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Population genetic structure and clonal diversity of Allium oleraceum (Amaryllidaceae), a polyploid geophyte with common asexual but variable sexual reproduction

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Abstract

Clonal plants are, on average, considered to be as genetically diverse as nonclonal plants. However, the behaviour of clonal plants ranges between multiclonality and uniclonality, depending on environmental conditions and life history traits. Allozyme electrophoresis of band phenotypes was used to examine the genetic structure of 13 cytotype-uniform and 17 cytotype-mixed populations of polyploid Allium oleraceum (2n = 4x, 5x, 6x), a clonal bulbous geophyte that has been considered seed-sterile and completely reliant on vegetative reproduction through aerial bulbils and daughter bulbs. The genetic structure was dominated by low within-population variation whereas genetic differentiation was high among populations. Eighty-five distinct multilocus genotypes were found among 756 sampled individuals, but populations generally exhibited a low level of clonal diversity. Tetra- and pentaploids showed twofold higher total and within-population diversity, but also had more genetically differentiated populations in comparison with hexaploids. Tetraploids formed two separate groups in the cluster analysis, and this finding most likely suggests their different origin. Pentaploids were grouped in a separate cluster and frequently intermixed with tetra- and hexaploids sampled at cytotype-mixed sites. Such a pattern suggests gene flow between cytotypes. Most hexaploids were genetically similar and clustered separately from the other cytotypes, suggesting their similar origin and absence of gene flow to and from other cytotypes. Identical band phenotypes found in coexisting cytotypes within certain mixed-ploidy populations might indicate in situ neopolyploidization. Collectively, the pattern of genetic structure and diversity observed in A. oleraceum is typical of clonal plants with the dominance of vegetative offspring and scarce recruitment of sexual offspring. The low and spatially unstructured genetic variation observed in hexaploids, in contrast with higher and spatially structured genetic variation in tetra- and pentaploids, seems to be related to different levels of sexual fertility, ecological amplitude and colonization abilities of the cytotypes. It provides evidence for the existence of both primary and secondary contact zones of cytotypes in A. oleraceum.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Jiří Ohryzek and Lenka Šafářová for their help with the fieldwork and Lenka Šafářová for measuring plants by flowcytometer. Jan Štěpánek, Lenka Plačková (Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice), Marta Khoylou and Miloslav Kitner (Palacký University) are greatly acknowledged for helping with the isozyme electrophoresis. Comments and corrections by František Krahulec, Luboš Majeský and three anonymous referees helped to improve previous versions of this article. This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (grant numbers 206/01/P097, 206/04/P115 and 206/09/1126) and its completion by an internal grant from Palacký University (PrF-2015-001).

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  1. Plant Biosystematics and Ecology RG, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Martin Duchoslav & Hana Staňková

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Schematic banding patterns (zymograms) obtained for five loci in Allium oleraceum. All the inferred phenotypes and the number and percentage of individuals belonging to the ploidy level showing each phenotype are given below each phenotype. SHDH is monomeric enzyme and each band potentially represents expression of a different allele. In a dimeric enzyme (6-PGDH, IDH, EST), heterozygotes yield multibanded pattern with homodimeric and heterodimeric bands. However, observed banding pattern lacks six-banded phenotype that was expected when three alleles of dimeric enzyme are expressed; only five bands were visible. Concerning NADHDH (monomer, dimer, tetramer?), we observed really complex banding pattern. Because additional genetic and non-genetic phenomena (e.g. overlap of different loci, existence of secondary bands and null alleles, comigration of products specified by different loci) probably complicated zymogram interpretation (Wendel and Weeden 1989), only presence/absence of different bands was considered in all analyses. Rf = retention factor. (PDF 142 kb)

Electronic supplementary material 2

Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of A. oleraceum populations (the second data set). Tetraploid populations are in green, pentaploid in red and hexaploid populations in blue, respectively. Two-colour symbols represent overlapped points of respective populations (mixed-cytotype populations). Percentage of variation explained by each coordinate is noted in the diagram. For population abbreviations, see Table 1. (GIF 34 kb)

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Duchoslav, M., Staňková, H. Population genetic structure and clonal diversity of Allium oleraceum (Amaryllidaceae), a polyploid geophyte with common asexual but variable sexual reproduction. Folia Geobot 50, 123–136 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-015-9213-0

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