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Cold-Adapted Yeasts in Arctic Habitats

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Cold-adapted Yeasts

Abstract

The Arctic area is a polar region at the northernmost part of the Earth, north of the Arctic Circle (66° 33′N). It is a region of an ice-covered Arctic ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost. The climate within the Circle is extremely cold, and much of the area is permanently covered with ice. Unlike in the temperate zones, where filamentous fungi prevail, extremophilic yeasts are particularly well adapted to these conditions and thus thrive in different polar environments. The range of Arctic environments inhabited by yeasts includes glacial ice with brine networks and inclusions, subglacial environments, soil, permafrost, Arctic sea and sea ice. Yeast isolates from cryoconite holes and cryptoendolithic environments are rare. The physiological activity of yeasts has been demonstrated at temperatures below −20 °C. Studies of the abundance, distribution and taxonomy of Arctic yeasts are very much limited in comparison with the studies of the Antarctic yeasts. Interestingly, the dominant yeasts in the Arctic are also of basidiomycetous affinity and belong to the same genera that occur frequently in the Antarctic soils and polar offshore sea waters. These are different species of the genera Aureobasidium, Candida, Debaryomyces, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Protomyces, Bensingtonia, Bulleromyces, Cryptococcus, Cystofilobasidium, Filobasidium, Leucosporidiella, Malassezia, Kondoa, Mastigobasidium, Mrakia, Mrakiella, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporidiobolus, Sporobolomyces, Trichosporon and Udeiomyces. Amongst these, the polyphyletic genera Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula appear to be the predominant and are also represented by the highest numbers of species. Classical culture-based methods, molecular techniques and more recently also metagenomic analyses have revealed the existence of yet unknown species, genera and even new phylogenetic lineages.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Polona Zalar & Nina Gunde-Cimerman

  2. Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Nina Gunde-Cimerman

Authors
  1. Polona Zalar
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  2. Nina Gunde-Cimerman
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Correspondence to Nina Gunde-Cimerman .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Perugia, Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, Perugia, Italy

    Pietro Buzzini

  2. University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria

    Rosa Margesin

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Zalar, P., Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2014). Cold-Adapted Yeasts in Arctic Habitats. In: Buzzini, P., Margesin, R. (eds) Cold-adapted Yeasts. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39681-6_3

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