Abstract
Phospholipids play a central role in all living organisms. Phospholipases, the enzymes aimed at modifying phospholipids, are consequently widespread in nature and play diverse roles, from lipid metabolism and cellular signaling in eukaryotes to virulence and nutrient acquisition in microbes. Phospholipases catalyze the hydrolysis of one or more ester or phosphodiester bonds of glycerophospholipids. The use of phospholipases with industrial purposes has constantly increased over the last 30 years. This demand is rapidly growing given the ongoing improvements in protein engineering and the reduction of enzymes manufacturing costs, making them suitable for industrial use. Here, a general overview of phopholipases A, B, C, and D and their industrial application is presented along with potential new uses for these enzymes. We draw attention to commercial phospholipases used to improve the emulsifying properties of products in the baking, egg, and dairy industries. On the other hand, the improvement of oil degumming by phospholipases is thoroughly analyzed. Moreover, recent developments in enzymatic biodiesel production and the use of phospholipases for the synthesis of phospholipids with pharmaceutical or nutritional value are reviewed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aalrust E, Beyer W, Ottofrickenstein H, Penk G, Plainer H, Reiner R (1993) Enzymatic treatment of edible oils. Patent US5264367A
Adrio J, Demain A (2014) Microbial enzymes: tools for biotechnological processes. Biomolecules 4:117–139. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom4010117
Aloulou A, Rahier R, Arhab Y, Noiriel A, Abousalham A (2018) Phospholipases: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 1835:69–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8672-9_3
Aoki J, Inoue A, Okudaira S (2008) Two pathways for lysophosphatidic acid production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 1781:513–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.06.005
Argov N, Lemay DG, German JB (2008) Milk fat globule structure & function; nanosciece comes to milk production. Trends Food Sci Technol 19:617–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.006
Arranz E, Corredig M (2017) Invited review: Milk phospholipid vesicles, their colloidal properties, and potential as delivery vehicles for bioactive molecules. J Dairy Sci 100:4213–4222. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12236
Bitman J, Wood DL (1990) Changes in milk fat phospholipids during lactation. J Dairy Sci 73:1208–1216. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78784-X
Boontiam W, Jung B, Kim YY (2017) Effects of lysophospholipid supplementation to lower nutrient diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 96:593–601. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew269
Borch K, Landvik S, Damstrup ML, Brask J (2013) Polypeptides having phospholipase a activity and polynucleotides encoding same. Patent US9670470B2
Bornscheuer UT (2018) Enzymes in lipid modification. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 9:85–103. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012336
Campbell JS, te Bokkel DW, Thatcher KD (2002) Liquid egg yolk product comprising lysophospholipoprotein. Patent US6773731B2
Casado V, Martin D, Torres C, Reglero G (2012) Phospholipases in food industry: a review. Methods Mol Biol 861:495–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-600-5_29
Castello P, Jollet S, Potus J, Baret J-L, Nicolas J (1998) Effect of exogenous lipase on dough lipids during mixing of wheat flours. Cereal Chem 75:595–601. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.595
Cerminati S, Eberhardt F, Elena CE, Peiru S, Castelli ME, Menzella HG (2017) Development of a highly efficient oil degumming process using a novel phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:4471–4479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8201-0
Cerminati S, Paoletti L, Peiru S, Menzella H, Castelli M (2018) The beta/gamma-Crystallin domain of Lysinibacillus sphaericus phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C plays a central role in protein stability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:6997–7005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9136-9
Cesarini S, Haller RF, Diaz P, Nielsen PM (2014) Combining phospholipases and a liquid lipase for one-step biodiesel production using crude oils. Biotechnol Biofuels 7:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-29
Chen W, Guo W, Gao F, Chen L, Chen S, Li D (2017) Phospholipase A1-catalysed synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine in reverse micelles system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 182:1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2379-y
Ciofalo V, Barton N, Kreps J, Coats I, Shanahan D (2006) Safety evaluation of a lipase enzyme preparation, expressed in Pichia pastoris, intended for use in the degumming of edible vegetable oil. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.02.001
Clausen K (2001) Enzymatic oil-degumming by a novel microbial phospholipase. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:333–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-9312(200106)103:6<333::aid-ejlt333>3.0.co;2-f
Daimer K, Kulozik U (2008) Impact of a treatment with phospholipase A2 on the physicochemical properties of hen egg yolk. J Agric Food Chem 56:4172–4180. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf703641e
Damnjanovic J, Iwasaki Y (2013) Phospholipase D as a catalyst: application in phospholipid synthesis, molecular structure and protein engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 116:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.03.008
De Maria L, Vind J, Oxenboll KM, Svendsen A, Patkar S (2007) Phospholipases and their industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:290–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0775-x
Delcour JA, Joye IJ, Pareyt B, Wilderjans E, Brijs K, Lagrain B (2012) Wheat gluten functionality as a quality determinant in cereal-based food products. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 3:469–492. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-022811-101303
Derez FG, De Sadeleer JW, Reeve AL (1990) Carbohydrate refining process and novel enzyme compositions suitable for use therein. Patent US4916064A
Dijkstra AJ (2011) Enzymatic degumming. Lipid Technol 23:36–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.201100085
Dijkstra AJ (2013) Degumming. In: Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective. Springer US, pp 121–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3351-4
Dijkstra AJ (2018) Enzymatic gum treatment. In: Bornscheuer UT (ed) Lipid Modification by Enzymes and Engineered Microbes. Elsevier, pp 157–175
Dutilh CE, Groger W (1981) Improvement of product attributes of mayonnaise by enzymic hydrolysis of egg yolk with phospholipase A2. J Sci Food Agric 32:451–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740320505
Elena C, Ravasi P, Castelli ME, Peiru S, Menzella HG (2014) Expression of codon optimized genes in microbial systems: current industrial applications and perspectives. Front Microbiol 5:21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00021
Elena C, Ravasi P, Cerminati S, Peiru S, Castelli ME, Menzella HG (2016) Pichia pastoris engineering for the production of a modified phospholipase C. Process Biochem 51:1935–1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.022
Elena C, Cerminati S, Ravasi P, Rasia R, Peiru S, Menzella HG, Castelli ME (2017) B. cereus phospholipase C engineering for efficient degumming of vegetable oil. Process Biochem 54:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.011
Erickson DR (1990) Edible fats and oils processing: basic principles and modern practices: world conference proceedings. American Oil Chemists Society, Illinois
Fatum T, Higgins D (2008) Process for producing cheese. Patent US20080299252A1
Ferreiro T, Martinez S, Gayoso L, Rodriguez-Otero JL (2016) Evolution of phospholipid contents during the production of quark cheese from buttermilk. J Dairy Sci 99:4154–4159. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10861
Flores-Díaz M, Monturiol-Gross L, Naylor C, Alape-Girón A, Flieger A (2016) Bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases as virulence factors. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 80:597–628. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00082-15
Frazzetto G (2003) White biotechnology. EMBO Rep 4:835–837. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.embor928
Gan Z, Ellis PR, Schofield JD (1995) Gas cell stabilisation and gas retention in wheat bread dough. J Cereal Sci 21:215–230. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1995.0025
Garcia H, Kim I-H, Lopez-Hernandez A, Hill CG Jr (2008) Enrichment of lecithin with n-3 fatty acids by acidolysis using immobilized phospholipase A1. Grasas Aceites 59:368–374. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.2008.v59.i4.531
Goesaert H, Brijs K, Veraverbeke WS, Courtin CM, Gebruers K, Delcour JA (2005) Wheat flour constituents: how they impact bread quality, and how to impact their functionality. Trends Food Sci Technol 16:12–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2004.02.011
Govindasamy-Lucey S, Lin T, Jaeggi JJ, Johnson ME, Lucey JA (2006) Influence of condensed sweet cream buttermilk on the manufacture, yield, and functionality of pizza cheese. J Dairy Sci 89:454–467. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72109-9
Gupta M (2017) Practical guide to vegetable oil processing. Elsevier Science, Linwood
Haas MJ, McAloon AJ, Yee WC, Foglia TA (2006) A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs. Bioresour Technol 97:671–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.039
Hama S, Ogino C, Kondo A (2015) Enzymatic synthesis and modification of structured phospholipids: recent advances in enzyme preparation and biocatalytic processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:7879–7891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6845-1
Hama S, Noda H, Kondo A (2018) How lipase technology contributes to evolution of biodiesel production using multiple feedstocks. Curr Opin Biotechnol 50:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.11.001
Hammond EG, Johnson LA, Su C, Wang T, White PJ (2005) Soybean oil. In: Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/047167849X.bio041
Hansen S, Hough E, Svensson LA, Wong YL, Martin SF (1993) Crystal structure of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus complexed with a substrate analog. J Mol Biol 234:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1993.1572
Higgins D, Soerensen TL, Fatum TM, Nielsen PM, Guldager HS (2009) Method for producing ice cream. Patent US20090291166A1
Hille JDR, Parnell MD (2001) Bread improver comprising bile salt and phospholipase A. Patent WO2001047363A1
Hong S, Kim Y, Kim C-T, Kim I-H (2011) Enzymatic synthesis of lysophosphatidylcholine containing CLA from sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (GPC) under vacuum. Food Chem 129:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.038
Hough E, Hansen LK, Birknes B, Jynge K, Hansen S, Hordvik A, Little C, Dodson E, Derewenda Z (1989) High-resolution (1.5 A) crystal structure of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. Nature 338:357–360. https://doi.org/10.1038/338357a0
Karaca OB, Guven M (2018) Effects of proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme supplementations on lipolysis and proteolysis characteristics of white cheeses. Foods 7:125–139. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7080125
Kim JH, Yoon SH (2014) Effects of organic solvents on transesterification of phospholipids using phospholipase A2 and lipase. Food Sci Biotechnol 23:1207–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0165-6
Kim I-H, Garcia HS, Hill CG (2007) Phospholipase A1-catalyzed synthesis of phospholipids enriched in n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid residues. Enzym Microb Technol 40:1130–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.018
Kim I-H, Garcia H, Hill C (2010) Synthesis of Structured phosphatidylcholine containing n-3 PUFA residues via acidolysis mediated by immobilized phospholipase A1. J Am Oil Chem Soc 87(11):1293–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1609-7
Kooijman EE, Burger KNJ (2009) Biophysics and function of phosphatidic acid: a molecular perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 1791:881–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.04.001
Lemaitre-Delaunay D, Pachiaudi C, Laville M, Pousin J, Armstrong M, Lagarde M (1999) Blood compartmental metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans after ingestion of a single dose of [13C]DHA in phosphatidylcholine. J Lipid Res 40:1867–1874
Li R, Pande G, Sabir JSM, Baeshen NA, Akoh CC (2014) Enrichment of refined olive oil with palmitic and docosahexaenoic acids to produce a human Milk fat analogue. J Am Oil Chem Soc 91:1377–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2477-3
Li Y, Du W, Liu D (2015) Efficient biodiesel production from phospholipids-containing oil: synchronous catalysis with phospholipase and lipase. Biochem Eng J 94:45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2014.11.001
Lilbaek HM, Broe ML, Hoier E, Fatum TM, Ipsen R, Sorensen NK (2006) Improving the yield of mozzarella cheese by phospholipase treatment of milk. J Dairy Sci 89:4114–4125. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72457-2
Lilbaek HM, Fatum TM, Ipsen R, Sorensen NK (2007) Modification of milk and whey surface properties by enzymatic hydrolysis of milk phospholipids. J Agric Food Chem 55:2970–2978. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062705b
Liu X, Shiihara M, Taniwaki N, Shirasaka N, Atsumi Y, Shiojiri M (2015) Phosphatidylserine: biology, technologies, and applications. In: Ahmad MU, Xu X (eds) Polar lipids. Elsevier, pp 145–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-63067-044-3.50010-8
Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 70:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
Mastenbroek J, Dirk J, Hille R, Sein A, Terdu AG (2007) Method to produce cake. Patent US9615587B2
Matser AM, Steeneken PA (1998) Origins of the poor filtration characteristics of wheat starch hydrolysates. Cereal Chem 75:289–293. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.3.289
Mishra A, Krishnan B, Srivastava SS, Sharma Y (2014) Microbial betagamma-crystallins. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 115:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.02.007
Monfort A, Blasco A, Sanz P, Prieto JA (1999) Expression of LIP1 and LIP2 genes from geotrichum species in baker’s yeast strains and their application to the bread-making process. J Agric Food Chem 47:803–808. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf981075d
Muallem S, Chung WY, Jha A, Ahuja M (2017) Lipids at membrane contact sites: cell signaling and ion transport. EMBO Rep 18:1893–1904. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201744331
Nguyen KQ, Marschner V, Titze K, Winter B (2013) Cloning, expression and use of acid lysophospholipases. Patent US8507241B2
Nielsen EW (2004) Principles of cheese production. In: Hui YH, Meunier-Goddik L, Josephsen J, Nip W-K, Stanfield PS (eds) Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 221–239
Nielsen PM (2005) Process for producing cheese. Patent US6875454B2
Nielsen PM, Lilbaek H (2012) Method for producing fractions of a milk composition. Patent US8226995
O’brien RD (2009) Fats and oils: formulating and processing for applications. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton
Ochoa AA, Hernández-Becerra JA, Cavazos-Garduño A, García HS, Vernon-Carter EJ (2013) Phosphatidylcholine enrichment with medium chain fatty acids by immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed acidolysis. Biotechnol Prog 29:230–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.1648
Park CW, Kwon SJ, Han JJ, Rhee JS (2000) Transesterification of phosphatidylcholine with eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester using phospholipase A2 in organic solvent. Biotechnol Lett 22:147–150. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005626508891
Peterson BL, Cummings BS (2006) A review of chromatographic methods for the assessment of phospholipids in biological samples. Biomed Chromatogr 20:227–243. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.563
Piazza GJ, Marmer WN (2007) Conversion of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylglycerol with phospholipase D and glycerol. J Am Oil Chem Soc 84:645–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1081-1
Poppe JK, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rodrigues RC, Ayub MA (2015) Enzymatic reactors for biodiesel synthesis: present status and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 33:511–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.011
Prabhasankar P, Vijaya Kumar M, Lokesh BR, Haridas Rao P (2000) Distribution of free lipids and their fractions in wheat flour milled streams. Food Chem 71:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00149-7
Ramrakhiani L, Chand S (2011) Recent progress on phospholipases: different sources, assay methods, industrial potential and pathogenicity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164:991–1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9190-6
Ravasi P, Braia M, Eberhardt F, Elena C, Cerminati S, Peiru S, Castelli ME, Menzella HG (2015) High-level production of Bacillus cereus phospholipase C in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biotechnol 216:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.018
Rittig F (2004) Lipopan F BG-unlocking the natural strengthening potential in dough. In: Using Cereal Science and Technology for the Benefit of Consumers: Proceedings of the 12th International ICC Cereal and Bread Congress 24–26 May, 2004. CRC Press, p 147
Rombaut R, Camp JV, Dewettinck K (2005) Analysis of phospho- and sphingolipids in dairy products by a new HPLC method. J Dairy Sci 88:482–488. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72710-7
Ross AS, MacRitchie F (1995) Interactions of wheat proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In: Gaonkar AG (ed) Ingredient interactions: effects on food quality. CRC Press, New York/Basel/Hong Kong, pp 321–356
Rossmeisl M, Jelenik T, Jilkova Z, Slamova K, Kus V, Hensler M, Medrikova D, Povysil C, Flachs P, Mohamed-Ali V, Bryhn M, Berge K, Holmeide AK, Kopecky J (2009) Prevention and reversal of obesity and glucose intolerance in mice by DHA derivatives. Obesity 17:1023–1031. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.602
Rossmeisl M, Jilkova ZM, Kuda O, Jelenik T, Medrikova D, Stankova B, Kristinsson B, Haraldsson GG, Svensen H, Stoknes I, Sjovall P, Magnusson Y, Balvers MG, Verhoeckx KC, Tvrzicka E, Bryhn M, Kopecky J (2012) Metabolic effects of n-3 PUFA as phospholipids are superior to triglycerides in mice fed a high-fat diet: possible role of endocannabinoids. PLoS One 7:e38834. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038834
Ryan T, Bamm VV, Stykel MG, Coackley CL, Humphries KM, Jamieson-Williams R, Ambasudhan R, Mosser DD, Lipton SA, Harauz G, Ryan SD (2018) Cardiolipin exposure on the outer mitochondrial membrane modulates α-synuclein. Nat Commun 9:817–817. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03241-9
Schlame M, Rua D, Greenberg ML (2000) The biosynthesis and functional role of cardiolipin. Prog Lipid Res 39:257–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(00)00005-9
Schmitt H, Heirman M (2007) Enzymatic modification of lecithin. Patent US7189544B2
Shnigir VM, Kisel’ MA (2004) Transformation of phospholipids by cabbage phospholipase D in mixed micelles containing 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. Appl Biochem Microbiol 40:225–230. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:abim.0000025942.11918.39
Søe JB, Mikkelson JD, De Kreij A (2011) Variant lipid acyltransferases and methods of making. Patent US7906307B2
Soerensen JS, Mikkelsen R, Horsmans C, Karsten P, Kragh M (2010) Enzymatic generation of functional lipids from cereals or cereal bi-streams.Patent US9370193B2
Srivastava SS, Jamkhindikar AA, Raman R, Jobby MK, Chadalawada S, Sankaranarayanan R, Sharma Y (2017) A transition metal-binding, trimeric betagamma-Crystallin from methane-producing thermophilic archaea, Methanosaeta thermophila. Biochem 56:1299–1310. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00985
Strahl H, Errington J (2017) Bacterial membranes: structure, domains, and function. Annu Rev Microbiol 71:519–538. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095630
Subbaiah PV, Dammanahalli KJ, Yang P, Bi J, O’Donnell JM (2016) Enhanced incorporation of dietary DHA into lymph phospholipids by altering its molecular carrier. Biochim Biophys Acta 8:723–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.002
Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST (2018) Neuronal lipid metabolism: multiple pathways driving functional outcomes in health and disease. Front Mol Neurosci 11:10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010
Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Lerchner A, Oblozinsky M, Bezakova L (2005) Phospholipase D and its application in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Lett 27:535–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-005-3251-2
Van Dyck SM, Vennekens B, Coppens B, Nuyens F (2013) Hydrolyzed lecithin product to improve digestibility. Patent US8603568B2
van Oort M (2009) Enzymes in bread making. In: Whitehurst RJ, van Oort M (eds) Enzymes in food technology. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 103–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444309935.ch6
Wang X, Devaiah SP, Zhang W, Welti R (2006) Signaling functions of phosphatidic acid. Prog Lipid Res 45:250–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.005
Wen M, Ding L, Zhang L, Zhou M, Xu J, Wang J, Wang Y-m, Xue C (2016) DHA-PC and DHA-PS improved Aβ1–40 induced cognitive deficiency uncoupled with an increase in brain DHA in rats. J Funct Foods 22:417–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.004
Xie M, Dunford NT (2017) Lipid composition and emulsifying properties of canola lecithin from enzymatic degumming. Food Chem 218:159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.074
Yamamoto T, Juneja LR, Hatta H, Kim M (2018) Hen eggs: basic and applied science. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Yang SF, Freer S, Benson AA (1967) Transphosphatidylation by phospholipase D. J Biol Chem 242:477–484
Yang JG, Wang YH, Yang B, Mainda G, Guo Y (2006) Degumming of vegetable oil by a new microbial lipase. Food Technol Biotechnol 44:101–104
Yang Y, Lee M, Fairn GD (2018) Phospholipid subcellular localization and dynamics. J Biol Chem 293:6230–6240. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R117.000582
Zhang F, Koseoglu SS, Rhee KC (1994) Effects of expander process on the phospholipids in soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71:1145–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02675910
Zhao T, No DS, Kim BH, Garcia HS, Kim Y, Kim I-H (2014) Immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed modification of phosphatidylcholine with n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Food Chem 157:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.024
Zhou W-B, Gong J-S, Hou H-J, Li H, Lu Z-M, Xu H-Y, Xu Z-H, Shi J-S (2017) Mining of a phospholipase D and its application in enzymatic preparation of phosphatidylserine. Bioengineered 9:80–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2017.1308992
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT2015-0303 and 2015-2937) and from ASACTEI Santa Fe (IO2017-00053 and IO2017-00308), Argentina.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
No ethical approval is required as no animals or humans have been used in the study.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cerminati, S., Paoletti, L., Aguirre, A. et al. Industrial uses of phospholipases: current state and future applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103, 2571–2582 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09658-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09658-6