Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acute and Chronic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Resistance Exercise

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Skeletal muscle tissue is sensitive to the acute and chronic stresses associated with resistance training. These responses are influenced by the structure of resistance activity (i.e. frequency, load and recovery) as well as the training history of the individuals involved. There are histochemical and biochemical data which suggest that resistance training alters the expression of myosin heavy chains (MHCs). Specifically, chronic exposure to bodybuilding and power lifting type activity produces shifts towards the MHC I and IIb isoforms, respectively. However, it is not yet clear which training parameters trigger these differential expressions of MHC isoforms. Interestingly, many programmes undertaken by athletes appear to cause a shift towards the MHC I isoform. Increments in the cross-sectional area of muscle after resistance training can be primarily attributed to fibre hypertrophy. However, there may be an upper limit to this hypertrophy. Furthermore, significant fibre hypertrophy appears to follow the sequence of fast twitch fibre hypertrophy preceding slow twitch fibre hypertrophy. Whilst some indirect measures of fibre number in living humans suggest that there is no interindividual variation, postmortem evidence suggests that there is. There are also animal data arising from investigations using resistance training protocols which suggest that chronic exercise can increase fibre number. Furthermore, satellite cell activity has been linked to myotube formation in the human.

However, other animal models (i.e. compensatory hypertrophy) do not support the notion of fibre hyperplasia. Even if hyperplasia does occur, its effect on the cross-sectional area of muscle appears to be small. Phosphagen and glycogen metabolism, whilst important during resistance activity appear not to normally limit the performance of resistance activity. Phosphagen and related enzyme adaptations are affected by the type, structure and duration of resistance training. Whilst endogenous glycogen reserves may be increased with prolonged training, typical isotonic training for less than 6 months does not seem to increase glycolytic enzyme activity. Lipid metabolism may be of some significance in bodybuilding type activity. Thus, not surprisingly, oxidative enzyme adaptations appear to be affected by the structure and perhaps the modality of resistance training. The dilution of mitochondrial volume and endogenous lipid densities appears mainly because of fibre hypertrophy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abernethy PJ. Interactions between strength and endurance training. PhD dissertation, The University of Queensland, Australia, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy PJ. Ammonia and lactate response to leg press work at different repetition maxima. Abstract. 1992 NSCA Australia National Conference. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 7: 187, 1993a

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy PJ. Influence of acute endurance activity on isokinetic strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 7: 141–146, 1993b

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy PJ, Quigley BM. Concurrent strength and endurance training of the elbow extensors. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, in press, 1994

  • Alway SE, Grumbt WH, Stray-Gundersen J, Gonyea WJ. Effects of resistance training on elbow flexors of highly competitive bodybuilders. Journal of Applied Physiology 72: 1512–1521, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appell H-J. Satellite cell activation in human skeletal muscle after training: evidence for muscle fibre neoformation. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 297–299, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appell H-J. Muscle morphology: effects of use and disuse. In Hargreaves (Ed.) Fatigue in sport and exercise, pp. 86–95, Footscray, 1990

  • Asmussen E, Nausen K, Nielson L, Techow OSA, Tonder P. Lactate production and anaerobic work capacity after prolonged exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 90: 731–742, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandy WD, Lovelace-Chandler V, McKitrick-Bandy B. Adaptation of skeletal muscle to resistance training. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 12: 248–255, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bar A, Pette D. Three fast myosin heavy chains in adult rat skeletal muscle. FEBS Letters 235: 153–155, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barany M. ATPase activity of myosin correlated with speed of muscle shortening. Journal of General Physiology 50: 197–216, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell D, Jacobs I. Muscle fibre-specific glycogen utilisation in strength-trained males and females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 649–654, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell D, Jacobs I. Muscle fibre area, fibre type and capillarization in male and female body builders. Canadian Journal of Sports Sciences 15: 115–119, 1990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billeter J, Heizmann CW, Howald H, Jenny E. Analysis of myosin light and heavy chain types in single human skeletal muscle fibers. European Journal of Biochemistry 116: 389–395, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biral D, Betto R, Danieli-Betto D, Salviati G. Myosin heavy chain composition of single fibres from normal human muscle. Biochemical Journal 250: 307–308, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodine SC, Roy RR, Eldred E, Edgerton VR. Maximal force as a function of anatomical features of motor units in the cat tibialis anterior. Journal of Neurophysiology 57: 1730–1745, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boobis L, Williams C, Wooton SA. Influence of sprint training on muscle metabolism during brief maximal exercise in man. Journal of Physiology 342: 36p–37p, 1983a

    Google Scholar 

  • Boobis L, Williams C, Wooton SA. Human muscle metabolism during brief maximal exercise. Journal of Physiology 338: 21p–22p, 1983b

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth FW, Thomason DB. Molecular and cellular adaptation of muscle in response to exercise: perspectives of various models. Physiological Reviews 71: 541–585, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottinelli R, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Force-velocity relations and myosin heavy chain isoform compositions of skinned fibres from rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology 437: 655–672, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottinelli R, Sandoli D, Canepari M, Reggiani C. Maximal isometric force and myosin heavy chain composition in single skinned skeletal muscle fibres from the rat. Pflugers Archiv — European Journal of Physiology 420: r193, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooke M, Kaiser K. Muscle fiber types. How many and what kind? Archives of Neurology 23: 369–379, 1970a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke M, Kaiser K. Three ‘myosin ATPase’ systems. The nature of their pH lability and sulflhydryl dependence. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 18: 670–672, 1970b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchthal F, Schmalbruch H. Motor unit of mammalian muscle. Physiological Review 60: 90–142, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabric M, Appell H-J. Effect of electrical stimulation of high and low frequency on maximum isometric force and some morphological characteristics in men. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8: 256–260, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carson JA, Roman WJ, Alway SE. Modulation of native fast myosin isoforms in the biceps brachii muscle after stretch-overloaded. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24: S107, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Chasiotis D, Sahlin K, Hultman E. Regulation of glycogenolysis in human muscle at rest and during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 53: 708–715, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham ME, Boobis LH, Brooks S, Williams C. Human muscle metabolism during sprint running. Journal of Applied Physiology 61: 54–60, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson PM, Kroll W, McBride TC. Maximal isometric strength and fiber type composition in power and endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology 44: 35–42, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colliander EB, Tesch PA. Effects of eccentric and concentric muscle actions in resistance training. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 140: 31–39, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costill DL, Coyle EF, Fink WF, Lesmes GR, Witzmann S. Adaptations in skeletal muscle following strength training. Journal of Applied Physiology 46: 96–99, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle EF, Feiring DC, Rotkis TC, Cote RW, Roby FB, et al. Specificity of power improvements through slow and fast isokinetic training. Journal of Applied Physiology 51: 1437–1442, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig BW, Lucas J, Pohlman R, Stelling H. The effects of running, weightlifting and a combination of both on growth hormone release. Journal of Applied Sports Science Research 5: 198–203, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Danieli-Betto D, Zerbato E, Betto R. Type 1, 2A and 2B myosin heavy chain electrophoretic analysis of rat muscle fibres. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 138: 981–987, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danieli-Betto D, Betto R, Midrio M. Calcium sensitivity and myofibrillar protein isoforms of rat skinned skeletal muscle fibres. Pflugers Archiv — European Journal of Physiology 417: 303–308, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darr KC, Schultz E. Exercise-induced satellite cell activation in growing and mature skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 63: 1816–1821, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dons B, Bollerup K, Bonde-Peterson F, Hancke S. The effect of weight-lifting exercise related to muscle fiber composition and muscle cross-sectional area in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 40: 95–106, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley GA, Djamil R. Incompatibility of endurance- and strength-training modes of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 54: 582–586, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley GA. Metabolic consequences of restive-type exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20 (Suppl. 5): s158–s161, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etemadi AA, Husseini F. Frequency and size of muscle fibres in athletic body builders. Anatomical Record 162: 269–274, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitts RH, McDonald KS, Schluter JM. The determinants of skeletal muscle force and power: their adaptability with changes in activity pattern. Journal of Biomechanics 24 (Suppl): 111–122, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O’Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans WJ. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology 64: 1038–1044, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gollnick PD, Karlsson J, Piehl K. Selective glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle fibres of man following sustained contractions. Journal of Physiology 241: 59–67, 1974a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gollnick PD, Piehl K, Saltin B. Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates. Journal of Physiology 241: 45–57, 1974b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gollnick PD, Timson BF, Moore RL, Riedy M. Muscular enlargement and number of fibers in skeletal muscles of rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 50: 936–943, 1981a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gollnick PD, Pernow B, Essen B, Jansson E, Saltin B. Availability of glycogen and plasma FFA for subtrate utilization in leg muscle of man during exercise. Clinical Physiology 1: 27–42, 1981b

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gollnick PD, Parsons D, Riedy M, Moore RL, Timson DJ. An evaluation of mechanisms modulating muscle size in response to varying perturbations. In Borer et al. (Eds) Frontiers of exercise biology, pp. 27–50, Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign 1983a

    Google Scholar 

  • Gollnick PD, Parsons D, Riedy M, Moore RL. Fibre number and size in overloaded chicken anterior latissimus dorsi muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 54: 1292–1297, 1983b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea WJ, Ericson GC. An experimental model for the study of exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Journal of Applied Physiology 40: 630–633, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea WJ, Ericson GC, Bonde-Petersen F. Skeletal muscle fiber splitting induced by weight-lifting exercise in cats. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 99: 105–109, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea WJ. Role of exercise in inducing increases in skeletal muscle fiber number. Journal of Applied Physiolology 48: 421–426, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea WJ. Skeletal muscle growth induced by strength training. In Borer et al. (Eds) Frontiers of exercise biology, pp. 15–26, Human Kinetics Publisher, Champaign, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea WJ, Sale DG, Gonyea FB, Mikesky A. Exercise induced increases in muscle fiber number. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55: 137–141, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greaser ML, Moss RL, Reiser PJ. Variations in contractile properties of rabbit single muscle fibres in relation to troponin and myosin light chains. Journal of Physiology 406: 85–98, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green HJ. Myofibrillar composition and mechanical function in mammalian skeletal muscle. Sciences Reviews 1: 43–64, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory P, Low RB, Stirewalt WS. Changes in skeletal-muscle myosin isoenzymes with hypertrophy and exercise. Biochemical Journal 238: 55–63, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimby G, Bjorntorp P, Fahlen M, Hoskins TA, Hook O, et al. Metabolic effects of isometric training. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation 31: 301–305, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haggmark T, Jansson E, Svane B. Cross-sectional area of the thick muscle in man measured by computed tomography. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation 38: 355–360, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakkinen K, Komi PV. Muscle hypertrophy in body builders. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 44: 35–42, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakkinen K, Komi PV, Tesch PA. Effect of combined concentric and eccentric strength training and detraining on force-time, muscle fibre, and metabolic characteristics of leg extensor muscles. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences 3: 50–58, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris RC, Edwards RHT, Hultman E, Nordsjo LO, Nyland B, et al. The time course of phosphoryl creatine resynthesis during recovery of the quadriceps muscle in men. Pflugers Archiv — European Journal of Physiology 367: 137–142, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hather B, Tesch P, Buchanan P, Dudley G. Eccentric actions and skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23: S130, 1991a

    Google Scholar 

  • Hather BM, Tesch PA, Buchanan P, Dudley GA. Influence of eccentric actions on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 143: 177–185, 1991b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hather B, Adams G, Baldwin K, Dudley G. Biochemical confirmation of histochemically determined fiber type transformation in human skeletal muscle. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24: S126, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickson RC. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Journal of Applied Physiology 45: 255–263, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirvonen J, Rehunen S, Rusko H, Harkonen M. Breakdown of high-energy phosphate compounds and lactate accumulation during short suprarnaximal exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 56: 253–259, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho KW, Roy RR, Tweedle CD, Heusner WW, Van Huss WD, et al. Skeletal muscle fibre splitting with weight lifting exercise in rats. American Journal of Anatomy 157: 433–440, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houston ME, Froese EA, Valeriote SP, Green HJ, Ranney DA. Muscle performance, morphology and metabolic capacity during strength training and detraining: a one leg model. European Journal of Applied Physiology 51: 25–35, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs I, Kaiser P, Tesch P. Muscle strength and fatigue after selective glycogen depletion in human skeletal muscle fibres. European Journal of Applied Physiology 46: 47–53, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs I, Bar-Or O, Karlsson J, Dotan R, Tesch P. Changes in muscle metabolism in females with 30-s exhaustive exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14: 457–460, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson E, Dudley GA, Norman B, Tesch PA. ATP and IMP in single muscle fibres after high intensity exercise. Clinical Physiology 7: 337–345, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenny E, Weber H, Lutz H, Billeter R. Fiber populations in rabbit skeletal muscles from birth to old age. In Pette (Ed.) Plasticity of Muscle, pp. 97–109, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolesz F, Streter FA. Development, innervation, and activity-pattern induced changes in skeletal muscle. Annual Reviews of Physiology 43: 531–552, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karapondo D, Staron R, Hagerman F. The time course for fast-twitch fiber type conversions in resistance trained men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23: S130, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson J, Nordesco LO, Jorfeldt L, Saltin B. Muscle lactate, ATP and CP levels during exercise after physical training in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 33: 194–203, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson J, SjodinB, Thorstensson A, Hulten B, Frith K. LDH isoenzymes in skeltal muscles of endurance and strength trained athletes. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 93: 150–156, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz A, Sahlin K, Henriksson J. Muscle ammonia metabolism during isometric contraction in humans. American Journal of Physiology 250: c834–c840, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keul J, Haralambie G, Bruder M, Gottstein H-J. The effect of weight lifting exercise on heart rate and metabolism in experienced weight lifters. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 10: 13–15, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klitgaard H, Bergman O, Betto R, Salviati G, Schiaffino S, et al. Co-existence of myosin heavy chain I and IIa isoforms in human skeletal muscle fibres with endurance training. Pflugers Archiv— European Journal of Physiology 416: 470–472, 1990a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klitgaard H, Zhou M, Schiaffino S, Betto R, Salviati G, et al. Aging alters the myosin heavy chain composition of single fibres from human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 140: 55–62, 1990b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klitgaard H, Zhou M, Richter EA. Myosin heavy chain compostion of single fibres from m. biceps brachii of male bodybuiders. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 140: 175–180, 1990c

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komi PV, Viitasalo JHT, Havu M, Thorstensson SA, Sjodin B, et al. Skeletal muscle fibers and muscle enzyme activities in monozygous and dizygous twins of both sexes. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 100: 385–392, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komi PV, Viitasalo J, Rauramaa R, Vihko V. Effect of isometric strength training on mechanical, electrical and metabolic aspects of muscle function. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 52: 104–106, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Krotkiewski M, Aniansson G, Grimby P, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L. The effect of unilateral isokinetic strength training on local adipose and muscle tissue morphology, thickness and enzymes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 42: 181–271, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFramboise WA, Daod M, Guthrie RD, Moretti P, Schiaffino S, et al. Electrophoretic separation and immunological identification of type 2X myosin heavy chain in rat skeletal muscle. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1035: 109–112, 1990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson L, Tesch PA. Motor unit fibre density in extremely hypertrophied skeletal muscle in men: muscle electrophysiological signs of fibre hyperplasia. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55: 130–136, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson L, Edstrom L, Lindegren B, Gorza L, Schiaffino S. MHC composition and enzyme-histochemical and physiological properties of a novel fast-twitch motor unit type. American Journal of Physiology 261: c93–cl01, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesmes GR, Costill DL, Coyle EF, Fink WJ. Muscle strength and power changes during maximal isokietic training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 10: 266–269, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lexell J, Henriksson-Larsen K, Sjostrom M. Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscles. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 117: 115–122, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovind-Andersen J, Klitgaard H, Bangsbo J, Saltin B. Myosin heavy chain expression in human skeletal muscle of elite soccer players: effect of strength training. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 143: 24a, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall JD, Ward GR, Sale DG, Sutton JR. Biochemical adaptation of human skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training and immobilization. Journal of Applied Physiology 43: 700–703, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall JD, Sale DG, Moroz JR, Elder GCB, Sutton JR, et al. Mitochondrial volume density in human skeletal muscle following heavy resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11: 164–166, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall JD, Elder GCB, Sale DG, Moroz JR, Sutton JR. Effects of strength training and immobilization on human muscle fibres. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 43: 25–34, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall JD, Sale DG, Elder GCB, Sutton JR. Muscle ultrastructural characteristics of elite powerlifters and bodybuilders. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 48: 117–126, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall JD, Sale DG, Alway SE, Sutton JR. Muscle fiber number in biceps brachii in bodybuilders and control subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology 57: 1399–1403, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall JD. Morphological changes in human skeletal muscle following strength training and immobilization. In Jones & McComas (Eds) Human muscle power, pp. 269–288, Human Kinetics, Champaign, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Maughan RJ. Relationship between muscle strength and muscle cross-sectional area. Implications for training. Sports Medicine 1: 263–269, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AEJ, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Sale DG. Gender differences in strength in muscle fiber characteristics. European Journal of Applied Physiology 66: 254–262, 1993

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Loy SF, Silvester LJ, Conlee RK. Consequences of combining strength and endurance training regimens. Physical Therapy 70: 287–294, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nygaard E, Houston M, Suzuki Y, Jorgensen K, Saltin B. Morphology of the brachial biceps muscle and elbow flexion in men. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 117: 287–292, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oakley CR, Gollnick PD. Conversion of rat muscle fiber types. Histochemistry 83: 555–560, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Periasamy M, Gregory P, Martin BJ, Stirewalt WS. Regulation of myosin heavy chain gene expression during skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Biochemical Journal 257: 691–698, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pette D. Activity-induced fast to slow transitions in mammalian muscle. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16: 517–528, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew FP, Noble EG. Shifts in rat plantaris motor unit characteristics with aging and compensatory overload. Journal of Applied Physiology 71: 2363–2368, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince FP, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC. Human muscle fiber types in power lifters, distance runners and untrained subjects. Pflugers Archiv — European Journal of Physiology 363: 19–26, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiser PJ, Moss RL, Giulian GG, Greaser ML. Shortening velocity in single fibers from adult rabbit soleus muscles is correlated with myosin heavy chain composition. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260: 9077–9080, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitsma W. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after heavy exercise in rats with surgically reduced muscle function. American Journal of Physical Medicine 48: 237–258, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robergs RA, Pearson DR, Costill DL, Pascoe DD, Fink WJ, et al. Glycogen metabolism during and following weight-resistance exercise of different intensities. Journal of Applied Sport Sciences Research 4: 106, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Sale DG, MacDougall JD, Jacobs I, Garner S. Interaction between concurrent strength and endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 68: 260–270, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sale DG, Marten JE, Moroz DE. Hypertrophy without increased isometric strength after weight training. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 64: 51–55, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saltin B, Henriksson J, Nygaard E, Anderson P, Jansson E. Fibre types and metabolic potentials of skeletal muscle in sedentary men and endurance runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 301: 3–29, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salviati G, Betto R, Danieli-Betto D. Polymorphism of myofibrillar proteins of rabbit skeletal muscle fibres. Biochemical Journal 207: 261–272, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schantz P. Capillary supply in hypertrophied human skeletal musle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 114: 635–637, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schantz P, Randall-Fox E, Hutchinson W, Tyden A, Astrand PO. Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross-sectional area and maximal voluntary strength in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 117: 219–226, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiaffino S, Ausoni S, Gorza L, Saggin L, Gundersen K, et al. Myosin heavy chain isoforms and velocity of shortening of type 2 skeletal muscle fibres. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 134: 575–576, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenkman BS, Saraeva LA. Relationship of various types of fibres in skeletal muscle as a factor affecting the efficacy of endurance training sports. Training, Medicine and Rehabilitation 1: 101–105, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman WM, Armstrong LE, Murray TM, Hagerman FC, Costill DL, et al. Effect of a 42.2 km footrace and subsequent rest or exercise on muscular strength and work capacity. Journal of Applied Physiology 57: 1668–1673, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjostrom M, Lexell J, Eriksson A, Taylor CC. Evidence of fibre hyperplasia in human skeletal muscles from healthy young men? European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 62: 301–304, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS. The effects of detraining on an elite power lifter. Journal of Neurological Sciences 51: 247–257, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC. Myofibrillar ATPase activity in human muscle fast-twitch subtypes. Histochemistry 78: 405–408, 1983a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC. Re-evaluation of human muscle fast-twitch subtypes: evidence for a continuum. Histochemistry 78: 33–39, 1983b

    Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC, Dudley GA, Murray TF. Human skeletal muscle fiber type adaptability to various workloads. Journal of Histochemical Cytochemistry 32: 146–154, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Pette D. Correlation between myofibrillar ATPase activity and myosin heavy chain composition in rabbit muscle fibers. Histochemistry 86: 19–23, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Pette D. The multiplicity of combinations of myosin light chains and heavy chains in histochemically typed single fibres. Rabbit soleus muscle. Biochemical Journal 243: 687–693, 1987a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Pette D. The multiplicity of combinations of myosin light chains and heavy chains in histochemically typed single fibres. Rabbit anterior muscle. Biochemical Journal 243: 695–699, 1987b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Malicky ES, Leonardi MJ, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC et al. Muscle hypertrophy and foot fibre type conversions in heavy resistance-trained women. European Journal of Applied Physiology 60: 71–79, 1990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Leonardi MJ, Karapondo DL, Malicky ES, Falkel JE, et al. Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance-trained women after detraining and retraining. Journal of Applied Physiology 70: 631–640, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staron RS, Hikida RS. Histochemical, biochemical, and ultra-structural analyses of single human muscle fibres, with special reference to the C-fibre population. Journal of Histochemical Cytochemistry 40: 563–568, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura T, Morimoto A, Murakami N. Effects of endurance training on myosin heavy chain isoforms and enzyme activity in the rat diaphragm. Pflugers Archiv — European Journal of Physiology 421: 77–81, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney HL, Kushmerick MJ, Maberchi K, Sreter FA, Gergely J. Myosin alkali light chain and heavy chain variations correlate with altered shortening velocity of isolated skeletal muscle fibers. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263: 9034–9039, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swynghedauw B. Developmental and functional adaptation of contractile proteins in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Physiological Reviews 66: 710–771, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamaki T, Uchiyama S, Nakano S. A weight-lifting exercise model for inducing hypertrophy in the hindlimb muscles of rats. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24: 881–886, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AW, Essen B, Saltin B. Myosin ATPase in skeletal muscle of healthy men. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 91: 568–570, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor NAS, Wilkinson JG. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle growth. Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Sports Medicine 3: 190–200, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Termin A, Staron RS, Pette D. Myosin heavy chain isoforms in histochemically defined fiber types of rat muscle. Histochemistry 92: 453–457, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Larsson L. Muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 49: 301–306, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Wright JE, Daniels WL, Sjodin B. Physical performance and muscle metabolic characteristics. In Knuttgen et al. (Eds) Biochemistry of exercise, pp. 258–263, Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign, 1983 a

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Komi PV, Jacobs I, Karlsson J, Viitasalo JT. Influence of lactate accumulation on EMG frequency spectrum during repeated concentric contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 119: 61–67, 1983b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Lindberg S. Blood lactate accumulation during arm exercise in world class kayak paddlers and strength trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 52: 441–445, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Karlsson J. Muscle fiber types and size in trained and untrained muscles of elite athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 59: 1716–1720, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Colliander EB, Kaiser P. Muscle metabolism during intense, heavy-resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55: 362–366, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Komi PV, Hakkinen K. Enzymatic adaptations consequent to long-term strength training. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8: 66–69, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA. Skeletal muscle adaptations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20: s132–s134, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch PA, Thorsson A, Essen-Gustavsson B. Enzyme activities of FT and ST muscle fibres in heavy-resistance trained athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology 67: 83–87, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorstensson A, Hulten B, Dobeln W, Karlsson J. Effect of strength training on enzyme activities and fibre characteristics in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 96: 392–398, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorstensson A, Karlsson J. Fatiguability and fibre composition of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 98: 318–322, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timson BF. Evaluation of animal models for the study of exercise-induced muscle enlargement. Journal of Applied Physiology 69: 1935–1945, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsika RW, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM. Interaction of compensatory overload and hindlimb suspension on myosin isoform expression. Journal of Applied Physiolgy 62: 2180–2186, 1987a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsika RW, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM. Time course adaptations in rat skeletal muscle isomyosins during compensatory growth and regression. Journal of Appied Physiology 63: 2111–2121, 1987b

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viitasalo JT, Komi PV. Force time characteristics and fibre composition in human extensor muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 40: 7–15, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner PD, Giniger E. Hydrolysis of ATP and reversible binding to F-actin by myosin heavy chains free of all light chains. Nature 292: 560–562, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weeds A. Myosin light chains, polymorphism and fibre types in skeletal muscles. In Pette (Ed.) Plasticity of muscle, pp. 55–68, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Whalen RG. Myosin isoenzymes as molecular markers for muscle physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 115: 43–53, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarasheski KE, Lemon PWR, Gilloteaux J. Effect of heavy-resistance exercise training on muscle fiber composition in young rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 69: 434–437, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young A. The relative isometric strength of type I and type II muscle fibres in the human quadriceps. Clinical Physiology 4: 23–32, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia

    Peter J. Abernethy, Jaak Jürimäe & Peter A. Logan

  2. Faculty of Kinesiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

    Albert W. Taylor

  3. School of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

    Robert E. Thayer

Authors
  1. Peter J. Abernethy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jaak Jürimäe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter A. Logan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Albert W. Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Robert E. Thayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Abernethy, P.J., Jürimäe, J., Logan, P.A. et al. Acute and Chronic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Resistance Exercise. Sports Med. 17, 22–38 (1994). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199417010-00003

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199417010-00003

Keywords

Search

Navigation