Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by insufficient responses to insulin, is the most prevalent type of metabolic disorder, and it is estimated that over 344 million people are currently affected by this disease worldwide [1, 2]. So far, the exact pathogenesis of T2DM is still not fully understood. However, past genome-wide association studies already identified over 100 genetic loci that were significantly associated with an increased susceptibility to T2DM, which supported that inherit factors were crucial for its occurrence and development [3, 4].

Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene encodes T cell transcription factor 4, a transcription factor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that is vital for embryogenesis of the pancreas islet and regulation of blood glucose [5, 6]. Recently, some genome-wide association studies found that TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism could significantly affect individual susceptibility to T2DM in certain populations [7, 8]. Since then, many genetic association studies were performed in diverse populations to estimate potential associations between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM, with inconsistent results. In 2018, Ding et al. [9] already performed a meta-analysis to assess association between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM, but only 28 studies were included by the authors and many eligible studies were missed. Therefore, we conducted an updated meta-analysis of all relevant studies published before May 2019 to more comprehensively analyze the effects of TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism on individual susceptibility to T2DM in a larger pooled population.

Methods

The current meta-analysis was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement [10].

Literature search and inclusion criteria

Potentially relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Medline and Web of Science using the following key words: “TCF7L2”, “Transcription Factor 7 Like 2”, “polymorphism”, “variant”, “mutation”, “SNP”, “genotype”, “allele”, “type 2 diabetes”, “type II diabetes” and “T2DM”. The initial literature search was performed in January 2019 and the latest update was finished in May 2019. Moreover, we also screened the references of all retrieved articles to identify other potential relevant studies.

Included studies must meet all the following criteria: (1) genetic association studies on associations between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM in human beings; (2) provide genotypic/allelic frequency of TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism in cases and controls; (3) full text in English available. For duplicate reports, only the most complete one was included. Studies were excluded if one of the following criteria was fulfilled: (1) not about TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM; (2) studies that were not performed in human beings; (3) case reports or case series; (4) reviews, comments and conference presentations.

Data extraction and quality assessment

The following data were extracted from included studies: (1) Last name of first author; (2) Year of publication; (3) Country where the study was conducted and ethnicity of study participants; (4) type of disease; (5) the number of cases and controls; and (6) genotypic/allelic distributions of TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism in cases and controls. The probability value (p value) of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was also calculated. When necessary, we wrote to the corresponding authors for extra information. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS) to assess the quality of eligible studies [11]. This scale has a score range of zero to nine, and studies with a score of more than seven were thought to be of high quality. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Any disagreement between two reviewers was solved by discussion until a consensus was reached.

Statistical analyses

We used Review Manager Version 5.3.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Software Update) to conduct statistical analyses. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate strength of associations between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM in dominant, recessive, over-dominant and allele models. Statistical significances of pooled analyses were determined by the Z test, with a p value of 0.05 or less was defined as statistically significant. I2 statistics were employed to assess between-study heterogeneities. If I2 was greater than 50%, random-effect models (REMs) would be used to pool the data on account of significant heterogeneities. Otherwise, fixed-effect models (FEMs) would be used for synthetic analyses. Subgroup analyses by ethnicity of participants were subsequently performed to evaluate effects of ethnic background on investigated genetic associations. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to test the stability of pooled results by omitting one study each time and re-perform analyses based on the results of the remaining studies. Publication biases were evaluated with funnel plots.

Results

Characteristics of included studies

The initial literature search found 946 potential relevant articles. After exclusion of irrelevant and duplicate articles by reading titles and abstracts, 278 potentially relevant articles were retrieved for eligibility assessment. Another 210 articles were subsequently excluded after reading the full text. Finally, a total of 68 studies that met the inclusion criteria of our meta-analysis were included (Fig. 1). Baseline characteristics of included studies were shown in Table 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flowchart of study selection for the present study

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Table 1 The characteristics of included studies
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TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM

The results of overall and subgroup analyses were summarized in Table 2. Totally 68 studies with 115,809 subjects were included for analyses, the pooled analyses showed that TCF7L2 rs7903146 (dominant model: p < 0.0001, OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.63–0.70; recessive model: p < 0.0001, OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.56–1.73; over-dominant model: p < 0.0001, OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.21–1.34; allele model: p < 0.0001, OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.68–0.74) polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to T2DM in overall population. Further subgroup analyses revealed similar significant findings in both Asians and Caucasians (Table 2).

Table 2 Results of overall and subgroup analyses
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Sensitivity analyses

We performed sensitivity analyses by deleting one individual study each time to test the effects of individual study on pooled results. No any altered results were observed in overall and subgroup comparisons, which indicated that our findings were statistically robust.

Publication biases

We used funnel plots to assess publication biases. We did not find obvious asymmetry of funnel plots in any comparisons, which suggested that our findings were unlikely to be impacted by severe publication biases (Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

Discussion

Despite prominent advancements achieved in drug therapy over the last few decades, T2DM and its associated vascular complications are still leading causes of death and disability around the world [12, 13]. The exact cause of T2DM is still largely unclear in spite of extensive explorations. However, the obvious familial aggregation tendency of T2DM indicated that genetic factors played significant parts in its pathogenesis [14]. Thus, identify genetic biomarkers is of particularly importance for an early diagnosis and a better prognosis of T2DM patients.

TCF7L2, a box-containing transcription factor that is vital for blood glucose homeostasis, is considered to act through regulation of proglucagon gene expression in enteroendocrine cells via the Wnt signaling pathway [15], and pre-clinical studies also found that TCF7L2 expression is positively associated with insulin gene expression in human islets [16]. Considering the vital role of TCF7L2 in regulating blood glucose, many genetic association studies were performed in diverse populations to investigate whether functional TCF7L2 polymorphisms could impact individual susceptibility to T2DM. To our knowledge, this is to date the most comprehensive meta-analysis on association between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM, and our pooled analyses suggested that TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism was significantly associated with T2DM in both Asians and Caucasians. The stabilities of synthetic results were evaluated by sensitivity analyses, and no alterations of results were observed in any comparisons, which suggested that our findings were statistically robust. Significant heterogeneities were detected for dominant and allele comparisons, thus pooled analyses for these two genetic models were performed with REMs. But in further subgroup analyses, an obvious reduction tendency of heterogeneity was found in both Asians and Caucasians, which suggested that differences in ethnic background could largely explain observed heterogeneities between studies. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the obvious heterogeneities existed among included studies indicated that the distribution of TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism varies greatly from population to population. Therefore, the genetic association between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM may be ethnic-specific, and we should not generalize the subgroup analyses results to a broader population.

There are several points that need to be pointed out about the current study. First, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms of our positive findings remains to be explored, but we speculated that TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism may lead to alternations in gene expression or changes in protein structure, which may subsequently affect biological functions of TCF7L2, impact insulin secretion or decrease sensitivity to insulin, and ultimately affect individual susceptibility to T2DM. Second, the pathogenic mechanism of T2DM is extremely complex, and hence despite our positive findings, it is unlikely that a single gene polymorphism could significantly contribute to its development, and thus we strongly recommend further studies to perform haplotype analyses and explore potential gene–gene interactions [17, 18]. Third, to more precisely measure the effects of certain genetic factors on disease occurrence and development, gene-environmental interactions should also be considered. However, since included studies only focused on the effects of TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism on individual susceptibility to T2DM, such analyses were not applicable in the current meta-analysis. But to better elucidate the underlying pathogenesis mechanisms of T2DM, future studies should try to investigate the interaction of TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms with potential pathogenic environmental factors such as unhealthy diets or lack of exercise [19]. Our meta-analysis certainly has some limitations. Firstly, although methodology qualities of included studies were generally good, it should be noted that we did not have access to genotypic distributions of investigated polymorphisms according to base characteristics of study subjects. Therefore, our results were derived from unadjusted estimations, and failure to conduct further adjusted analyses for baseline characteristics of participants such as age, gender and co-morbidity conditions may influence the veracity of our findings [20, 21]. Secondly, significant heterogeneities were detected in certain subgroup comparisons, which indicated that the inconsistent results of included studies could not be fully explained by differences in ethnic background, and other unmeasured characteristics of participants may also partially attribute to between-study heterogeneities [22]. Thirdly, since only published articles were eligible for analyses, although funnel plots revealed no obvious publication biases, we still could not rule out the possibility of potential publication biases [23]. Taken these limitations into consideration, the results of the current study should be interpreted with caution.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our findings indicated that TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism was significantly associated with altered susceptibility to T2DM in both Asians and Caucasians. These results supported that this polymorphism may be used to identify individuals at high risk of developing T2DM in Asians and Caucasians. Further well-designed studies need to explore possible associations between other TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms and T2DM.