Abstract
Boundary-layer schemes are essential components of numerical weather-forecasting and climate models. From simple beginnings 50 years ago, they have grown in sophistication and detail. Here, we review development and discuss the key processes to be represented and how they have most commonly been parametrized. We conclude by discussing the challenges posed by ever-increasing model resolution and a growing emphasis on the forecasting of extreme events. Throughout, we emphasize the place of the boundary-layer scheme within the whole model and its interactions with other components of the model.
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Notes
In the analysis of field data, a transfer coefficient may more usefully be defined between two levels in the atmosphere.
This approach is perhaps more commonly known as 1.5-order closure.
This may be described as a non-local mixing length, but the term “non-local” is often used to describe fluxes not proportional to the local gradient. To avoid confusion, we will use the term “non-gradient” in the latter sense.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Ian Boutle for carrying out the simulation used in Fig. 1c and d. and Wayne Angevine for comments on an earlier draft. An anonymous reviewer’s suggestions were very helpful in enhancing the breadth of the discussion.
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Edwards, J.M., Beljaars, A.C.M., Holtslag, A.A.M. et al. Representation of Boundary-Layer Processes in Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Models. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 177, 511–539 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00530-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00530-z