extracting lipids from oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production. Front Energy 6:266–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-012-0193-y
Watanabe T, Watanabe I, Yamamoto M, Ando A, Nakamura T (2011) A UV-induced mutant of Pichia stipitis with increased ethanol production from xylose and selection of a spontaneous mutant with increased ethanol tolerance. Bioresour Technol 102(2):1844–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.087. ISSN 0960-8524 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852410016196)
Wei L et al (2007) Optimization of whole cell catalyze methanolysis of soybean oil for biodiesel production using response surface methodology. J Mol Catal B Enzym 45:122–127
Wei Z, Zeng G, Huang F, Kosa M, Huang D, Ragauskas AJ (2015) Bioconversion of oxygen-pretreated Kraft lignin to microbial lipid with oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069. Green Chem 17(5):2784–2789
Wells T Jr, Wei Z, Ragauskas A (2015) Bioconversion of lignocellulosic pretreatment effluent via oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069. Biomass Bioenergy 1(72):200–205
Willey JM, Sandman KM, Wood DH (2020) Prescott’s microbiology, 11th edn. McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY
Wong DWS (1995) Cellulolytic enzymes. In: Food enzymes. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2349-6_4
Wu WH, Foglia TA, Marmer WN, Phillips JG (1999) Optimizing production of ethyl esters of grease using 95% ethanol by response surface methodology. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76(4):517–521
Wu R, Chen D, Cao S, Lu Z, Huang J, Lu Q et al (2020) Enhanced ethanol production from sugarcane molasses by industrially engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae via replacement of the PHO4 gene. RSC Adv 10(4):2267–2276
Xiao M-Z, Chen W-J, Hong S, Pang B, Cao X-F, Wang Y-Y, Yuan T-Q, Sun R-C (2019) Structural characterization of lignin in heartwood, sapwood, and bark of eucalyptus. Int J Biol Macromol 138:519–527. issn:0141-8130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.137. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813019346483
Xiong W, Li X, Xiang J et al (2008) High-density fermentation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor for microbio-diesel production. Appl Microbiol Biot 78:29–36
Xu ZH, Bai YL, Xu X et al (2005) Production of alkali-tolerant cellulase-free xylanase by Pseudomonas sp. WLUN024 with wheat bran as the main substrate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21:575–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-004-3491-7
Yang W et al (2014) Isolation and identification of a cellulolytic bacterium from the Tibetan pig’s intestine and investigation of its cellulase production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.08.002
Ying M, Chen G (2007) Study on the production of biodiesel by magnetic cell biocatalyst based on lipase-producing Bacillus subtilis. In: Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. Humana Press, pp 793–803
Yu HY, Li X (2014) Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant thermostable glucoamylase from a halophilic isolate, Halolactibacillus sp. SK 71 and its application in raw starch hydrolysis for bioethanol production. Biotechnol Prog 30(6):1262–1268
Yuan JS, Tiller KH, Al-Ahmad H, Stewart NR, Stewart CN Jr (2008) Plants to power: bioenergy to fuel the future. Trends Plant Sci 13(8):421–429
Zanivan J, Bonatto C, Scapini T et al (2022) Evaluation of bioethanol production from a mixed fruit waste by Wickerhamomyces sp. UFFS-CE-3.1.2. Bioenergy Res 15:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-021-10273-5
Zhang J, Zhang Z (2013) Preparation of microbial flocculant from excess sludge of municipal wastewater treatment plant. Fresenius Environ Bull 22:142–145
Zhang F, Chen JJ, Ren WZ, Nie GX, Ming H, Tang SK, Li WJ (2011) Cloning, expression and characterization of an alkaline thermostable GH9 endoglucanase from Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462T. Bioresour Technol 102(21):10143–10146
Zhang MY, Zhao S, Ning YN et al (2019) Identification of an essential regulator controlling the production of raw-starch-digesting glucoamylase in Penicillium oxalicum. Biotechnol Biofuels 12:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1345-z
Zhou S, Yomano LP, Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO (2005) Fermentation of 10%(w/v) sugar to D (−)-lactate by engineered Escherichia coli B. Biotechnology letters. 27(23):18916
Zhu D, Adebisi W, Ahmad F, Sethupathy S, Danso B, Sun J (2020) Recent development of extremophilic bacteria and their application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00483
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumari, A. et al. (2022). Role of Microorganisms in Production of Biofuels. In: Guldhe, A., Singh, B. (eds) Novel Feedstocks for Biofuels Production. Clean Energy Production Technologies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3582-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3582-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-3581-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-3582-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)