What Is Systems Thinking?

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief overview and understanding of the historical evolution of the field of systems thinking, which has been characterized as occurring in three waves, the last of which recognized a plurality of methods and approaches. In the last decade, a fourth wave has emerged that is based on four simple cognitive tasks or “rules” – making distinctions and recognizing systems, relationships, and perspectives (DSRP). These four rules combine in infinitely complex ways to produce the emergent property of systems thinking. They underlie and serve to integrate the diverse methods and approaches of systems thinking. Applying DSRP is a new skill that extends and enhances popular systems thinking tools and approaches. DSRP provides a common language and analytical method to span the multiple subfields that have often worked in isolation, allowing the tremendous pluralism in systems thinking to exist alongside universality. Importantly, the simplicity of the DSRP rules makes it far easier to teach and learn systems thinking. The fourth wave makes systems thinking more accessible than ever before, as DSRP cognitive skills can be taught to individuals at all levels in all disciplines. The corollary development of systems modeling techniques are accessible ways to capture and measure one’s progress in developing the skills required for systems thinking. The historical overview and description of where the field is headed will provide context for an introduction to the role of systems thinking in human and organizational development and in particular the relevance for educational systems.