Summary
The Volvocales, an order of the green algal class Chlorophyceae, and the Streptophyte algae, the lineage that evolved into land plants, shared a common ancestor about one billion years ago. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas throughout) a unicellular member of the Volvocales, has traditionally been considered a strong model organism that has been probed with sophisticated tools and methodologies to elucidate numerous biological processes. Perhaps the most in-depth analyses of Chlamydomonas have focused on defining proteins and complexes involved in the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia); the latter are inherited from the common ancestor of animals and plants, but were lost during the evolution of land plants. This review emphasizes how Chlamydomonas has been used to elucidate a number of different activities associated with photosynthetic function. Many of these analyses were performed using classical genetic, biochemical and physiological approaches. However, recently, the DOE – Joint Genome Institute has sequenced the nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas (∼120 Mb) and has helped the community of researchers perform comparative genomic analyses. Comparisons of deduced Chlamydomonas proteins has identified a set of proteins specifically present in the green lineage and photosynthetic organisms, but not present in nonphotosynthetic organisms; this protein assemblage has been designated the GreenCut. Many proteins in the GreenCut are likely resident in the chloroplast and potentially associated with photosynthetic processes. Toward the end of this text we discuss the ways in which genomics has added a new dimension to our analyses of photosynthetic processes.
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Abbreviations
- A:
-
antheroxanthin
- ALAD:
-
δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
- BAC:
-
bacterial artificial chromosome
- CES:
-
control of epistasis of synthesis
- CGL:
-
refers to proteins of the GreenCut conserved in the green lineage organisms
- CGLD:
-
refers to proteins of the GreenCut conserved in the green lineage organisms and the diatoms
- Chl:
-
chlorophyll
- Chl+ :
-
chlorophyll cation
- CHLH1:
-
H subunit of Mg-chelatase
- CHLI1:
-
I subunit of the Mg-chelatase
- CTH1:
-
catalyzes the cyclase reaction in chlorophyll biosynthesis
- CP43:
-
chlorophyll binding antenna protein tightly bound to photosystem II
- CPXI:
-
coproporphyrinogen oxidase
- CRD:
-
an iron requiring cyclase involve in chlorophyll synthesis
- D1:
-
the rapidly turning over reaction center protein of photosystem II
- D2:
-
reaction center protein of photosystem II that associates with D1
- DEG:
-
protease involved in chloroplast biogenesis
- Fd:
-
ferredoxin
- Fe:
-
iron
- FNR:
-
ferredoxin NADP oxido-reductase
- FQR:
-
ferredoxin-quinone reductase
- FLU:
-
protein that regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis
- EST:
-
expressed sequence tag
- FTSH:
-
protease involved in the turnover of proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus
- GSA:
-
glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) aminotransferase
- GLK:
-
golden-like kinase transcriptional regulator
- HEMA:
-
glutamyl tRNA reductase
- IsiA:
-
antenna chlorophyll binding proteins synthesized during iron deprivation (similar to CP43)
- IsiB:
-
flavodoxin synthesized during iron deprivation
- JGI:
-
Joint Genome Institute
- LHC:
-
light harvesting complex
- LHCII:
-
light harvesting complex II
- LHCA:
-
light harvesting complex of photosystem I
- LHCB:
-
light harvesting proteins associated with photosystem II
- LHCSR:
-
protein in the light harvesting complex family that may be involved in photoprotection in Chlamydomonas
- MCA1:
-
protein required for stable accumulation of petA RNA
- Mg-ProtoIX:
-
Mg-protoporphyrin IX
- Mg-ProtoIXMe:
-
Mg-protoporphyrin IX-monomethylester
- NAB1:
-
forms a complex with mRNA encoding light harvesting proteins
- NDH1:
-
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
- OEE:
-
oxygen evolving complex
- PGR1 and PGR5:
-
protein thought to be part of the ferredoxin-quinone reductase complex
- NPQ:
-
non-photochemical quenching
- PetA:
-
cytochrome f
- PSI:
-
photosystem I
- PSII:
-
photosystem II
- PSAH or PSIH:
-
specific polypeptide associated with photosystem II
- PSA:
-
proteins associated with photosystem I (an additional letter indicates the subunit of the complex)
- PSB:
-
protein associated with photosystem II (an additional letter indicates the subunit of the complex)
- PSBS:
-
protein in the light harvesting family involved in qE-based quenching
- PQ:
-
plastoquinone
- qE:
-
quenching through the formation of an electrochemical gradient
- qI:
-
quenching through inhibition of photosystem II
- qT:
-
quenching through the formation of a state transition
- rbcL :
-
gene encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
- RNAi:
-
RNA interference
- RNA-seq:
-
new generation of RNA sequencing
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- RuBP:
-
carboxylase ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
- STN7:
-
Arabidopsis serine threonine protein kinase associated with state transition
- STN8:
-
Arabidopsis protein with homology to STN7
- STT7:
-
Chlamydomonas serine threonine protein kinase associated with state transition
- TCA1:
-
protein involved in the translation of petA mRNA
- TIC:
-
proteins on the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelop involved in transporting proteins into the chloroplast
- TOC:
-
proteins on outer inner membrane of the chloroplast envelop involved in transporting proteins into the chloroplast
- V:
-
violaxanthin
- Z:
-
zeaxanthin
- Z+ :
-
zeaxanthin cation
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Acknowledgments
Much of the genome analysis discussed in this manuscript could not have been performed without the help of Dan Rokhsar and Simon Prochnik, who are responsible for the Chlamydomonas genome project at DOE’s Joint Genome Institute. Aspects of the work presented were also supported by NSF grants MCB0235878, MCB0951094 and Department of energy grant DE-FG0207ER64427 awarded to ARG and by the Marie Curie OIF-6 APOSD grant (EU). SM acknowledges support from the Department of Energy (DE-FC03-02ER63421 and DE-FG02-07ER15229). SJK was supported in part by a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award GM07185.
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Grossman, A.R., González-Ballester, D., Bailey, S., Karpowicz, S.J., Merchant, S.S. (2012). Understanding Photosynthetic Electron Transport Using Chlamydomonas: The Path from Classical Genetics to High Throughput Genomics. In: Burnap, R., Vermaas, W. (eds) Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 33. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1533-2_6
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