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Determination of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Water and Edible Seeds Samples Using Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

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Abstract

A simple, fast, and effective salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) technique coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in water and edible seeds samples. Due to the polar nature of the 2,4-D molecules, LC analysis was performed on a CN stationary phase by using acetonitrile and acidic water as mobile phase. Extraction was achieved based on salting-out phenomenon. Affecting variables on the extraction efficiency of the 2,4-D, such as the solvent type and its volume, type of salt and its concentration, vortex time, and sample pH, have been investigated and optimized. The target analyte was successfully extracted by acetonitrile and sodium chloride as extracting solvent and salting-out agent, respectively. Under the optimized experimental conditions, calibration curve shows good linearity (r2 > 0.9957) and precision (RSD < 6.5%) in the concentration ranges of 1.0–10,000 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 82.0–95.0 % with RSD values less than 7.2%. The method was successfully applied for the extraction and determination of 2,4-D in several edible seeds and water samples.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad (Iran).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Rouhollah Heydari

  2. Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

    Rezvan Feyzianpour

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  1. Rouhollah Heydari
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  2. Rezvan Feyzianpour
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Correspondence to Rouhollah Heydari.

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Rouhollah Heydari declares that he has no conflict of interest. Rezvan Feyzianpour declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Heydari, R., Feyzianpour, R. Determination of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Water and Edible Seeds Samples Using Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Food Anal. Methods 14, 561–567 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01903-3

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