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Markers of Bacterial Translocation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Biomarkers in Diabetes

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder. The growing body of evidence linking the gut microbiome to host metabolism has been accompanied by change in the study of metabolic illnesses including type 2 diabetes. Disturbance in the balance of gut microbiome “gut dysbiosis” has led to the emergence of the concept of “leaky gut” and metabolic endotoxemia. Previous studies observed higher lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide binding protein concentrations in diabetics than in healthy controls. Translocation of bacteria and their products through the disrupted gut barrier increased the circulation of markers that could be linked to increased intestinal permeability. The end result of translocated products is the stimulation of systemic inflammatory response affecting many organs and increasing insulin resistance thus aggravating diabetes. It is anticipated that by gaining a better understanding of the mechanism of leaky gut and bacterial translocation in diabetes, scientists will be able to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

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Abbreviations

AHR:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

AMPs:

Antimicrobial peptides

COVID-19:

Coronavirus Disease 2019

DCs:

Dendritic cells

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

ELISA:

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

EndoCAb:

Endotoxin core antibodies

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

GLUT:

Glucose transporter

IAP:

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase

IL:

Interleukin

INF-γ:

interferon-gamma

LAL:

Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate

LDL-R:

Low density lipoprotein receptor

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LTA:

Lipoteichoic acid

NAFLD:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

NF-κB:

Nuclear Factor Kappa B

PAMPs:

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

PG:

Peptidoglycan

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2

SCFAs:

Short chain fatty acids

sIgA:

Secretory immunoglobulin A

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

16SrRNA:

16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt

    Marwa Ahmed Meheissen

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  1. Marwa Ahmed Meheissen
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Correspondence to Marwa Ahmed Meheissen .

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Franklin-Wilkins Bldg, Rm 4.101, 4th Fl, Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed Health Sci, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

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Meheissen, M.A. (2022). Markers of Bacterial Translocation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_49-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_49-1

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