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Plant Adaptation to Environmental Stress: Drought, Chilling, Heat, and Salinity

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Environment and Climate-smart Food Production

Abstract

Climatic change is often manifested as changes in the intensity, frequency, and extent of abnormally low or high thresholds of factors such as temperature, precipitation, radiation, and concentrations of atmospheric gases. These changes will eventually extend to a state where it will be difficult to ameliorate the impact of those factors in agricultural crop production. It is ideal for outlining adapting mechanisms of plants as that could be magnified via means of genetic improvement or gradual breeding for lines that can fairly adapt to the changing environmental conditions. This chapter aims to advance the understanding of the ability of plants to adapt to extreme conditions or to react to sudden changes in their environment. The chapter outlines the mechanisms used by plants to sense and signal abiotic stresses, morphological and physiological changes that take place in plants as they adapt to stressful conditions, and the associated alterations in metabolic and biological reactions. Findings demonstrated that the adaptation of plants to stressing environment results from complex biological reactions including changes in morphological characteristics (roots, leaves, reproductive and cellular structures), physiological processes (respiration, transpiration, and photosynthesis) and metabolism (production of metabolites such as proline, abscisic acid, sugars, stress-specific enzymes, and proteins). Plant breeding and genetic modification research fields currently have wide parameters to target for improving plant adaptation to stress conditions. However, the success in the introduction of adaptive commercial crops is likely suppressed by supplemental cultivation techniques that are usually used in optimal production for profits.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa

    Khayelihle Ncama & Nkanyiso Justice Sithole

  2. Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa

    Oladapo Adeyemi Aremu

  3. Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa

    Oladapo Adeyemi Aremu

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  1. Khayelihle Ncama
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  2. Oladapo Adeyemi Aremu
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  3. Nkanyiso Justice Sithole
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Correspondence to Khayelihle Ncama .

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  1. Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece

    Charis M. Galanakis

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Ncama, K., Aremu, O.A., Sithole, N.J. (2022). Plant Adaptation to Environmental Stress: Drought, Chilling, Heat, and Salinity. In: Galanakis, C.M. (eds) Environment and Climate-smart Food Production . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71571-7_5

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