Abstract
In the present investigation, a suitable technology for biodegradation of lignin using laccase with the help of mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) for enhancing the degradation has been attempted. The results showed that biodegradation of lignin at the level of 91–98% could be achieved for different concentrations of laccase with optimized parameters of 5.0 mM HOBT at pH 7.0 and temperature at 32°C within 24 h. UV analysis confirmed the disappearance of the original peak indicating the break-down of aromatic content of lignin to smaller components. Thermo-gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric (TGA-DSC) analysis showed thermal stability of the compound while decomposing through six steps, at 137, 257, 417, 586, 699 and 759°C, leaving a final residue of about 46%. The DSC experiment recorded the starting of thermal denaturing temperature as 83.83°C. Results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis detected the presence of hydroxyl group (at 2939–3420 cm−1), C=C, C-H, C-N and C-S stretching at 1505–1595 cm−1, 1212 cm−1, 2597–3272 cm−1, indicating presence of phenolic and carboxylic acid groups during degradation. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) confirmed the formation of various intermediates. Reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) at the level of 84 and 80% were observed, respectively. The present investigation is very useful in treating wastewater containing lignin.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahammed S (2002) Production and characterization of lignin peroxidases from mangrove ascomycetes, PhD thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology
Alcalde M, Ferrer M, Plou FJ, Ballesteros A (2006) Environmental biocatalysis: from remediation with enzymes to novel green process. Trends Biotechnol 24:281–287
Almansa E, Kandelbauer A, Pereira L, Cavaco-Paulo A, Guebitz GM (2004) Influence of structure on dye degradation with laccase mediator systems. Biocatal Biotransform 22:315–324
Ball AS, Betts WB, McCarthy AG (1989) Degradation of lignin-related compounds by actinomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1642–1646
Chakar FS, Ragauskas AJ (1999) Fundamental investigation of laccase mediator delignification on high lignin content kraft pulps. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, vol 1 (Yokohama, Japan), pp 566–570
Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE (1995) Standard methods of the examination of water and waste water. The American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington
Edward SL, Raag R, Wariishi H, Gold MH, Poulos TL (1993) Crystal structure of lignin peroxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:750–754
Eggert C, Temp U, Eriksson KE (1997) Laccase is essential for lignin degradation by the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. FEBS Lett 407:89–92
Hatakka A (1994) Lignin-modifying enzyme from selected white-rot fungi: production and role in lignin degradation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 13:125–135
Kanagaraj J, Senthilvelan T, Panda RC (2015a) Degradation of azo dyes by laccase: biological method to reduce pollution load in dye waste water. Clean Techn Environ Policy 17:1443–1456
Kanagaraj J, Senthilvelan T, Panda RC (2015b) Biodegradation of azo dyes in industrial effluent: an eco-friendly way toward green technology. Clean Techn Environ Policy 17:331–341
Kandelbauer A, Erlacher A, Cavaco-paulo A, Guebitz GM (2004) Laccase-catalyzed decolorization of the synthetic azo-dye diamond black PV 200 and of some structurally related derivatives. Biocatal Biotransform 22(5/6):331–339
Kirk TK (1987) Lignin-degrading enzymes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 321:461–474
Lipin DMS, Misra CM, Thankamani V (2016) Characterization of lignin-degrading enzymes (LDEs) from a dimorphic novel fungus and identification of products of enzymatic breakdown of lignin. Biotech 3(6):56–65
Mikolasch A, Schauer F (2009) Fungal laccases as tools for the synthesis of new hybrid molecules and biomaterials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 82:605–624
Mousavioun P, Halley PJ, Doherty WOS (2013) Thermophysical properties and rheology of PHB/lignin blends. Ind Crop Prod 50:270–275
Nayanashree G, Thippeswamy B (2015) Natural rubber degradation by laccase and manganese peroxidase enzymes of Penicillium chrysogenum. Int J Environ Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13762-014-0636-6
Nishimura M, Ooi O, Davies J (2006) Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K capable of degrading lignin-related aromatic compounds. J Biosci Bioeng 102:124–127
Piontek K, Antorini M, Choinowski T (2002) Crystal structure of a laccase from the fungus Trametes versicolor at 1.90-Å resolution containing a full complement of coppers. J Biol Chem 277:37663–37669
Pometto AL, Crawford DL (1986) Effect of pH on lignin and cellulose degradation by Streptomyces viridosporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 52:246–250
Ramachandra M, Crawford DL, Pometto AL (1996) Decomposition of 14C-labelled lignin and phenols by a Nocardia sp. Arch Microbiol 114:149–153
Raveendran K, Ganesh A, Khilar KC (1996) Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass components. Fuel 75:987–998
Rodroguez A, Falcon MA, Carnicero A, Perestelo F, De la Fuente G, Trojanowsk J (1996) Laccase activities of Penicillium chrysogenum in relation to lignin degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 45:399–403
Rodroguez A, Carnicero A, Perestelo de la Fuente G, Milstein O, Falcon A (1994) Effect of Penicillium chrysogenum on lignin transformation. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2971–2976
Ruiz-uenas FJ, Martinez AT (2009) Microbial degradation of lignin: how a bulky recalcitrant polymer is efficiently recycled in nature and how we can take advantage of this. Microb Biotechnol 2:164–177
Sealey J, Ragauskas AJ (1998) Investigation of laccase/N- hydroxybenzotriazole delignification of kraft pulp. J Wood Chem Technol 18:403–416
Senthilvelan T, Kanagaraj J, Panda RC (2016) Recent trends in fungal laccase for various industrial applications: an eco-friendly approach-a review. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 21:19–38
Singh D, Chen S (2008) The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium: conditions for the production of lignin-degrading enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 81:399–417
Thurston CF (1994) The structure and function of fungal laccases. Microbiology 140(1):19–26
Tien M, Kirk TK (1983) Lignin-degrading enzymes from himenomycete Phanerochaete chrysospor Burds. Science 221:661–663
Tuomela M, Vikman M, Hatakka A, Itavaar M (2000) Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review. Bioresour Technol 72:169–183
Tuor U, Winterhalter K, Fiechter A (1995) Enzymes of white-rot fungi involved in lignin degradation and ecological determinants for wood decay. J Biotechnol 41:1–17
Vedhanayagam M, Teddy TK, Sreeram KJ, Rao JR, Nair U (2015) Value added leather auxiliaries from paper and pulp industry waste. J Am Leather Chem Assoc 110:295–301
WHO (1997) In IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans, vol 69. International agency for research on cancer, World Health Organisation, Lyon, France
Yang L, Hu T, Wu Z, Zeng G, Huang D, YingShen XH, Lai M, He Y (2014) Study on biodegradation process of lignin by FTIR and DSC. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:14004–14013
Yang XQ, Zhao XX, Liu CY, Zheng Y, Qian SJ (2009) Decolorization of azo, triphenylmethane and anthraquinone dyes by a newly isolated Trametes sp. SQ01 and its laccase. Process Biochem 44:1185–1189
Zeng GM, Li JB, Yu HY, Huang HL, Huang DL, Chen YN, Huang GH (2006) Laccase activities of a soil fungus Penicillium simplicissimum in relation to lignin degradation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:317–324
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Senthilvelan, T., Kanagaraj, J. & Panda, R.C. Enhanced Biodegradation of Lignin by Laccase through HOBT Mediator: Mechanistic Studies Supported by FTIR and GCMS Studies. Environ. Process. 4, 201–217 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-017-0209-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-017-0209-z