Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that reduce plant growth and productivity of many crops worldwide. Similarly to other stresses, salinity may cause oxidative stress via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in high concentrations provoke oxidative damages to proteins, DNA, and lipids; disturb plant physiological processes and even lead to plant death. In low concentrations, ROS could activate defense mechanisms or repair programs that help plant cell to overcome the negative stress consequences. The diamine putrescine, triamine spermidine and tetraamine spermine are the major polyamines which are constitutive for all plant species. They are organic low-weight molecules with aliphatic amine structure possessing phytohormone-like features and are involved in various important processes of plant growth and development. Under physiological pH conditions they bear positive charge and may conjugate with other negatively charged molecules like phenolic acids, proteins, phospholipids or DNA. The participation of polyamines in the scavenging of free radicals, antioxidant activity and modulation of plant stress tolerance to various abiotic stresses has been extensively studied. The current review will focus on the recent investigations regarding the involvement of polyamines in plant tolerance to salinity stress. The alterations of the endogenous polyamine levels, the changes in their biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes in salt stressed plants, and the role of polyamine metabolism in alleviation of salinity stress is discussed. Possibilities for application of exogenous polyamines to overcome saline stress injuries and to induce plant salt tolerance are also summarized.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad P, Sarwat M, Sharma S (2008) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and signaling in pants. J Plant Biol 51:167–173
Ahmad MSA, Ali Q, Ashraf M, Haider MZ, Abbas Q (2009) Involvement of polyamines, abscisic acid and anti-oxidative enzymes in adaptation of Blue Panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) to saline environments. Environ Exp Bot 66:409–417
Alcazar R, Altabella T, Marco F, Bortolotti C, Reymond M, Knocz C, Carrasco P, Tiburcio AF (2010) Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Planta 231:1237–1249
Alcazar R, Marco F, Cuevas JC, Patron M, Ferrando A, Carrasco P, Tiburcio AF, Altabella T (2006) Involvement of polyamines in plant response to abiotic stress. Biotech Lett 28:1867–1876
Alet A, Sánchez D, Ferrando A, Fernandez-Tiburcio A, Alcazar R, Cuevas JC, Altabella T, Pico FM, Carrasco P, Menéndez AB, Ruiz OA (2011) Homeostatic control of polyamine levels under long-term salt stress in Arabidopsis. Changes in putrescine content do not alleviate ionic toxicity. Plant Signal Behav 6:1–6
Alet A, Sánchez DH, Cuevas JC, Marina M, Carrasco P, Altabella T, Tiburcio AF, Ruiz OA (2012) New insights into the role of spermine in Arabidopsis thaliana under long-term salt stress. Plant Sci 182:94–100
Ali RM (2000) Role of putrescine in salt tolerance of Atropa belladonna plant. Plant Sci 152:173–179
Alsocari SS (2011) Synergistic effect of kinetin and spermine on some physiological aspects of seawater stressed Vigna sinensis plants. Saudi J Biol Sci 18:37–44
Alvarez I, Tomaro ML, Benavides MP (2003) Changes in polyamines, proline and ethylene in sunflower calluses treated with NaCl. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 74:51–59
An LZ, Liu GX, Zhang MX, Chen T, Liu YH, Feng HY, Xu SJ, Qiang WY, Wang XL (2004) Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on polyamine content and membrane permeability in cucumber leaves. Russ J Plant Physiol 51:658–662
Apse MP, Blumwald E (2002) Engineering salt tolerance in plants. Curr Opin Biotech 13:146–150
Azevedo Neto AD, Gomes-Filho E, Prisco JT (2008) Salinity and oxidative stress. In: Khan NA, Singh S (eds) Abiotic stress and plant responses. I. K. International Publishing House, New Delhi/Bangalore/Mumbai, pp 57–82
Badawi GH, Yamauchi Y, Shimada E, Sasaki R, Naoyoshi K, Tanaka K, Tanaka K (2004) Enhanced tolerance to salt stress and water deficit tolerance by overexpressing superoxide dismutase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Plant Sci 166:919–928
Bagni N, Ruiz-Carrascoa K, Franceschetti M, Fornalè S, Fornasiero RB, Tassoni A (2006) Polyamine metabolism and biosynthetic gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress. Plant Physiol Bioch 44:776–786
Bartels D, Sunkar R (2005) Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Critical Rev Plant Sci 24:23–58
Ben HA, Ghanem ME, Bouzid S, Lutts S (2009) Abscisic acid has contrasting effects on salt excretion and polyamine concentrations of an inland and a coastal population of the Mediterranean xero-halophyte species Atriplex halimus. Ann Bot 104:925–936
Benavides MP, Aizencang G, Tomaro ML (1997) Polyamines in Helianthus annuus L. during germination under salt stress. J Plant Growth Regul 16:205–211
Benavides MP, Gallego SM, Comba ME, Tomaro ML (2000) Relationship between polyamines and paraquat toxicity in sunflower leaf discs. Plant Growth Regul 31:215–224
Borsani O, Valpuesta V, Botella MA (2003) Developing slat tolerant plants in a new century: a molecular biology approach. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 73:101–115
Botella MA, del Amor F, Amoros A, Serrano M, Martinez V, Cerda A (2000) Polyamine, ethylene and other physico-chemical parameters in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits as affected by salinity. Physiol Plant 109:428–434
Brankova L, Ivanov S, Alexieva V (2007) The induction of microsomal NADPH:cytochrome P450 and NADH:cytochrome b5 redictases by long-term salt treatment of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:691–695
Camacho-Cristobal JJ, Maldonado JM, Gonzales-Fontes A (2005) Boron deficiency increases putrescine levels in tobacco plants. J Plant Physiol 162:921–928
Campestre MP, Bordenave CD, Origone AC, Menéndez AB, Ruiz OA, RodrÃguez AA, Maiale SJ (2011) Polyamine catabolism is involved in response to salt stress in soybean hypocotyls. J Plant Physiol 168:1234–1240
Chattopadhayay MK, Tiwari BS, Chattopadhyay G, Bose A, Sengupta DN, Ghosh B (2002) Protective role of exogenous polyamines on salinity-stressed rice (Oryza sativa) plants. Physiol Plantarum 116:192–199
Chattopadhyay MK, Gupta S, Sengupta DN, Ghosh B (1997) Expression of arginine decarboxylase in seedlings of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars as affected by salinity stress. Plant Mol Biol 34:477–483
Cona A, Cenci F, Cervelli M, Federico R, Mariottini P, Moreno S, Angelini R (2003) Polyamine oxidase, a hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, is up-regulated by light and down-regulated by auxin in the outer tissues of the maize mesocotyl. Plant Physiol 131:803–813
Cona A, Rea G, Angelini R, Federico R, Tavladoraki P (2006) Functions of amine oxidases in plant development and defence. Trends Plant Sci 11:80–88
Cuevas JC, Sánchez DH, Marina M, Ruiz OA (2004) Do polyamines modulate the Lotus glaber NADPH oxidation activity induced by the herbicide methyl viologen? Func Plant Biol 31:921–928
Delis C, Dimou M, Flemetakis E, Aivalakis G, Katinakis P (2006) A root- and hypocotyls-specific gene coding for copper-containing amine oxidase is related to cell expansion in soybean seedlings. J Exp Bot 57:101–111
Demetriou G, Neonaki C, Navakoudis E, Kotzabasis K (2007) Salt stress impact on the molecular structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus – the protective role of polyamines. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767:272–280
Deng F (2005) Effects of glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, and methyl jasmonate on growth and alkaloid biosynthesis of jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.). Pest Biochem Physiol 82:16–26
Duan J, Li J, Guo S, Kang Y (2008) Exogenous spermidine affects polyamine metabolism in salinity-stressed Cucumis sativus roots and enhances short-term salinity tolerance. J Plant Physiol 165:1620–1635
Durán-Serantes B, González L, Reigosa MJ (2002) Comparative physiological effects of three allelochemicals and two herbicides on Dactylis glomerata. Acta Physiol Plant 24:385–392
Edreva A (1996) Polyamines in plants. Bulg J Plant Physiol 22:73–101
El-Shintinawy F (2000) Photosynthesis in two wheat cultivars differing in salt susceptibility. Photosynthetica 38:615–620
Federico R, Angelini R (1991) Polyamine catabolism in plants. In: Slocum RD, Flores HE (eds) Biochemistry and physiology in plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton/Ann Arbor/London, pp 41–56
Flowers TJ (2004) Improving crop salt tolerance. J Exp Bot 55:307–319
Garratt LC, Janagoudar BS, Lowe KC, Anthony P, Power JB, Davey MR (2002) Salinity tolerance and antioxidant status in cotton cultures. Free Radic Biol Med 33:502–511
Georgiev GI, Atkins CA (1993) Effect of salinity on N2 fixation, nitrogen metabolism and export and diffusive conductance of cowpea root nodules. Symbiosis 15:239–255
Ghosh N, Adak MK, Ghosh PD, Gupta S, Sen Gupta DN, Mandal C (2011) Differential responses of two rice varieties to salt stress. Plant Biotechnol Rep 5:89–103
Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010a) Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Signal Behav 5:26–33
Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010b) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:909–930
Groppa MD, Benavides MP (2008) Polyamines and abiotic stress: recent advances. Amino Acids 1:35–45
Groppa MD, Tomaro ML, Benavides MP (2001) Polyamines as protectors against cadmium or copper-induced oxidative damage in sunflower leaf discs. Plant Sci 161:81–88
Groppa MD, Benavides MP, Tomaro ML (2003) Polyamine metabolism in sunflower and wheat leaf discs under cadmium and copper stress. Plant Sci 164:293–299
Gupta B, Gupta K, Sengupta DN (2012a) Spermidine-mediated in vitro phosphorylation of transcriptional regulator OSBZ8 by SNF1-type serine/threonine protein kinase SAPK4 homolog in indica rice. Acta Physiol Plant. doi:10.1007/s11738-012-0929-7
Gupta K, Gupta B, Ghosh B, Sengupta DN (2012b) Spermidine and abscisic acid-mediated phosphorylation of a cytoplasmic protein from rice root in response to salinity stress. Acta Physiol Plant 34:29–40
Halliwell B (2006) Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiol 141:312–322
Hamdani S, Yaakoubi H, Carpentier R (2011) Polyamines interaction with thylakoid proteins during stress. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 104:314–319
Hanfrey C, Sommer S, Mayer MJ, Burtin D, Michael AJ (2001) Arabidopsis polyamine biosynthesis: absence of ornithine decarboxylase and the mechanism of arginine decarboxylase activity. Plant J 27:551–560
Hao Y-J, Zhang Z, Kitashiba H, Honda C, Ubi B, Kita M, Moriguchi T (2005) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two apple S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase genes and their different expression in fruit development, cell growth and stress responses. Gene 350:41–50
He L, Ban Y, Inoue H, Matsuda N, Liu J, Moriguch T (2008) Enhancement of spermidine content and antioxidant capacity in transgenic pear shoots overexpressing apple spermidine synthase in response to salinity and hyperosmosis. Phytochem 69:2133–2141
Hummel I, Quemmerais F, Gouesbet G, El Amrani A, Frenot Y, Hennion F, Couée I (2004) Characterization of environmental stress responses during early development of Pringlea antiscorbutica in the field at Kerguelen. New Phytol 162:705–715
Iqbal M, Ashraf M (2012) Gibberellic acid mediated induction of salt tolerance in wheat plants: growth, ionic partitioning, photosynthesis, yield and hormonal homeostasis. Environ Exp Bot. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.06.002
Ivanova A, Seizova K, Kostova I, Evstatieva L, Stefanov K (2008) Effect of soil salinity on the chemical composition of two populations of Tribulus terrestris from Bulgaria. Compt Rend Acad Bulg Sci 61:55–62
Janicka-Russak M, Kabala K, Mlodzinska E, Klobus G (2010) The role of polyamines in the regulation of the plasma membrane and the tonoplast proton pumps under salt stress. J Plant Physiol 167:261–269
Jouve L, Hoffmann L, Hausman J-F (2004) Polyamine, carbohydrate, and proline content changes during salt stress exposure of aspen (Populus tremula L.): involvement of oxidation and osmoregulation metabolism. Plant Biol 6:74–80
Kakkar RK, Bhaduri S, Rai VK, Kumar S (2000) Amelioration of NaCl stress by arginine in rise seedlings: changes in endogenous polyamines. Biol Plant 43:419–422
Kasinathan V, Wingler A (2004) Effect of reduced arginine decarboxylase activity on salt tolerance and on polyamine formation during salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Plant 121:101–107
Kasukabe Y, He L, Nada K, Misawa S, Ihara I, Tachibana S (2004) Overexpression of spermidine synthase enhances tolerance to multiple environmental stress and upregulates the expression of various stress-regulated genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 45:712–722
Kasukabe Y, He L, Watakabe Y, Otani M, Shimada T, Tachibana S (2006) Improvement of environmental stress tolerance of sweet potato by introduction of genes for spermidine synthase. Plant Biotechnol 23:75–83
Katerova ZI, Todorova D (2009) Endogenous polyamines lessen membrane damages in pea plants provoked by enhanced ultraviolet-C radiation. Plant Growth Regul 57:145–152
Kim J-S, Shim I-S, Kim M-J (2010) Physiological response of Chinese cabbage to salt stress. Kor J Hort Sci Technol 28:343–352
Krishnamurthy R, Bhagwat KA (1989) Polyamines as modulators of salt tolerance in rice cultivars. Plant Physiol 91:500–504
Kumria R, Rajam MV (2002) Ornithine decarboxylase transgene in tobacco affects polyamines, in vitro-morphogenesis and response to salt stress. J Plant Physiol 159:983–990
Kuznetsov VV, Shevyakova NI (2007) Polyamines and stress tolerance of plants. Plant Stress 1:50–71
Kuznetsov V, Shorina M, Aronova E, Stetsenko L, Rakitin V, Shevyakova N (2007) NaCl- and ethylene-dependent cadaverine accumulation and its possible protective role in the adaptation of the common ice plant to salt stress. Plant Sci 172:363–370
Lefèvre I, Gratia E, Lutts S (2001) Discrimination between the ionic and osmotic components of salt stress in relation to free polyamine level in rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Sci 16:943–952
Legocka J, Kluk A (2005) Effect of salt and osmotic stress on changes in polyamine content and arginine decarboxylase activity in Lupinus luteus seedlings. J Plant Physiol 162:662–668
Legocka J, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E (2012) Sorbitol and NaCl stresses affect free, microsome-associated and thylakoid-associated polyamine content in Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris. Acta Physiol Plant 34:1145–1151
Li Z-Y, Chen S-Y (2000a) Differential accumulation of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase transcript in rice seedlings in response to salt and drought stresses. Theor Appl Genet 100:782–788
Li ZY, Chen SY (2000b) Isolation and characterization of a salt- and drought-inducible gene for S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Plant Physiol 156:386–393
Liu J, Yu B-J, Liu Y-L (2006a) Effects of spermidine and spermine levels on salt tolerance associated with tonoplast H+-ATPase and H+-PPase activities in barley roots. Plant Growth Regul 49:119–126
Liu J-H, Nada KS, Da CH, Shiba HK, Wen X-P, Pang X-M, Moriguch T (2006b) Polyamine biosynthesis of apple callus under salt stress: importance of the arginine decarboxylase pathway in stress response. J Exp Bot 57:2589–2599
Liu J-H, Kitashiba H, Wang J, Ban Y, Moriguchi T (2007) Polyamines and their ability to provide environmental stress tolerance to plants. Plant Biotechnol 24:117–126
Liu J-H, Inoue H, Moriguchi T (2008) Salt stress-mediated changes in free polyamine titers and expression of genes responsible for polyamine biosynthesis of apple in vitro shoots. Environ Exp Bot 62:28–35
Maiale S, Sánchez DH, Guirado A, Vidal A, Ruiz OA (2004) Spermine accumulation under salt stress. J Plant Physiol 161:35–42
Mansour MMF, Salama KHA, Al-Mutawa MM, Abou Hadid F (2002) Effect of NaCl and polyamines on plasma membrane lipids of wheat roots. Biol Plant 45:235–239
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405–410
Moschou PN, Paschalidis KA, Delis ID, Andriopoulou AH, Lagiotis GD, Yakoumakis DI, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA (2008) Spermidine exodus and oxidation in the apoplast induced by abiotic stress is responsible for H2O2 signatures that direct tolerance responses in tobacco. Plant Cell 20:1708–1724
Mutlu F, Bozcuk S (2007) Salinity-induced changes of free and bound polyamine levels in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) roots differing in salt tolerance. Pak J Bot 39:1097–1102
Ndayiragije A, Lutts S (2006) Exogenous putrescine reduces sodium and chloride accumulation in NaCl-treated calli of the salt-sensitive rice cultivar I Kong Pao. Plant Growth Regul 48:51–63
Ndayiragije A, Lutts S (2007) Long term exogenous putrescine application improves grain yield of a salt-sensitive rice cultivar exposed to NaCl. Plant Soil 291:225–238
Neily MH, Baldet P, Arfaoui I, Saito T, Qiu-li L, Asamizu E, Matsukura C, Moriguchi T, Ezura H (2011) Overexpression of apple spermidine synthase 1 (MdSPDS1) leads to significant salt tolerance in tomato plants. Plant Biotechnology 28:33–42
Nenova V (2008) Growth and mineral concentration of pea plants under different salinity levels and iron supply. Gen Appl Plant Physiol 34:189–202
Ogawa S, Mitsuya S (2012) S -methylmethionine is involved in the salinity tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana plants at germination and early growth stages. Physiol Plant 144:13–19
Pandolfi C, Pottosin I, Cuin T, Mancuso S, Shabala S (2010) Specificity of polyamine effects on NaCl-induced ion flux kinetics and salt stress amelioration in plants. Plant Cell Physiol 51:422–434
Pillai MA, Akiyama T (2004) Differential expression of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase gene involved in polyamine biosynthesis under low temperature stress in japonica and indica rice genotypes. Mol Gen Genom 271:141–149
Potters G, Horemans N, Jansen MAK (2010) The cellular redox state in plant stress biology – a charging concept. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:292–300
Prabhavathi VR, Rajam MV (2007) Polyamine accumulation in transgenic eggplant enhances tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses and fungal resistance. Plant Biotechnol 24:273–282
Qi Y-C, Wang F-F, Zhang H, Liu W-Q (2010) Overexpression of suadea salsa S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene promotes salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Acta Physiol Plant 32:263–269
Quinet M, Ndayiragije A, Lefèvre I, Lambillotte B, Dupont-Gillain CC, Lutts S (2010) Putrescine differently influences the effect of salt stress on polyamine metabolism and ethylene synthesis in rice cultivars differing in salt resistance. J Exp Bot 61:2719–2733
Rios-Gonzalez K, Erdei L, Lips SH (2002) The activity of antioxidant enzymes in maize and sunflower seedlings as affected by salinity and different nitrogen sources. Plant Sci 162:923–930
RodrÃguez AA, Maiale SJ, Menéndez AB, Ruiz OA (2009) Polyamine oxidase activity contributes to sustain maize leaf elongation under saline stress. J Exp Bot 60:4249–4262
RodrÃguez-Kessler M, Alpuche-SolÃs AG, Ruiz OA, Jiménez-Bremont JF (2006) Effect of salt stress on the regulation of maize (Zea mays L.) genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis. Plant Growth Regul 48:175–185
Roy M, Wu R (2001) Arginine decarboxylase transgene expression and analysis of environmental stress tolerance in transgenic rice. Plant Sci 160:869–875
Roy M, Wu R (2002) Overexpression of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase gene in rice increases polyamine level and enhances sodium chloride-stress tolerance. Plant Sci 163:987–992
Roy P, Niyogi K, Sen Gupta DN, Ghosh B (2005) Spermidine treatment to rice seedlings recovers salinity stress-induced damage of plasma membrane and PM-bound H+-ATPase in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice cultivars. Plant Sci 168:583–591
Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Sarkar SN, Sengupta DN (2008) Comparative physiological and molecular responses of a common aromatic indica rice cultivar to high salinity with non-aromatic indica rice cultivars. Plant Cell Rep 27:1395–1410
Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Sengupta DN (2011) Amelioration of salinity stress by exogenously applied spermidine or spermine in three varieties of indica rice differing in their level of salt tolerance. J Plant Physiol 168:317–328
Sagor GHM, Yamaguchi K, Watanabe K, Berberich T, Kusano T, Takahashi Y (2011) Spatio-temporal expression analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana spermine synthase gene promoter. Plant Biotechnol 28:407–411
Sakr MT, El-Metwally MA (2009) Alleviation of the harmful effects of soil salt stress on growth, yield and endogenous antioxidant content of wheat plant by application of antioxidants. Pak J Biol Sci 12:624–630
Saleethong P, Sanitchon J, Knog-ngern K, Theerakulpisut P (2011) Pretreatment with spermidine reverse inhibitory effects of salt stress in two rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivars differing in their tolerance. Asian J Plant Sci 10:245–254
Sanchez DH, Cuevas JC, Chiesa MA, Ruiz OA (2005) Free spermidine and spermine content in Lotus glaber under long-term salt stress. Plant Sci 168:541–546
Santa-Cruz A, Acosta M, Perez-Alfocea F, Bolarin MC (1997a) Changes in free polyamine levels induced by salt stress in leaves of cultivated and wild tomato species. Physiol Plant 101:341–346
Santa-Cruz A, Estan MT, Rus A, Bolarin MC, Acosta M (1997b) Effects of NaCl and mannitol iso-osmotic stresses on the free polyamine levels in leaf discs of tomato species differing in salt tolerance. J Plant Physiol 151:754–758
Santa-Cruz A, Perez-Alfocea F, Caro M, Acosta M (1998) Polyamines as short-term salt tolerance traits in tomato. Plant Sci 138:9–16
Sarjala T, Kaunisto S (2002) Potassium nutrition and free polyamines of Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh. Plant Soil 238:141–149
Šebela M, Radová A, Angelini R, Tavladoraki P, Frébort I, Pec P (2001) FAD-containing polyamine oxidases: a timely challenge for researchers in biochemistry and physiology of plants. Plant Sci 160:197–207
Shabala S, Cuin TA (2008) Potassium transport and plant salt tolerance. Physiol Plant 133:651–669
Shabala S, Cuin TA, Pottosin I (2007) Polyamines prevent NaCl-induced K+ efflux from pea mesophyll by blocking non-selective cation channels. FEBS Lett 581:1993–1999
Sheokand S, Kumari A, Sawhney V (2008) Effect of nitric oxide and putrescine on antioxidative responses under NaCl stress in chickpea plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plant 14:355–362
Shevyakova NI, Rakitin VY, Stetsenko LA, Aronova EE, Kuznetsov VV (2006) Oxidative stress and fluctuations of free and conjugated polyamines in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. under NaCl salinity. Plant Growth Regul 50:69–78
Shi K, Huang YY, Xia XJ, Zhang YL, Zhou YH, Yu JQ (2008) Protective role of putrescine against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water relation and nutritional imbalance in cucumber. J Plant Nutr 31:1820–1831
Shoresh M, Spivak M, Bernstein N (2011) Involvement of calcium-mediated effects on ROS metabolism in the regulation of growth improvement under salinity. Free Radical Biol Med 51:1221–1234
Slocum R (1991) Polyamine Biosynthesis in plants. In: Slocum RD, Flores HE (eds) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton/Ann Arbor/London, pp 23–40
Smith J, Burrit D, Bannister P (2001) Ultraviolet-B radiation leads to a reduction in free polyamines in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Growth Regul 35:289–294
Su GX, Bai X (2008) Contribution of putrescine degradation to proline accumulation in soybean leaves under salinity. Biol Plant 52:796–799
Szigeti Z, Lehoczki E (2003) A review of physiological and biochemical aspects of resistance to atrazine and paraquat in Hungarian weeds. Pest Manag Sci 59:451–458
Tanaka Y, Hibino T, Hayashi Y, Tanaka A, Kishitani S, Takabe T, Yokota S, Takabe T (1999) Salt tolerance of transgenic rice overexpressing yeast mitochondria Mn-SOD in chloroplast. Plant Sci 148:131–138
Tang W, Newton RJ (2005) Polyamines reduce salt-induced oxidative damage by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing lipid peroxidation in Virginia pine. Plant Growth Regul 46:31–43
Tassoni A, Franceschetti M, Bagni N (2008) Polyamines and salt stress response and tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana flowers. Plant Physiol Biochem 46:607–613
Tester M, Davenport R (2003) Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Ann Bot 91:503–527
Todorova D, Sergiev I, Alexieva V, Karanov E, Smith A, Hall M (2007) Polyamine content in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh during recovery after low and high temperature treatments. Plant Growth Regul 51:185–191
Todorova D, Moskova I, Sergiev I, Alexieva V, Mapelli S (2008) Changes in endogenous polyamines and some stress markers content induced by drought, 4PU-30 and abscisic acid in wheat plants. In: Khan N, Singh S (eds) Abiotic stress and plant responses. I.K. International Publishing House, New Delhi/Bangalore/Mumbai, pp 205–215
Tonon G, Kevers C, Faivre-Rampant O, Graziani M, Gaspar T (2004) Effect of NaCl and mannitol iso-osmotic stresses on proline and free polyamine levels in embryogenic Fraxinus angustifolia callus. J Plant Physiol 161:701–708
Turkan I, Demiral T (2008) Salinity tolerance mechanisms of higher plants. In: Khan N, Singh S (eds) Abiotic stress and plant responses. I. K. International Publishing House, New Delhi/Bangalore/Mumbai, pp 105–123
Upreti KK, Murti GSR (2010) Response of grape rootstocks to salinity: changes in root growth, polyamines and abscisic acid. Biol Plant 54:730–734
Urano K, Yoshiba Y, Nanjo T, Igarashi Y, Seki M, Sekiguchi F, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (2003) Characterization of Arabidopsis genes involved in biosynthesis of polyamines in abiotic stress responses and developmental stages. Plant Cell Environ 26:1917–1926
Urano K, Yoshiba Y, Nanjo T, Ito Y, Seki M, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (2004) Arabidopsis stress-inducible gene for arginine decarboxylase AtADC2 is required for accumulation of putrescine in salt tolerance. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 313:369–375
Verma S, Mishra SN (2005) Putrescine alleviation of growth in salt stressed Brassica juncea by inducing antioxidative defense system. J Plant Physiol 162:669–677
Waie B, Rajam MV (2003) Effect of increased polyamine biosynthesis on stress responses in transgenic tobacco by introduction of human S-adenosylmethionine gene. Plant Sci 164:727–734
Wen X-P, Pang X-M, Matsuda N, Kita M, Inoue H, Hao Y-J, Honda C, Moriguchi T (2008) Overexpression of the apple spermidine synthase gene in pear confers multiple abiotic stress tolerance by altering polyamine titers. Transgenic Res 17:251–263
Wi SJ, Kim WT, Park KY (2006) Overexpression of carnation S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene generates a broad-spectrum tolerance to abiotic stresses in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Cell Rep 25:1111–1121
Willadino L, Camara T, Boget N, Claparols I, Santos M, Torné JM (1996) Polyamine and free amino acid variations in NaCl-treated embryogenic maize callus from sensitive and resistant cultivars. J Plant Physiol 149:179–185
Xing SG, Yu BJ, Zhang WH, Liu YL (2007) Higher accumulation of g-aminobutyric acid induced by salt stress through stimulating the activity of diamine oxidases in Glycine max (L.) Merr. roots. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:560–566
Yamaguchi K, Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Imai A, Takahashi T, Michael AJ, Kusano T (2007) A protective role for the polyamine spermine against drought stress in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 352:486–490
Yamamoto A, Sawada H, Shim IS, Usui K, Fujihara S (2011) Effect of salt stress on physiological response and leaf polyamine content in NERICA rice seedlings. Plant Soil Environ 57:571–576
Zacchini M, de Agazio M (2004) Spread of oxidative damage and antioxidative response through cell layers of tobacco callus after UV-C treatment. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:445–450
Zapata PJ, Serrano M, Pretel MT, Amoros A, Botella MA (2003) Changes in ethylene evolution and polyamine profiles of seedlings of nine cultivars of Lactuca sativa L. in response to salt stress during germination. Plant Sci 164:557–563
Zapata PJ, Serrano M, Pretel MT, Amoros A, Botella MA (2004) Polyamines and ethylene changes during germination of different plant species under salinity. Plant Sci 167:781–788
Zapata PJ, Serrano M, Pretel MT, Botella MA (2008) Changes in free polyamine concentration induced by salt stress in seedlings of different species. Plant Growth Regul 56:167–177
Zhao FG, Qin P (2004) Protective effect of exogenous polyamines on root tonoplast function against salt stress in barley seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 42:97–103
Zhao FG, Sun C, Liu YL, Zhang WH (2003) Relationship between polyamine metabolism in roots and salt tolerance of barley seedlings. Acta Bot Sin 45:295–300
Zhao J, Shi G, Qiuhong Y (2008) Polyamines content and physiological and biochemical responses to ladder concentration of nickel stress in Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Backer leaves. Biometals 21:665–674
Zhu J-K (2001) Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 6:66–71
Zhu H, Ding GH, Fang K, Zhao FG, Qin P (2006) New perspective on the mechanism of alleviating salt stress by spermidine in barley seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 49:147–156
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to the National Science Fund of Republic Bulgaria – Grant DMU03/60.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Todorova, D., Katerova, Z., Sergiev, I., Alexieva, V. (2013). Role of Polyamines in Alleviating Salt Stress. In: Ahmad, P., Azooz, M., Prasad, M. (eds) Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4747-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4747-4_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4746-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4747-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)