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Fucoxanthin, a Functional Food Ingredient: Challenges in Bioavailability

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Fucoxanthin is an orange-red xanthophyll carotenoid found in brown seaweeds and known for its many bioactive properties. In recent years, the bioactive properties of fucoxanthin have been widely explored, making it a compound of immense interest for various health applications like anti-cancer, anti-tumour, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. However, the poor bioavailability and instability of fucoxanthin in the gastrointestinal tract have major limitations. Encapsulation is a promising approach to overcome these challenges by enclosing fucoxanthin in a protective layer, such as liposomes or nano-particles. Encapsulation can improve the stability of fucoxanthin by protecting it from exposure to heat, pH, illumination, gastric acids and enzymes that can accelerate its degradation.

Recent Findings

Studies have shown that lipid-based encapsulation systems such as liposomes or nano-structured lipid carriers may solubilise fucoxanthin and enhance its bioavailability (from 25 to 61.2%). In addition, encapsulation can also improve the solubility of hydrophobic fucoxanthin, which is important for its absorption and bioavailability.

Summary

This review highlights the challenges involved in the absorption of fucoxanthin in the living system, role of micro- and nano-encapsulation of fucoxanthin and their potential to enhance intestinal absorption.

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Abbreviations

ABTS:

2,2-Azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]—diammonium salt

Adrb3:

β3-Adrenergic receptor

AGE:

Advanced glycation end products

ASC:

Apoptosis-attached-speck-like protein containing a CARD

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

CMT-U27:

Mammalian tumour cells

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

FAS:

Fatty acid synthase

FBS:

Fasting blood glucose

G6PD:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GA:

Gum arabica

HO-1:

Hemeoxygenase 1

HRAR:

Human recombinant aldose reductase

HUVECs:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

I/R:

Ischemia/reperfusion

JAK/STAT:

Janus kinase- signal transducer and activator of transcription

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MCT:

Medium chain triglyceride

MD:

Maltodextrin

ME:

Malic enzyme

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

NLRP3:

Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing family, pyrin domain- containing 3

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2

NQO1:

Quinine oxidoreductase-1

PI3KAkt/mTOR:

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RLAR:

Rat lens aldose reductase

SAPK/JNK:

Stress-activated protein kinase/Jun amina-terminal kinase

TE/g:

Trolox equivalent of one gram

TLC:

Thin layer chromatography

TNF-α:

Tumour necrosis factor-α

UCP1:

Uncoupling protein 1

WAT:

White adipose tissue

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere gratitude to Nitte (DU) for the facility provided to carry out any research work and to Prof. Dr. Anirban Chakraborty, Director (NUCSER), Nitte (DU), for his constant support.

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    Vanessa Fernandes & Bangera Sheshappa Mamatha

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Fernandes, V., Mamatha, B.S. Fucoxanthin, a Functional Food Ingredient: Challenges in Bioavailability. Curr Nutr Rep 12, 567–580 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00492-x

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