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Bacterial selection by mycospheres of Atlantic Rainforest mushrooms

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Abstract

This study focuses on the selection exerted on bacterial communities in the mycospheres of mushrooms collected in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. A total of 24 paired samples (bulk soil vs. mycosphere) were assessed to investigate potential interactions between fungi and bacteria present in fungal mycospheres. Prevalent fungal families were identified as Marasmiaceae and Lepiotaceae (both Basidiomycota) based on ITS partial sequencing. We used culture-independent techniques to analyze bacterial DNA from soil and mycosphere samples. Bacterial communities in the samples were distinguished based on overall bacterial, alphaproteobacterial, and betaproteobacterial PCR-DGGE patterns, which were different in fungi belonging to different taxa. These results were confirmed by pyrosequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene (based on five bulk soil vs. mycosphere pairs), which revealed the most responsive bacterial families in the different conditions generated beneath the mushrooms, identified as Bradyrhizobiaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. The bacterial families Acetobacteraceae, Chrhoniobacteraceae, Planctomycetaceae, Conexibacteraceae, and Burkholderiaceae were found in all mycosphere samples, composing the core mycosphere microbiome. Similarly, some bacterial groups identified as Koribacteriaceae, Acidobacteria (Solibacteriaceae) and an unclassified group of Acidobacteria were preferentially present in the bulk soil samples (found in all of them). In this study we depict the mycosphere effect exerted by mushrooms inhabiting the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, and identify the bacteria with highest response to such a specific niche, possibly indicating the role bacteria play in mushroom development and dissemination within this yet-unexplored environment.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for providing the Masters scholarship for Josh Halsey, the São Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP) for funding this research Project (proc. 2010/16635-7), and the Serra do Mar State Park for allowing access to the study sites.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, CEP 13418-900, Brazil

    Joshua Andrew Halsey, Michele de Cássia Pereira e Silva & Fernando Dini Andreote

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  1. Joshua Andrew Halsey
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  2. Michele de Cássia Pereira e Silva
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  3. Fernando Dini Andreote
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Correspondence to Michele de Cássia Pereira e Silva.

Electronic supplementary material

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10482_2016_734_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Figure S1. All mushrooms sampled in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest and their families. Mushroom 28 (a); 4 (b); 1 (c); 29 (d); 31 and 32 (e); 3 (f); 2 (g); 13 (h); 26 and 27 (i); 30 (j); 33 (k); 15 and 16 (l); 9 (m); 11 (n); 8 and 10 (o); 5, 6 and 7 (p); 12 (q); 17 (r); 23 (s); 20, 21 and 22 (t); 14 (u); 17 and 18 (v); 24 (x) and 25 (y) (PDF 395 kb)

10482_2016_734_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Figure S2. Fungal fruiting bodies found in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Legend: striped, mycosphere from mushroom related to Lachnocladiaceae; gray, Lepiotaceae; black, and Marasmiaceae. For meaning of the letters, see Figure S1. (PDF 448 kb)

10482_2016_734_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Figure S3. PCR-DGGE profiles of the overall bacterial, alphaproteobacterial, and betaproteobacterial communities, from (A) Santa Virginia and (B) Picinguaba. Each mycosphere is followed by its respective bulk soil (PDF 1756 kb)

Supplementary material 4 (PDF 185 kb)

Figure S4. Relative proportion of phyla observed in each mycosphere and respective bulk soil sample (DOCX 21 kb)

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Halsey, J.A., de Cássia Pereira e Silva, M. & Andreote, F.D. Bacterial selection by mycospheres of Atlantic Rainforest mushrooms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 109, 1353–1365 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-016-0734-1

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