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Imaging and Monitoring in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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Abstract

Understanding of chest imaging is paramount in the diagnosis and treatment of PARDS and, as recommended by the consensus conference on PARDS (PALICC), children with or at risk of PARDS should receive, at a minimum, clinical monitoring of cardiac and respiratory rates, continuous pulse oximetry, and blood pressure. In the first part of this chapter, we summarize the role of each imaging modality in the diagnosis of PARDS and as a tool of treatment effect examination perspectives. In the second part of the chapter, we describe and summarize respiratory system variables related to PARDS management, which is particularly derived from measurements in a nonairway circuit, including oxygen parameters, severity scores, and respiratory muscle function. The hemodynamic monitoring in PARDS is out of scope of this chapter.

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Abbreviations

AVDSf:

Alveolar dead space fraction

CT:

  Computed tomography

EAdi:

   Electrical activity of diaphragm

EIT:

   Electric impedance tomography

FIO2:

   Fraction of inspired oxygen

FRC:

   Functional residual capacity

LIS:

   Lung injury score

NVE:

Neuroventilatory efficiency

OI:

   Oxygen index

OSI:

   Oxygen saturation index

P/F:

   PaO2/FIO2

PaO2:

   Partial pressure of oxygen

Paw:

   Mean airway pressure

Pdi:

   Transdiaphragmatic pressure

Pdimax:

Maximum inspiratory transdiaphragmatic pressure

PEmax expiratory:

Muscle strength

Pes:

      Esophageal pressure

PET:

      Positron emission tomography

Pga:

      Gastric pressure

PImax:

      Global inspiratory

PRP:

      Pressure–rate product

RIP:

      Respiratory inductive plethysmography

S/F:

      SpO2/FIO2

SpO2:

      Oxygen saturation

Ti:

      Inspiratory time

TTI:

      Tension–time index

TTmus:

     Noninvasive TTI

Ttot:

      Total respiratory cycle time

X-ray:

    Radiograph

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Atsushi Kawaguchi & Philippe Jouvet

  2. University of Ottawa, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Atsushi Kawaguchi

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  1. Atsushi Kawaguchi
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  2. Philippe Jouvet
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Correspondence to Atsushi Kawaguchi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Steven L. Shein

  2. Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Alexandre T. Rotta

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Kawaguchi, A., Jouvet, P. (2020). Imaging and Monitoring in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. In: Shein, S., Rotta, A. (eds) Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21840-9_5

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