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Effects of cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation on motor cortex excitability and motor function

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Abstract

The cerebellum regulates several motor functions through two main mechanisms, the cerebellum-brain inhibition (CBI) and the motor surround inhibition (MSI). Although the exact cerebellar structures and functions involved in such processes are partially known, Purkinje cells (PC) and their surrounding interneuronal networks may play a pivotal role concerning CBI and MSI. Cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proven to shape specific cerebellar components in a feasible, safe, effective, and non-invasive manner. The aim of our study was to characterize the cerebellar structures and functions subtending CBI and MSI using a tACS approach. Fifteen healthy individuals underwent a cerebellar tACS protocol at 10, 50, and 300 Hz, or a sham-tACS over the right cerebellar hemisphere. We measured the tACS aftereffects on motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, CBI induced by tACS (tiCBI) at different frequencies, MSI, and hand motor task performance. None of the participants had any side effect related to tACS. After 50-Hz tACS, we observed a clear tiCBI-50Hz weakening (about +30%, p < 0.001) paralleled by a MEP amplitude increase (about +30%, p = 0.001) and a reduction of the time required to complete some motor task (about −20%, p = 0.01), lasting up to 30 min. The 300-Hz tACS induced a selective, specific tiCBI-300Hz and tiCBI-50Hz modulation in surrounding muscles (about −15%, p = 0.01) and MSI potentiation (about +40%, p < 0.001). The 10-Hz tACS and the sham-tACS were ineffective (p > 0.6). Our preliminary data suggest that PC may represent the last mediator of tiCBI and that the surrounding interneuronal network may have an important role in updating MSI, tiCBI, and M1 excitability during tonic muscle contraction, by acting onto the PC. The knowledge of these neurophysiological issues offers new cues to design innovative, non-invasive neuromodulation protocols to shape cerebellar–cerebral functions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy

    Antonino Naro, Alessia Bramanti, Antonino Leo, Alfredo Manuli, Francesca Sciarrone, Margherita Russo, Placido Bramanti & Rocco Salvatore Calabrò

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  1. Antonino Naro
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  2. Alessia Bramanti
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  3. Antonino Leo
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  4. Alfredo Manuli
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  5. Francesca Sciarrone
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  6. Margherita Russo
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  7. Placido Bramanti
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  8. Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
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Correspondence to Rocco Salvatore Calabrò.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Naro, A., Bramanti, A., Leo, A. et al. Effects of cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation on motor cortex excitability and motor function. Brain Struct Funct 222, 2891–2906 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1355-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1355-1

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