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First detection and molecular characterization of sapoviruses and noroviruses with zoonotic potential in swine in Ethiopia

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Abstract

Noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs), which belong to the family Caliciviridae, are important human and animal enteric pathogens with zoonotic potential. In Ethiopia, no study has been done on the epidemiology of animal NoVs and SaVs. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize NoVs and SaVs from swine of various ages. Swine fecal samples (n = 117) were collected from commercial farms in Ethiopia. The samples were screened for caliciviruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using universal and genogroup-specific primer pairs. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using a portion of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region and the VP1 region of genome sequences of caliciviruses. Among 117 samples, potential caliciviruses were detected by RT-PCR in 17 samples (14.5 %). Of the RT-PCR-positive fecal samples, four were sequenced, of which two were identified as human NoV GII.1 and the other two as porcine SaV GIII. The porcine SaV strains that were detected were genetically related to the porcine enteric calicivirus Cowden strain genogroup III (GIII), which is the prototype porcine SaV strain. No porcine NoVs were detected. Our results showed the presence of NoVs in swine that are most similar to human strains. These findings have important implications for NoV epidemiology and food safety. Therefore, continued surveillance of NoVs in swine is needed to define their zoonotic potential, epidemiology and public and animal health impact. This is the first study to investigate enteric caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses) in swine in Ethiopia.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the staff of the swine farm, particularly Dr. Nitsuh, who helped with sample collection. We are very grateful to Dr. Girmay Medhin for his assistance and encouragement. We appreciate the support of the Segolip unit of BecA-ILRI Hub in sequencing the samples from this study. We are also grateful for the cooperation and support of the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biological Sciences, and Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, in facilitating the successful accomplishment of the project. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the African Biosciences Challenge Fund (ABCF)/ Biosciences east and central Africa (BecA). We also thank the VPH-Biotech East Africa Consortium and the National Institutes of Health-Fogarty (Fogarty Grant D43TW008650, The Ohio State University) and Dr. Wondwossen Gebreyes, for their financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Zufan Sisay, Nega Berhe & Woldaregay Erku Abegaz

  2. Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Zufan Sisay & Gurja Belay

  3. Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock, Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya

    Appolinaire Djikeng

  4. Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA

    Q. H. Wang & Linda J. Saif

  5. Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Oslo University Hospital-Ulleval, Oslo, Nornway

    Nega Berhe

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  1. Zufan Sisay
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  2. Appolinaire Djikeng
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  5. Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
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  6. Q. H. Wang
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  7. Linda J. Saif
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Correspondence to Zufan Sisay.

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Funding

This project was supported by the VPH-Biotech East Africa Consortium and the National Institutes of Health-Fogarty (Fogarty Grant D43TW008650, W Gebreyes, PI, The Ohio State University) and BecA-ILRI Hub through the Africa Biosciences Challenge Fund (ABCF) program. The ABCF Program is funded by the Australian Department for Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) through the BecA-CSIRO partnership, the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture (SFSA), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida).

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None.

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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

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Sisay, Z., Djikeng, A., Berhe, N. et al. First detection and molecular characterization of sapoviruses and noroviruses with zoonotic potential in swine in Ethiopia. Arch Virol 161, 2739–2747 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2974-9

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