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Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Bench to Antitumor Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy

Abstract

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases, accounting for an estimated ten million deaths annually. Researchers are making a great effort to identify more efficient therapeutic strategies. To date, genetically modified stem cells are a potential candidate for the development of new antitumor therapies and diagnostic investigation methods.

Among stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a subpopulation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), appear promising. In response to specific stimuli, EPCs are fundamental to tumor progression because of their role in vasculogenesis and sprouting angiogenesis. In a healthy adult individual, the process of neoangiogenesis is activated only during wound healing and in the female uterus during ovulation. Therefore, it is reasonable to use them in anticancer therapy by taking advantage of their natural tropism to the altered microenvironment. Diverse studies demonstrated that EPCs predominantly home into the tumor mass, and hence, they are useful as a cellular vehicle for site-directed drug targeting to the tumors or for the delivery of imaging probe.

This chapter explores the underlying molecular mechanisms and the potential application of stem cell therapy in cancer with special reference to EPCs application in targeted gene therapy. How they could be modified, obtained in a significant amount, and administrated to treat cancer has been discussed.

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Abbreviations

5-FC:

5-fluorouracil

Ac-LDL:

acetylated low-density lipoprotein

ASCs:

adult stem cells

BMMCs:

bone marrow mononuclear cells

CD:

cytosine deaminase

CEPCs:

circulating EPCs

CFU-ECs:

colony-forming unit-EC

DR4:

death receptor 4

DR5:

death receptor 5

ECFCs:

endothelial colony-forming cells

ECs:

endothelial cells

EC-SPs:

endothelial cell-side progenitors

eNOS:

nitric oxide synthase

EOCs:

endothelial outgrowth cells

EPCs:

endothelial progenitor cells

EPO:

erythropoietin

ESCs:

embryonic stem cells

FBS:

fetal bovine serum

FSCs:

fetal stem cells

GCV:

ganciclovir

GMCSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

GSCs:

glioma stem-like cells

HIF-1α:

hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha

HPCs:

hematopoietic progenitor cells

HSCs:

hematopoietic stem cells

iPSCs:

induced pluripotent stem cells

MAPCs:

multipotent adult progenitor cells

MCP-1:

monocyte chemotactic protein

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

MVD:

microvessel density

NK:

natural kill cells

PARP:

poly ADP-ribose polymerase

PBMCs:

peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PD-1:

programmed death-1

PEI2k:

polyethylenimine 2 kDa

PlGF:

placental growth factor

PSCs:

placenta stem cells

QQc:

quality and quantity culture

SCs:

stem cells

SDF:

stromal cell-derived factor

Sirt1:

sirtuin-1

SPECT:

single-photon emission computed tomography

SPIO:

superparamagnetic iron oxide

TRAIL:

tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

UEA1:

Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1

uPAR:

urokinase-type plasminogen activator

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR:

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

VESCs:

vascular endothelial stem cells

VW-EPCs:

vascular wall endothelial progenitor cells

vWF:

von Willebrand factor

VW-VSCs:

vascular wall-resident vascular stem cells

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  1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy

    Tiziana Annese, Roberto Tamma & Domenico Ribatti

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  1. Tiziana Annese
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  2. Roberto Tamma
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  3. Domenico Ribatti
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Correspondence to Domenico Ribatti .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja H. Haider

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  1. Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja H. Haider

  2. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

    Beatrice Aramini

  3. Interamerican Open University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Elio A. Prieto Gonzalez

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Annese, T., Tamma, R., Ribatti, D. (2022). Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Bench to Antitumor Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_29-1

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