Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metastatic Liver Disease: Colorectal Carcinomas

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract

  • 136 Accesses

Abstract

Among tumors causing hepatic metastatic disease, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) plays a very important and distinct role, both clinically and pathologically. The liver is the first and most common of CRC metastasis. CRC metastases to the liver occur in synchronous or metachronous manner, whereby synchronicity of CRC hepatic metastasis is a risk factor associated with poorer outcome. CRC metastatic to the liver has a complex molecular signature that will be employed for risk stratification and new treatment modalities. CRC metastasis to the liver presents a solitary or multiple lesions. The metastases involve the liver lobes with different frequencies, the right being involved more frequently. Typical solitary CRC metastases are bulky masses with a usually expanding growth pattern. The pattern of nodularity and growth patterns have resulted in classification systems for metastases. Large CRC nodules often reveal secondary changes, central necrosis being a very common feature. The tumors can invade the liver capsule and extend into adjacent structures, mainly the diaphragm, resulting in characteristic imaging findings. The metastatic nodules are associated with a distinct peritumoral immune reaction and may elicit formation of a pseudocapsule.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 2,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackerman NB (1974) The blood supply of experimental liver metastases. IV. Changes in vascularity with increasing tumor growth. Surgery 75:589–596

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman NB (1986) Experimental studies on the role of the portal circulation in hepatic tumor vascularity. Cancer 58:1653–1657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adam R (2007) Colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases. Br J Surg 94:129–131. Resection for colorectal metastases: analysis of prognostic factors. Dis Colon Rectum 42:632–639

    Google Scholar 

  • Ameh EA, Nmadu PT (2000) Colorectal adenocarcinoma in children and adolescents: a report of 8 patients from Zaria, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 19:273–276

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer SG, Gray BN (1989) Vascularization of small liver metastases. Br J Surg 76:545–548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Assumpcao L, Choti MA, Gleisner AL, Schulick RD, Swartz M, Herman J, Gearhart SL, Pawlik TM (2008) Patterns of recurrence following liver resection for colorectal metastases: effect of primary rectal tumor site. Arch Surg 143:743–749

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Auguste P, Fallavollita L, Wang N, Burnier J, Bikfalvi A, Brodt P (2007) The host inflammatory response promotes liver metastasis by increasing tumor cell arrest and extravasation. Am J Pathol 170:1781–1792

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barth R, Camp B, Martuscello T, Dain BJ, Memoli VA (1996) The cytokine microenvironment of human colon carcinoma. Cancer 6:1168–1178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayon LG, Izquierdo MA, Sirovich I, van Rooijen N, Beelen RH, Meijer S (1996) Role of Kupffer cells in arresting circulating tumor cells and controlling metastatic growth in the liver. Hepatology 23:1224–1231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bengmark S, Hafstrom L (1969) The natural history of primary and secondary malignant tumors of the liver. I. The prognosis for patients with hepatic metastases from colonic and rectal carcinoma at laparotomy. Cancer 23:198–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MW, O’Connell J, O’Sullivan GC, Brady C, Roche D, Collins JK, Shanahan F (1998) The Fas counterattack in vivo: apoptotic depletion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes associated with Fas ligand expression by human esophageal carcinoma. J Immunol 160:5669–5675

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bird NC, Mangnall D, Majeed AW (2006) Biology of colorectal liver metastases: a review. J Surg Oncol 94:68–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bizjak-Schwarzbartl M (1987) Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of metastases in the liver. Diagn Cytopathol 3:278–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breedis C, Young G (1954) The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver. Am J Pathol 30:969–977

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RA, Rode H, Millar AJ, Sinclair-Smith C, Cywes S (1992) Colorectal carcinoma in children. J Pediatr Surg 27:919–921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchman JA, Calhoun JD (1958) Colloid carcinoma of the colon in children. Am Surg 24:280–286

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlon CA, Fabris G, Arslan-Pagnini C, Pluchinotta AM, Chinelli K, Carniato S (1984) Prognostic correlations of operable carcinoma of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 28:47–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpizo DR, Are C, Jarnagin W, Dematteo R, Fong Y, Gönen M, Blumgart L, D’Angelica M (2009) Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with concurrent extrahepatic disease: results in 127 patients treated at a single center. Ann Surg Oncol 16:2138–2146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casillas S, Dietz DW, Brand MI, Jones SC, Vladisavljevic A, Milsom JW (1997) Perfusion to colorectal cancer liver metastases is not uniform and depends on tumor location and feeding vessel. J Surg Res 67:179–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centeno BA (2006) Pathology of liver metastases. Cancer Control 13:13–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chantada GL, Perelli VB, Lombardi MG, Amaral D, Cascallar D, Scopinaro M et al (2005) Colorectal carcinoma in children, adolescents, and young adults. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 27:39–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen LK, Hwang SJ, Li AF, Lin JK, Wu TC (2001) Colorectal cancer in patients 20 years old or less in Taiwan. South Med J 94:1202–1205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu P, Wu EBS, Weiss LM (2000) Cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20 expression in epithelial neoplasms: a survey of 435 cases. Mod Pathol 13:962–972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cianchi F, Messerini L, Palomba A, Boddi V, Perigli G, Pucciani F, Bechi P, Cortesini C (1997) Character of the invasive margin in colorectal cancer: does it improve prognostic information of Dukes staging? Dis Colon Rectum 40:1170–1175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clar F. (1885/1904). Quoted by H. Nothnagel, Diseases of the intestines and peritoneum. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Colagrande S, Batignani G, Messerini L, Pinzani M (2004) Intrabiliary metastasis from rectal cancer mimicking peripheral papillary-type cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 41:172–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conti JA, Kendall TJ, Bateman A, Armstrong TA, Papa-Adams A, Xu Q, Packham G et al (2008) The desmoplastic reaction surrounding hepatic colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases aids tumor growth and survival via alphav integrin ligation. Clin Cancer Res 14:6405–6413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Conzelmann M, Dieterle CP, Linnemann U, Berger MR (2003) Cytokeratin 20 and guanylyl cyclase C mRNA is largely present in lymph node and liver specimens of colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 107:617–628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conzelmann M, Linnemann U, Berger MR (2005) Molecular detection of clinical colorectal cancer metastasis: how should multiple markers be put to use? Int J Colorectal Dis 20:137–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coppola S, Zucchini N, Romano F, Bovo G, Gilardoni E, Nespoli L, Gianotti L (2014) Colorectal liver metastasis with intrabiliary growth: case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol 22:272–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Angelica M, Ammori J, Gonen M, Klimstra DS, Low PS, Murphy L, Weiser MR et al (2011) Folate receptor-α expression in resectable hepatic colorectal cancer metastases: patterns and significance. Mod Pathol 24:1221–1228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dent P (2013) Janus-faced Kupffer cells in tumor metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 14:875–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dezsö K, Bugyik E, Papp V, Laszlo V, Döme B, Tovari J, Timar J, Nagy P, Paku S (2009) Development of arterial blood supply in experimental liver metastasis. Am J Pathol 175:835–843

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diederichsen AC, Zeuthen J, Christensen PB, Kristensen T (1999) Characterisation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and correlations with immunological surface molecules in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 35:721–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dionne L (1965) The pattern of blood-borne metastasis from carcinoma of rectum. Cancer 18:775–781

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doci R, Gennari L, Bignami P et al (1991) One hundred patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer treated by resection: analysis of prognostic determinants. Br J Surg 78:797–801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson MH, Taylor P, Rawitscher R, Sewell JB (1971) Colon carcinoma in childhood. Pediatrics 48:307–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estrella JS, Othman ML, Taggart MW, Hamilton SR, Curley SA, Rashid A, Abraham SC (2013) Intrabiliary growth of liver metastases: clinicopathologic features, prevalence, and outcome. Am J Surg Pathol 37:1571–1579

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fennessy FM, Mortele KJ, Kluckert T, Gogate A, Ondategui-Parra S, Ros P, Silverman SG (2004) Hepatic capsular retraction in metastatic carcinoma of the breast occurring with increase or decrease in size of subjacent metastasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:651–655

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari A, Rognone A, Casanova M, Zaffignani E, Piva L, Collini P, Bertario L, Sala P et al (2008) Colorectal carcinoma in children and adolescents: the experience of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, Italy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 50:588–593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fossum B, Gedde-Dahl T, Breivik J, Eriksen JA, Spurkland A, Thorsby E, Gaudernack G (1994) p21-ras-peptide-specific T-cell responses in a patient with colorectal cancer. CD4+ T cells recognize a peptide corresponding to a common mutation. Int J Cancer 56:40–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii et al (2013) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23933928

  • Gangopadhyay A, Lazure DA, Thomas P (1998) Adhesion of colorectal carcinoma cells to the endothelium is mediated by cytokines from CEA stimulated Kupffer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 16:703–712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gervaz P, Scholl B, Mainquene C, Poitry S, Gillet M, Wexner S (2000) Angiogenesis of liver metastases: role of sinusoidal endothelial cells. Dis Colon Rectum 43:980–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray RR, Mackenzie RL, Alan KP (1982) Cholangiographic demonstration of carcinoma of the colon metastatic to the lumen of the common bile duct. Gastrointest Radiol 7:71–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haugeberg G, Strohmeyer T, Lierse W, Böcker W (1988) The vascularization of liver metastases. Histological investigation of gelatine-injected liver specimens with special regard to the vascularization of micrometastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 114:415–419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healey JE (1965) Vascular patterns in human metastatic liver tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 120:1187–1193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herbut PA, Watson JS (1946) Metastatic cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts producing jaundice. Am J Clin Pathol 16:365–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill DA, Furman WL, Billups CA, Riedley SE, Cain AM, Rao BN, Pratt CB, Spunt SL (2007) Colorectal carcinoma in childhood and adolescence: a clinicopathologic review. J Clin Oncol 25:5808–5814

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoerner MT (1958) Carcinoma of the colon and rectum in persons under twenty years of age. Am J Surg 96:47–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hom S, Rosenberg S, Topalian S (1993) Specific immune recognition of autologous tumor by lymphocytes infiltrating colon carcinomas: analysis by cytokine secretion. Cancer Immunol Immunother 36:1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes KS, Simon R, Songhorabodi S et al (1986) Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of patterns and recurrences. Surgery 100:278–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeguchi M, Makino M, Kaibara N (2001) Clinical significance of E-cadherin-catenin complex expression in metastatic foci of colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 77:201–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itatsu K, Fujii T, Sasaki M, Zen Y, Nakanuma Y (2007) Intraductal papillary cholangiocarcinoma and atypical biliary epithelial lesions confused with intrabiliary extension of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 54:677–680

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iyomasa S, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Maeda S, Kondo S, Yasui A, Yamamoto H, Anami Y et al (1999) Cholangiocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe with intraluminal growth in the extrahepatic bile duct. Hepatogastroenterology 39:570–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Jass JR (1986) Lymphocytic infiltration and survival in rectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 39:585–589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jhaveri KS, Halankar J, Aguirre D, Haider M, Lockwood G, Guindi M, Fischer S (2009) Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation due to liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:752–756

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jin K, Gao W, Lu Y, Lan H, Teng L, Cao F (2012) Mechanisms regulating colorectal cancer cell metastasis into liver (review). Oncol Lett 3:11–15

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston JH (1947) Carcinoma of the colon in childhood and adolescence. Am J Surg 73:703–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Josephson RL, Wallace AC (1974) Invasion of Glisson’s capsule by metastatic tumour: transmission and scanning electron microscopic observations. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 15:82–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephson RL, Wallace AC (1978) Invasion of the hepatic capsule by tumour metastases to the liver. Pathology 10:95–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kam MH, Eu KW, Barben CP, Seow-Choen F (2004) Colorectal cancer in the young: a 12-year review of patients 30 years or less. Colorectal Dis 6:191–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karnak I, Ciftci AO, Senocak ME, Büyükpamukçu N (1999) Colorectal carcinoma in children. J Pediatr Surg 34:1499–1504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayashima H, Taketomi A, Yamashita Y, Kuroda Y, Kitagawa D, Harimoto N, Tsujita E, Maehara Y (2008) Liver metastasis with intraductal invasion originating from rectal cancer: report of a case. Surg Today 38:765–768

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kern WH, White WC (1958) Adenocarcinoma of the colon in a 9-month-old infant. Cancer 11:855–857

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinugasa T, Akagi Y, Ochi T, Tanaka N, Kawahara A, Ishibashi Y, Gotanda Y, Yamaguchi K et al (2012) Increased claudin-1 protein expression in hepatic metastatic lesions of colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 32:2309–2314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ko et al (1995) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7618477

  • Koh SJ, Johnson WW (1986) Cancer of the large bowel in children. South Med J 79:931–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kojiro M, Kawabata K, Kawano Y, Shirai F, Takemoto N, Nakashima T (1982) Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as intrabile duct tumor growth: a clinicopathologic study of 24 cases. Cancer 49:2144–2147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kravarusic D, Feigin E, Dlugy E, Steinberg R, Baazov A, Erez I, Lazar L, Kapuller V et al (2007) Colorectal carcinoma in childhood: a retrospective multicenter study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44:209–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo M, Sakamoto M, Fukushima N, Yachida S, Nakanishi Y, Shimoda T, Yamamoto J, Moriya Y, Hirohashi S (2002) Less aggressive features of colorectal cancer with liver metastases showing macroscopic intrabiliary extension. Pathol Int 52:514–518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuruppu D, Christophi C, O’Brien PE (1997) Microvascular architecture of hepatic metastases in a mouse model. HPB Surg 10:149–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd AP, Grosfeld JL (2006) Gastrointestinal tumours in children and adolescents. Semin Pediatr Surg 15:37–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamego CM, Torloni H (1989) Colorectal adenocarcinoma in childhood and adolescent. Report of 11 cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Radiol 19:504–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamps LW, Folpe AL (2003) The diagnostic value of hepatocyte paraffin antibody 1 in differentiating hepatocellular neoplasms form nonhepatic tumors: a review. Adv Anat Pathol 10:39–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lash RH, Hart WR (1987) Intestinal adenocarcinomas metastatic to the ovaries. A clinicopathologic evaluation of 22 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 11:114–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau SK, Prakash S, Geller SA, Alsabeh R (2002) Comparative immunohistochemical profile of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 33:1175–1181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin TY, Chen KM, Chen YR, Lin WS, Wang TH, Sung JL (1975) Icteric type hepatoma. Med Chir Dig 4:267–270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin G, Lunderquist A, Hägerstrand I, Boijsen E (1984) Postmortem examination of the blood supply and vascular pattern of small liver metastases in man. Surgery 96:517–526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CT, Cha TL, Wu ST, Chuang FP (2010) Acute fulminant colon cancer metastasis after renal transplantation. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 102:447–448

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Matsui O (2007) Changes of intratumoral microvessels and blood perfusion during establishment of hepatic metastases in mice. Radiology 243:386–395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda T, Kajiyama K, Adachi E, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K, Tsuneyoshi M (1996) The expression of cytokeratins 7, 19, and 20 in primary and metastatic carcinomas of the liver. Mod Pathol 9:901–909

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malik R, Kamath N (2011) Anorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma in child: a case report. Eur J Pediatr 170:1461–1463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy WG (1931) Principles of prognosis in cancer. J Am Med Assoc 96:30–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meterissian SH, Toth CA, Steele GD, Thomas P (1994) Kupffer cell/tumor cell interactions and hepatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 81:5–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Torzilli G, Takayama T, Kawasaki S, Kosuge T, Yamamoto J et al (2000) Extension of the frontiers of surgical indications in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: long-term results. Ann Surg 231:487–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagawa S, Miwa S, Soeda J, Kobayashi A, Kawasaki S (2002) Morphometric analysis of liver macrophages in patients with colorectal liver metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 19:119–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moll R, Löwe A, Laufer J, Franke WW (1992) Cytokeratin 20 in human carcinomas. Am J Pathol 140:427–447

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison C, Marsh W, Frankel WL (2002) A comparison of CD10 to pCEA, MOC-31, and hepatocyte for the distinction of malignant tumors of the liver. Mod Pathol 15:1279–1287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami T, Kawada K, Iwamoto M, Akagami M, Hida K, Nakanishi Y, Kanda K, Kawada M et al (2013) The role of CXCR3 and CXCR4 in colorectal cancer metastasis. Int J Cancer 132:276–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima et al (1999) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10086660

  • Nagler J, Rochwarger AM (1977) Metastatic colon carcinoma simulating primary bile duct carcinoma via endoscopic cholangiography. Gastrointest Radiol 2:75–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nanashima A, Yamaguchi H, Sawai T, Yasutake T, Tsuji T, Jibiki M, Yamaguchi E et al (1999) Expression of adhesion molecules in hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinoma: relationship to primary tumours and prognosis after hepatic resection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:1004–1009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nanashima A, Yamaguchi H, Sawai T, Shibasaki S, Yasutake T, Tsuji T, Hidaka S et al (2002) Analysis of tumor morphology in metastatic colorectal cancer: does this classification have any clinical significance? J Gastroenterol 37:791–797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nanashima A, Shibata K, Nakayama T, Tobinaga S, Araki M, Kunizaki M, Takeshita H et al (2009) Clinical significance of microvessel count in patients with metastatic liver cancer originating from colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 16:2130–2137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng IOL, Path MRC, Lai ECS, Ng MMT, Fan ST (1992) Tumor encapsulation in hepatocellular carcinoma: a pathologic study of 189 cases. Cancer 70:45–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niemann TH, Hughes JH, De Young BR (1999) MOC-31 aids in the differentiation of metastatic adenocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 87:295–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikfarjam N, Muralidharan V, Malcontenti-Wilson C, Christophi C (2003) Scanning electron microscopy study of the blood supply of human colorectal liver metastases. EJSO 29:856–861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishio H, Miyata K, Hanai M, Kato M, Yoneyama F, Kobayashi Y (2002) Resection of an icteric type hepatoma with tumor thrombi filling the right posterior bile duct. Hepatogastroenterology 49:1682–1685

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odone V, Chang L, Caces J, George SL, Pratt CB (1982) The natural history of colorectal carcinoma in adolescents. Cancer 49:1716–1720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohlsson B, Stenram U, Tranberg KG (1998) Resection of colorectal liver metastases: 25-year experience. World J Surg 22:268–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okada K, Komuta K, Hashimoto S, Matsuzaki S, Kanematsu T, Koji T (2000) Frequency of apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes induced by fas counterattack in human colorectal carcinoma and its correlation with prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 6:3560–3564

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okano K, Yamamoto J, Moriya Y, Akasu T, Kosuge T, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S (1999) Macroscopic intrabiliary growth of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Surgery 126:829–834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okano K, Yamamoto J, Kosuge T, Yamamoto S, Sakamoto M, Nakanishi Y, Hirohashi S (2000) Fibrous pseudocapsule of metastatic liver tumors from colorectal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic study of 152 first resection cases. Cancer 89:267–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okano K, Yamamoto J, Okabayashi T, Sugawara Y, Shimada K, Kosuge T, Yamasaki S, Furukawa H, Muramatsu Y (2002) CT imaging of intrabiliary growth of colorectal liver metastases: a comparison of pathological findings of resected specimens. Br J Radiol 75:497–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okano K, Maeba T, Moroguchi A, Ishimura K, Karasawa Y, Tzuishi K, Goda F, Usuki H et al (2003) Lymphocytic infiltration surrounding liver metastases from colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 82:28–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ong and Lean (2007) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17499498

  • Oxley EM, Ellis H (1969) Prognosis of carcinoma of the large bowel in the presence of liver metastases. Br J Surg 56:149–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paku S, Lapis K (1993) Morphological aspects of angiogenesis in experimental liver metastases. Am J Pathol 143:926–936

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paku S, Kopper L, Nagy P (2005) Development of the vasculature in “pushing-type” liver metastases of an experimental colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 115:893–902

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey A, Gangopadhyay A, Sharma S, Kumar V, Gupta D, Gopal S, Singh R (2008) Pediatric carcinoma of rectum – Varanasi experience. Indian J Cancer 45:119–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park SY, Kim HS, Hong EK, Kim WH (2002) Expression of cytokeratins 7 and 20 in primary carcinomas odf the stomach and colorectum and their value in the differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas to the ovary. Hum Pathol 33:1078–1085

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paschos KA, Majeed AW, Bird NC (2010) Role of Kupffer cells in the outgrowth of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Hepatol Res 40:83–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peungjesada S, Aloja TA, Kaur H, Marcal L, Choi H, Vauthey JN, Loyer EM (2013) Intrabiliary growth of colorectal liver metastasis: spectrum of imaging findings and implications for surgical management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201:W582–W589

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickren JW, Tsukada Y, Lane WW (1982) Liver metastases: analysis of autopsy data. In: Weiss L, Gilbert MA (eds) Liver metastasis. G.K. Hall, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro RS, Herman P, Luipinacci RM, Lai Q, Mello ES, Coelho FF, Perini MV et al (2014) Tumor growth pattern as predictor of colorectal liver metastasis. Am J Surg 207:493–498

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porcell AI, De Young BR, Proca DM, Frankel WL (2000) Immunohistochemical analysis of hepatocellular and adenocarcinoma in the liver: MOC31 compares favorably with other putative markers. Mod Pathol 13:773–778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Povoski SP, Klimstra DS, Brown KT, Schwartz LH, Kurtz RC, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, Blumgart LH (2000) Recognition of intrabiliary hepatic metastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma. HPB Surg 11:383–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Proca DM, Niemann TH, Porcell AI, DeYoung BR (2000) MOC13 immunoreactivity in primary and metastatic carcinoma of the liver. Report of findings and review of other utilized markers. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 8:120–125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao BN, Pratt CB, Fleming ID, Dilawari RA, Green AA, Austin BA (1985) Colon carcinoma in children and adolescents. A review of 30 cases. Cancer 55:1322–1326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redkar RG, Kulkarni BK, Naik A, Borweankar SS (1993) Colloid carcinoma of rectum in a 11 year old child. J Postgrad Med 39:218–219

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees M, Plant G, Bygrave S (1997) Late results justify resection for multiple hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 84:1136–1140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridge JA, Bading JR, Gelbard AS, Benua RS, Daly JM (1987) Perfusion of colorectal hepatic metastases. Relative distribution of flow form the hepatic artery and portal vein. Cancer 59:1547–1553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riopel MA, Klimstra DS, Godellas CV, Blumgart LH, Westra WH (1997) Intrabiliary growth of metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma: a pattern of intrahepatic spread easily confused with primary neoplasia of the biliary tract. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1030–1036

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ropponen KM, Eskelinen MJ, Lipponen PK, Alhava E, Kosma VM (1997) Prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 182:318–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruers T, Bleichroth PR (2002) Treatment of liver metastases, and update on the possibilities and results. Eur J Cancer 38:1023–1033

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rullier A, Le Bail B, Rullier E, Lamouliatte H, Saric J, Bioulac-Sage P (1999) Three deceptive cases of intrahepatic metastases of colorectal origin with endobiliary growth, simulating cholangiocarcinoma. Importance of immunostaining of cytokeratin 7 and 20. Ann Pathol 19:33–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rullier A, Le Bail B, Fawaz R, Blanc JF, Saric J, Bioulac-Sage P (2000) Cytokeratin 7 and 20 expression in cholangiocarcinomas varies along the biliary tract but still differs from that in colorectal carcinoma metastasis. Am J Surg Pathol 24:870–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salem M, Postlethwait RW (1960) Malignancy of colon and rectum in patients under 20 years of age. Ann Surg 151:335–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez Pérez MA, Rodriguez Pérez A, Geijo Martinez F, Gonzalez San Martin F, Rodriguez Rincon M et al (1995) Calcified hepatic metastases as the first manifestation of colonic cancer (in Spanish). Rev Esp Enferm Dig 87:268–269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saner FD (1946) A case of carcinoma coli in a child. Br J Surg 34:398–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Paul M (1995) Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg 19:59–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholefield J (1946) Carcinoma of colon in youth of 17 causing acute intestinal obstruction. Br Med J 2:461

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz W, Hagen C, Hort W (1985) The distribution of liver metastases from colonic cancer. A quantitative postmortem study. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 406:279–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seshadri RA, Majhi U (2009) Endobiliary metastasis from rectal cancer mimicking intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and review of literature. J Gastrointest Cancer 40:123–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahrudin MD, Noori SM (1997) Cancer of the colon and rectum in the first three decades of life. Hepatogastroenterology 44:441–444

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimonishi T, Miyazaki K, Nakanuma Y (2000) Cytokeratin profile relates to histological subtypes and intrahepatic location of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and primary sites of metastatic adenocarcinoma of liver. Histopathology 37:55–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiran MS, Isa MR, Sherina MS, Rampal L, Hairuszah I, Sabariah AR (2006) The utility of hepatocyte paraffin 1 antibody in the immunohistochemical distinction of hepatocellular carcinoma from cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic carcinoma. Malays J Pathol 28:87–92

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui MT, Saboorian MH, Gokaslan ST, Ashfaq R (2002) Diagnostic utility of the Hep Par1 antibody to differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma in fine-needle aspiration samples. Cancer 96:49–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds PC, Primrose JN, Colquitt JL, Garden OJ, Poston GJ, Rees M (2006) Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published studies. Br J Cancer 94:982–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Slesser AA, Georgiou P, Brown G, Mudan S, Goldin R, Tekkis P (2013) The tumour biology of synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. Clin Exp Metastasis 30:457–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soyer P, Bluemke DA, Vissuzaine C, Beers BV, Barge J, Levesque M (1994) CT of hepatic tumors: prevalence and specificity of retraction of the adjacent liver capsule. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:1119–1122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura T, Nagino M, Oda K, Ebata T, Nishio H, Arai T, Nimura Y (2006) Hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases with macroscopic intrabiliary tumor growth. World J Surg 30:1902–1908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suh KS, Roh HR, Koh YT, Lee KU, Park YH, Kim SW (2000) Clinicopathologic features of the intraductal growth type of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 31:12–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sung MW, Bruckner HW, Szabo S, Mitty HA (1988) Extrahepatic obstructive jaundice due to colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 83:267–270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svennevig JL, Lunde OC, Holter J, Bjorksvik D (1984) Lymphoid infiltration and prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 49:375–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taguchi T, Suita S, Hirata Y, Ishii E, Ueda K (1991) Carcinoma of the colon in children: a case report and review of 41 Japanese cases. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 12:394–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takai S, Yamamura M, Sakaguchi M, Uetsuji S, Yamamoto M (1988) Carcinoma of the colon in children: report of a case and review of the literature. Jpn J Surg 18:341–345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takamatsu S, Teramoto K, Kawamura T, Kudo A, Noguchi N, Irie T, Ochiai T, Kumagau J, Koike M, Arii S (2004) Liver metastasis from rectal cancer with prominent intrabile duct growth. Pathol Int 54:440–445

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon R, Sharma U, Gupta S, Mathur K (1985) Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon in a child. J Indian Med Assoc 83:379–381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terayama N, Terada T, Nakanuma Y (1996a) Histologic growth patterns of metastatic carcinomas of the liver. Jpn J Clin Oncol 26:24–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terayama N, Terada T, Nakanuma Y (1996b) A morphometric and immunohistochemical study on angiogenesis of human metastatic carcinomas of the liver. Hepatology 24:816–819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JF, Mathur MN, Coates AS (1993) Common bile duct obstruction due to intraluminal metastatic melanoma. Aust N Z J Surg 63:502–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thynne GS, Weiland LH, Moertel CG, Silvers A (1980) Correlation of histopathologic characteristics of primary tumor and uninvolved regional nodes in Dukes’ C colonic carcinoma with prognosis. Mayo Clin Proc 55:243–245

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tokai H, Kawashita Y, Eguchi S, Kamohara Y, Takatsuki M, Okudaira S, Tajima Y, Hayashi T, Kanematsu T (2006) A case of mucin producing liver metastases with intrabiliary extension. World J Gastroenterol 12:4918–4921

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomizawa N, Ohwada S, Tanahashi Y, Ikeya T, Ito H, Takeyoshi I, Morishita Y (2003) Liver metastasis of rectal cancer with intraluminal growth in the extrahepatic bile duct. Hepatogastroenterology 50:1625–1627

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tot T (1999) Adenocarcinomas metastatic to the liver: the value of cytokeratins 20 and 7 in the search for unknown primary tumors. Cancer 85:171–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tot T (2002) Cytokeratins 20 and 7 as biomarkers: usefulness in discriminating primary from metastatic adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer 38:758–763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tot T (2004) Identifying colorectal metastases in liver biopsies: the novel CDX2 antibody is less specific than the cytokeratin 20+/CK7- phenotype. Med Sci Monit 10:BR139–BR143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tot T, Samii S (2003) The clinical relevance of cytokeratin phenotyping in needle biopsy of liver metastasis. APMIS 111:1075–1082

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uehara K, Hasegawa H, Ogiso S, Sakamoto E, Igami T, Ohira S, Mori T (2004) Intrabiliary polypoid growth of liver metastasis from colonic adenocarcinoma with minimal invasion of the liver parenchyma. J Gastroenterol 39:72–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Eynden GG, van Dam PJ, Stroobants S, Dirix L, Vermeulen P, Liver Metastasis Research Network (2014) Histopathological evaluation of resected colorectal cancer liver metastasis: what should be done? Histopathology 64:315–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakai T, Korita PV, Ajioka Y, Inoue M, Takamura M, Akazawa K, Shirai Y, Hatakeyama K (2011) Intraepithelial ductal spread in colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis. Hepatogastroenterology 58:583–588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JY, Chiang JM, Jeng LB et al (1996) Resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: are there any truly significant clinical prognosticators? Dis Colon Rectum 39:847–851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XF, Wang HS, Zhang F, Guo Q, Wang H, Wang KF, Zhang G, Bu XZ, Cai SH et al (2014) Nodal promotes the generation of M2-like macrophages and downregulates the expression of IL-12. Eur J Immunol 44:173–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warshaw AL, Welch JP (1978) Extrahepatic biliary obstruction by metastatic colon carcinoma. Ann Surg 188:593–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Watt AG, House AK (1978) Colonic carcinoma. A quantitative assessment of lymphocyte infiltration at the periphery of colonic tumors related to prognosis. Cancer 41:279–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wauters CCAP, Smedts F, Gerrits LGM, Bosman MT, Ramaekers FC (1995) Keratin 7 and 20 as diagnostic markers of carcinomas metastatic to the ovary. Hum Pathol 26:852–855

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen SW, Ager EI, Christophi C (2013) Bimodal role of Kupffer cells during colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 14:606–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel DJ, Gaede JT, Wenzel LR (2003) Case report. Intrabiliary colonic metastasis mimicking primary biliary neoplasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:1029–1032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox and Beattia (1956) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13339742

  • Willis RA (1973) Spread of tumors in the human body. Butterworth and Co., London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong NACS, Neville LP (2007) Specificity of intra-acinar necrosis as a marker of colorectal liver metastasis. Histopathology 51:709–731

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu HH, Tao LC, Cramer HM (1996) Vimentin-positive spider-shaped Kupffer cells. A new clue to cytologic diagnosis of primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol 106:517–521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu B, Shen F, Cao J, Jia L (2013) Angiogenesis in liver metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. Front Biosci (landmark Ed) 18:1435–1443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto J, Sugihara K, Kosuge T, Takayama T, Shimada K, Yamasaki S, Sakamoto M et al (1995) Pathologic support for limited hepatectomy in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 221:74–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto T, Matsumoto K, Itiyama K (1996) Colorectal cancer in a patient younger than 20 years of age: report of a case and a review of the Japanese literature. Surg Today 26:810–813

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto J, Kosuge T, Takayama T, Shimada K, Yamasaki S, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S, Makuuchi M (1997) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma presenting intrabile duct extension: clinicopathologic study of five resected cases. Jpn J Clin Oncol 27:18–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto J, Shimada K, Kosuge T, Yamasaki S, Sakamoto M, Fukuda H (1999) Factors influencing survival of patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal metastases. Br J Surg 86:332–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yasui K, Hirai T, Kato T, Torii A, Uesaka K, Morimoto T et al (1997) A new macroscopic classification predicts prognosis for patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 226:582–586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoong KF, Adams DH (1998) Interleukin 2 restores CD3-zeta chain expression but fails to generate tumor-specific lytic activity in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes derived from human colorectal hepatic metastases. Br J Cancer 77:1072–1081

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu DC, Chen J, Ding YT (2010) Hypoxic and highly angiogenic non-tumor tissues surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma: the ‘niche’ of endothelial progenitor cells. Int J Mol Sci 11:2901–2909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zamcheck N, Doos WG, Prudente R, Lurie BB, Gottlieb LS (1975) Prognostic factors in colon carcinoma. Correlation of serum carcinoembryonic antigen level and tumor histopathology. Hum Pathol 6:31–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RL, Das KM, Fogt F, Burke M, Murakata LA (2002) The Das-1 immunostain is useful for discriminating metastatic colon adenocarcinoma from cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 9:1369–1372

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlobec I, Lugli A, Baker K, Roth S, Minoo P, Hayashi S, Terracciano L, Jass JR (2007) Role of APAF-1, E-cadherin and peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration in tumour budding in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 212:260–268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlobec I, Minoo P, Baumhoer D, Baker K, Terracciano L, Jass JR, Lugli A (2008) Multimarker phenotype predicts adverse survival in patients with lymph node-negative colorectal cancer. Cancer 112:495–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Arthur Zimmermann

Authors
  1. Arthur Zimmermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arthur Zimmermann .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Zimmermann, A. (2017). Metastatic Liver Disease: Colorectal Carcinomas. In: Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26956-6_107

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26956-6_107

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26954-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26956-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation