Abstract
We examine a class of nonlinear fractional Mathieu equations with a damping term. The equation is an important equation of mathematical physics as it has many applications in various fields of the physical sciences. By utilizing Schauder’s fixed-point theorem, the existence arises of solutions for the proposed equation with the Hilfer–Katugampola fractional derivative, and an application is additionally examined. Two examples guarantee the obtained results.
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1 Introduction
During recent years, fractional Calculus draws increasing attention due to its applications in various applicable fields such as physics, mechanics, chemistry, engineering, etc. The reader interested in the subject should refer to the papers [1–10]. In the literature, one can find that there are many definitions of fractional derivatives [11–15].
In [16], the authors introduced a new generalized derivative involving exponential functions in their kernels that, upon considering limiting cases, converges to classical derivatives. They solved Cauchy linear fractional-type problems within this derivative. One of the generalizations of the well-known Riemann–Liouville and the Hadamard fractional integrals was introduced by Katugampola ([17–19]) in a new fractional integral operator given by
Matar et al. investigated the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a p-Laplacian boundary value problem defined by a semilinear fractional system that involves Caputo–Katugampola fractional derivatives \((\mathrm{C}\text{-}\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD})\) [20]. The Mathieu equation \((\mathrm{M}\mathbb{E})\) is an important equation of mathematical physics as it has many applications in several fields of the physical sciences [21–31]. In 1868, Émile Léonard Mathieu introduced for the fist time the second-order differential equation and had encountered them while studying vibrating elliptical drumheads, of the form
where
a and b are real or complex constants [32]. The solution of Equation (1) is built in the form
where p is a periodical function with period π and σ is the so-called characteristic index depending on the values of a and b. The function \(y(t) = \exp (-i \sigma t) p(-t)\), represents the second solution. In 2010, Rand et al. studied for the first time \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{E}\) in fractional settings and used the method of harmonic balance to obtain both a lower- and a higher-order approximation for the transition curves [33]. Ebaid et al. established the approximate analytical solution of the fractional Mathieu equation \((\mathbb{F}\mathrm{M}\mathbb{E})\) by using Adomian decomposition and a series methods [34]. Recently, Harikrishnan et al. considered the problems of differential equations with the Hilfer–Katugampola fractional derivative \((\mathrm{H}\text{-}\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD})\),
for \(t, e_{i} \in (a, b]\), where \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta }\) is H-\(\mathrm{K} \mathbb{FD}\) of order \(0<\alpha <1\) and type \(0 \leq \beta \leq 1\), and \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{1-\gamma }\) is a generalized fractional derivative of order \((1 -\gamma )\) with \(\gamma = \alpha + \beta - \alpha \beta \) and \(\rho > 0\) [35]. Here, \(w : (a, b] \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) is a given continuous function, \(e_{i}\), (\(i = 0, 1, \dots , m\)) are prefixed points satisfying \(a < e_{1} \leq e_{2} \leq \cdots \leq e_{m} < b\), and \(q_{i}\) are real numbers. They also established the existence of solutions by using Krasnoselskii’s fixed-point theorem.
Our objective in this work is to study the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Mathieu fractional differential equation \(( \mathrm{M}\mathbb{FDE})\) with H-\(\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD}\),
for \(t\in I_{0}= [0, T]\), with the initial condition
for \(e_{i}\in (0, T]\), where \(p(t)= a - 2b \cos (2t)\), a, b are real constants, \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta}\) is H-\(\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD}\) of order α, type \(0 \leq \beta \leq 1\), and \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{1-\gamma }\) is a generalized fractional derivative of order \((1 -\gamma )\), here \(\gamma = \alpha + \beta - \alpha \beta \), \(\rho > 0\). The map \(w : I_{0} \times \mathbb{R}^{2} \to \mathbb{R}\) is a given continuous function, \(e_{i}\) for \(i = 0, 1, \dots , m\) are prefixed points satisfying \(0 < e_{1}\leq e_{2} \leq \cdots \leq e_{m} < T\), and \(q_{i}\) are real numbers. Also, we consider the existence and uniqueness of Problem (3) and (4).
The plan of the work is as follows. In Sect. 2 we begin with some definitions and lemmas that will be used to prove our main result. In Sect. 3, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. In Sect. 4, we provide two examples to illustrate our main results. We show an application to examine the validity of our theoretical results on the fractional-order representation of the motion of a particle along a straight line in Sect. 5.
2 Essential preliminaries
For the convenience of the reader, we present here some basic definitions and lemmas, which are used throughout this paper.
Definition 1
([19])
Let \(\overline{J}=[a, b]\) be a finite interval on the half-axis \(\mathbb{R}^{+}\), \(C (\overline{J})\) be the Banach space of all continuous functions from J̅ into \(\mathbb{R}^{+}\) with the norm \(\|y\|_{C} = \max_{t \in \overline{J}} | y(t)|\) and the parameters \(\rho >0\), \(0\leq \gamma < 1\).
-
(1)
The weighted space \(C_{\gamma , \rho} (\overline{J})\) of continuous functions y on \((a, b]\) is defined by
$$ C_{ \gamma ,\rho} (\overline{J}) = \biggl\{ y : (a, b] \to \mathbb{R} : \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}- a^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\gamma} y(t) \in C(\overline{J}) \biggr\} ,$$with the norm
$$ \Vert y \Vert _{ C_{\gamma , \rho}}= \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}- a^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\gamma} y(t) \biggr\Vert _{C} = \max _{t\in \overline{J}} \biggl\vert \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}- a^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma} y(t) \biggr\vert ,$$where \(C_{ 0,\rho} (\overline{J})= C (\overline{J})\).
-
(2)
Let \(\delta _{\rho}= ( t^{\rho}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} )\). For \(n \in \mathbb{N}\), we denote by \(C^{n}_{ \delta _{\rho}, \gamma} (\overline{J})\) the Banach space of functions y that are continuously differentiable on J̅, with operator \(\delta _{\rho}\), up to order \((n - 1)\) and that have the derivative \(\delta ^{n}_{\rho} y\) of order n on \((a, b]\) such that \(\delta ^{n}_{ \rho} y\in C_{\gamma , \rho}(\overline{J})\), that is,
$$ C^{n}_{ \delta _{\rho},\gamma} (\overline{J}) = \bigl\{ y : (a, b] \to \mathbb{R} : \delta ^{k}_{\rho} \in C(\overline{J}), k=0, 1 \dots , n-1, \delta ^{n}_{\rho} y\in C_{ \gamma ,\rho} ( \overline{J}) \bigr\} ,$$where \(n \in \mathbb{N}\), with the norms
$$ \begin{aligned} & \Vert y \Vert _{C^{n}_{\delta _{\rho}} } = \sum _{k=0}^{n} \max_{t\in \overline{J} } \bigl\vert \delta ^{k}_{ \rho} g(x) \bigr\vert , \\ & \Vert y \Vert _{C^{n}_{\delta _{\rho},\gamma} } = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \bigl\Vert \delta ^{k}_{ \rho} g \bigr\Vert _{C} + \bigl\Vert \delta ^{n}_{\rho} y \bigr\Vert _{C_{ \gamma ,\rho}}. \end{aligned} $$For \(n=0\), we have \(C^{0}_{ \delta _{\rho},\gamma} (\overline{J})= C_{\gamma , \rho} ( \overline{J})\).
Definition 2
The generalized left-sided fractional integral \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{\alpha}_{a^{+}} [y](\cdot )\) of order \(\alpha \in \mathbbm{ }\mathbb{C}\), (\(Re(\alpha ) >0\)) is defined for \(y \in C^{1}_{\gamma}(\overline{J})\) by
for \(t > a\) and \(\rho > 0\), provided the integral exists. Similarly, the right-sided fractional integral \({}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{\alpha}_{b^{-}} [y] (\cdot )\) is defined by
Definition 3
Let \(\alpha \in \mathbbm{ }\mathbb{C}\), with \(Re(\alpha ) \geq 0\), \(n = [Re(\alpha )] + 1\) and \(\rho >0\). The generalized fractional derivatives, corresponding to the generalized fractional integrals (5) and (6), are defined for \(0 \leq a < t < b \leq \infty \) and \(y \in C^{1}_{\gamma}(\overline{J})\) by
and
if the integrals exist.
Definition 4
([36])
Let order α and type β satisfy \(0<\alpha \leq 1\) and \(0\leq \beta \leq 1\). The H-\(\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD}\) (left sided / right sided), with respect to t, with \(\rho >0\) of a function \(y \in C_{1-\gamma , \rho} (\overline{J})\) is defined by
where \({}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}_{a^{\pm}}^{\eta}\) is the generalized fractional integral given in Definition 2.
Properties 1
([17])
We recall some properties of \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha , \beta}\) as follows:
-
P1)
The operator \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha , \beta}\) can be written as
$$ {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha ,\beta} = {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}_{a^{+}}^{\beta ( 1 - \alpha )} \delta _{\rho} {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{1-\gamma}_{a^{+}} = {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}_{a^{+}}^{\beta (1-\alpha )} {}^{\rho} \mathcal{D}^{\gamma}_{a^{+}},$$where \(\gamma = \alpha + \beta (1-\alpha )\).
-
P2)
The fractional derivative \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha , \beta}\) is an interpolator of the following fractional derivatives:
-
Hilfer (\(\rho \to 1\)),
-
Hilfer–Hadamard (\(\rho \to 0\)),
-
generalized (\(\beta = 0\)),
-
generalized Caputo-type (\(\beta = 1\)),
-
Riemann–Liouville (\(\beta = 0\), \(\rho \to 1\)),
-
Hadamard (\(\beta = 0\), \(\rho \to 0\)),
-
Caputo (\(\beta = 1\), \(\rho \to 1\)),
-
Caputo–Hadamard (\(\beta = 1\), \(\rho \to 0\)),
-
Liouville (\(\beta = 0\), \(\rho \to 1\), \(a = 0\)),
-
Weyl (\(\beta = 0\), \(\rho \to 1\), \(a =-\infty \)).
-
First, we state the following key lemma.
Lemma 5
([37])
Let \({}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha}\) and \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha} \), as defined in Eqs. (5) and (7), respectively, for \(t> a\). Then, for \(\alpha \geq 0\) and \(\zeta >0\), we have
and
for almost all \(\alpha \in (0,1)\).
Theorem 6
Let \(\alpha >0\), \(\beta >0\), \(1\leq p\leq \infty \), \(0< a < b <\infty \), and \(\rho , c \in \mathbb{R}\), \(\rho \geq c\), Then, for \(y \in C^{p}_{c}(J)\),
Lemma 7
([36])
Let \(0<\alpha <1\), \(0\leq \gamma <1\). If \(y\in C_{\gamma}(\overline{J})\) and \(y\in C^{1}_{\gamma}(\overline{J})\), then
Lemma 8
([17])
Let \(\alpha >0\), \(0\leq \gamma <1\), and \(y\in C_{\gamma}( \overline{J})\). Then,
for each \(t\in J\).
Lemma 9
([36])
Let \(0< a< b<\infty \), \(\alpha >0\), \(0\leq \gamma <1\), and \(y \in C_{\gamma ,\rho}(\overline{J})\). If \(\alpha >\gamma \), then \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha} [y]\) is continuous on J̅ and
Throughout the remainder of this paper, we consider the following function spaces defined in [36]. We consider the parameters α, β, γ, and μ satisfying \(\gamma = \alpha +\beta -\alpha \beta \), for \(0 \leq \mu <1\),
and \(C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}^{\gamma} (\overline{J}) \subset C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}^{\alpha ,\beta} (\overline{J})\).
Lemma 10
([36])
Let \(0<\alpha <1\), \(0\leq \beta \leq 1\), and \(\gamma = \alpha +\beta (1-\alpha )\). If \(y\in C_{1-\gamma}^{\gamma} (\overline{J})\), then
and
Lemma 11
([36])
Let \(g \in L^{1}(J)\). If \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\beta (1-\alpha )} [y]\) exists on \(L^{1}(J)\), then
Lemma 12
([36])
Let \(0<\alpha <1\), \(0\leq \beta \leq 1\), and \(\gamma = \alpha +\beta (1-\alpha )\). If \(y\in C_{1-\gamma} (\overline{J})\) and \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}_{a^{+}}^{1-\beta (1-\alpha )}\in C^{1}_{1- \gamma} (\overline{J})\), then \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha ,\beta} {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha}\) exists on J̅ and
The following key theorems are used in the remainder of the paper.
Theorem 13
([36])
Let \(\gamma = \alpha + \beta ( 1 - \alpha )\), where \(0<\alpha <1\) and \(0\leq \beta \leq 1\). If \(g: (a,b] \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbbm{ }\mathbb{R}\) is a function such that \(g(\cdot , y(\cdot ) ) \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} (\overline{J})\) for any \(y \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}\). A function \(y \in C^{\gamma}_{ 1-\gamma ,\rho} (\overline{J})\) is the solution of the fractional initial-value problem
if and only if y satisfies the following equation
Theorem 14
(Banach’s fixed-point theorem [38])
Let \(\mathcal{Y}\) be a nonempty closed subset of a Banach space \(\mathfrak{X}\) and \(\mathcal{F} : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y}\) be a contraction operator. Then, there is a unique \(y\in \mathcal{Y}\) with \(\mathcal{F}(y) = y\).
Theorem 15
(Schauder’s fixed-point theorem [38])
Let \(\mathcal{Y}\) be a nonempty closed subset of a Banach space \(\mathfrak{X}\) and \(\mathcal{F}: \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y}\) be a continuous mapping such that \(\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{Y}) \subset \mathfrak{X}\) is relatively compact. Then, \(\mathcal{F}\) has at least one fixed point in \(\mathcal{Y}\).
Theorem 16
(Arzelà–Ascoli theorem [38])
A subset \(\mathcal{Y}\) of \(C(\mathfrak{X})\) is relatively compact iff it is closed, bounded and equicontinuous.
3 Main result
In the following, we present a significant lemma to show the principal theorems.
Lemma 17
Let \(w : I_{0}\times \mathbb{R}^{2} \to \mathbb{R}\) be a function such that
for all \(y \in C_{ 1 - \gamma , \rho} (I_{0})\). We give \(y \in C^{\gamma}_{ 1 - \gamma , \rho} (I_{0})\), then Problem (3) and (4) is equivalent to the fractional integral equation
where
Proof
- \((\Rightarrow )\):
-
We may apply Theorem 13 to reduce the \(\mathbb{F}\mathrm{M}\mathbb{E}\) (3) to an equivalent fractional integral equation. Then, we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} y(t) &= \frac{ {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma} [y](0)}{ \Gamma (\gamma )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} - {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{\alpha} [py](t) \\ & \quad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta} [y]( \xi ) \bigr) \,\mathrm{d}\xi . \end{aligned}$$(17)Now, we replace t by \(e_{i}\) in equation (17) and multiply by \(q_{i}\), and obtain
$$\begin{aligned} q_{i} y( {e_{i}} ) & = \frac{{}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma} [y](0) }{ \Gamma (\gamma )} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{\gamma -1} - q_{i} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{\alpha} [py](e_{i}) \\ & \quad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \omega _{i} \int _{0}^{\xi _{i}} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta} y(\xi ) \bigr) \,\mathrm{d}\xi . \end{aligned}$$From \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1-\gamma } [y](0) = \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} y(e_{i})\), we write easily
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} y(e_{i}) & = \frac{ {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma} [y](0) }{ \Gamma (\gamma )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\gamma -1} - \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{\alpha} [py](e_{i}) \\ & \quad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int _{0}^{e_{i} } \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho} }{\rho} \biggr)^{\alpha - 1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } y(\xi ) \bigr) \,\mathrm{d}\xi , \end{aligned}$$and
$$\begin{aligned} & \Biggl[ 1 - \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\gamma )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \Biggr] {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma} [y](0) \\ &\quad = \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int _{0}^{e_{i}} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{\rho} \biggr)^{\alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha , \beta} [y](\xi ) \bigr) \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \qquad {}- \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int _{0}^{e_{i}} {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{\alpha} [py](e_{i}), \end{aligned}$$which implies
$$\begin{aligned} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma} [y](0) & = \frac { \Gamma (\gamma ) \rho ^{\gamma -1}}{ \Gamma ( \gamma ) \rho ^{\gamma -1 } - \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} ( e_{i}^{ \rho})^{ \gamma -1}} \\ & \quad {}\times \Biggl[ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int _{0}^{e_{i}} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha - 1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad {}- \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int _{0}^{e_{i}} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1 } \xi ^{\rho -1} p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr]. \end{aligned}$$Hence,
$$\begin{aligned} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma} [y](0) & = \frac{\Delta \Gamma ( \gamma ) }{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int _{0}^{e_{i}} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1 } \xi ^{ \rho - 1 } \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta} [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi . \end{aligned}$$(18) - \((\Leftarrow )\):
-
Let \(y\in C^{\gamma}_{1-\gamma}(I_{0})\) satisfy Eq. (15). We prove that y also satisfies the problem (3) and (4). Therefore, we apply the operator \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\gamma}_{0_{+}}\) on both sides of (15), and from Lemmas 5 and 10, we obtain
$$ {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \gamma}_{0_{+}} [y](t) = {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\beta ( 1 - \alpha )}_{0_{+}} \bigl[ w \bigl(t, y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y](t) \bigr) - p(t) y(t) \bigr]. $$(19)From the hypothesis \(y \in C^{\gamma}_{1-\gamma , \rho}(I_{0})\) and (11), we have \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\gamma}_{0_{+}} y \in C_{1-\gamma , \rho}(I_{0})\) and
$$\begin{aligned} &{}^{ \rho} \mathcal{D}^{\beta ( 1 - \alpha )}_{0_{+}} \bigl[ w \bigl( t, y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta} [y](t) \bigr) - p(t) y(t) \bigr] \\ &\quad = \delta _{\rho} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \beta (1-\alpha ) }_{0_{+}} \bigl[ w \bigl( t, y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y](t) \bigr) - p(t)y(t) \bigr] \\ &\quad \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}(I_{0}). \end{aligned}$$(20)From [36, Lemma 5] and
$$ \bigl[ w \bigl( \cdot , y(\cdot ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\cdot ) \bigr) - p(\cdot ) y(\cdot ) \bigr] \in C_{ 1 - \gamma ,\rho}(I_{0}),$$it follows that
$$ ^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{1-\beta (1-\alpha )}_{0_{+}} \bigl(f \bigl(\cdot ,u( \cdot ),^{\rho}D^{\alpha ,\beta } u(\cdot )\bigr)-p(\cdot )u(\cdot ) \bigr) \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}(I_{0}). $$(21)By Eq. (20), Eq. (21), and Definition 1, we have
$$ {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \beta ( 1 -\alpha ) }_{0_{+}} \bigl[ w \bigl( \cdot , y(\cdot ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y]( \cdot ) \bigr) - p(\cdot ) y(\cdot ) \bigr] \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}^{1} (I_{0}).$$Applying \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ \beta ( 1 - \alpha )}_{0_{+}}\) on both sides of Eq. (20) and Lemma 7, we have
$$\begin{aligned} &{}^{ \rho} \mathcal{I}^{\beta (1-\alpha )}_{0_{+}} \bigl[ {}^{\rho} \mathcal{D}^{ \gamma}_{0_{+}} [y] \bigr] (t) \\ &\quad = \bigl[ w \bigl( t, y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [u](t) \bigr) - p(t) y(t) \bigr] \\ & \qquad {}- \frac{ {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \beta ( 1 - \alpha )}_{ 0_{+}} [ w ( 0, y(0), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](0) ) - p(0) y(0) ]}{ \Gamma ( \beta ( 1 - \alpha ))} \\ & \qquad {}\times \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \beta (1-\alpha )-1}. \end{aligned}$$By Lemma 9 and property (P1) of operator \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\alpha ,\beta }\), we obtain
$$ {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y](t) = w \bigl(t,y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y](t) \bigr) - p(t) y(t),$$that is, equation (3) holds. To this end, applying \({}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{1-\gamma}_{0_{+}}\) of both sides of Eq. (15):
$$\begin{aligned} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma}_{0_{+}}[y](0) &= \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma}_{0_{+}} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1 } \Biggl[ \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha - 1} \\ & \quad {}\times \xi ^{ \rho -1} \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y] (\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \quad {}+ {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma}_{0_{+}} \bigl( {}^{\rho} \mathcal{I}^{ \alpha}_{0_{+}} \bigl[ w \bigl( t,y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y] (t) \bigr) - p(t) y(t) \bigr] \bigr), \end{aligned}$$then, applying Lemma 5 and Theorem 6, we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma}_{0_{+}} [y](0) & = \frac{\Delta \Gamma ( \gamma ) }{ \Gamma (\alpha ) } \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho } \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad {}+ {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma + \alpha}_{0_{+}} \bigl[ w \bigl( t, y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](t) \bigr) - p(t) y(t) \bigr], \end{aligned}$$and we can write
$$\begin{aligned} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma}_{0_{+}} [y](0) & = \frac{\Delta \Gamma ( \gamma ) }{ \Gamma (\alpha ) } \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho } \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad {}+ {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 -\beta (1- \alpha )}_{0_{+}} \bigl[ w \bigl( t, y(t), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](t) \bigr) - p(t) y(t) \bigr]. \end{aligned}$$By Lemma 9 and since \(1 - \gamma < 1 - \beta (1-\alpha )\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma}_{0_{+}} [y](0) & = \frac{\Delta \Gamma ( \gamma ) }{ \Gamma (\alpha ) } \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho } \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi . \end{aligned}$$(22)Substituting \(t=e_{i}\) and multiplying by \(q_{i}\) in Eq. (15), we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} q_{i} y(e_{i}) & = \frac{q_{i}\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \Biggl[ \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i} }_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \quad {}+ \frac{q_{i}}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi , \end{aligned}$$(23)then,
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} y(e_{i}) & = \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\gamma -1} \Biggl[ \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i} }_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \quad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl(\frac{e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi , \end{aligned}$$and
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} y(e_{i}) & = \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl[ \int ^{e_{i} }_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \biggr] \\ & \quad {}\times \biggl[ 1+ \Delta \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \biggr], \end{aligned}$$which implies
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} y(e_{i}) & = \frac{\Delta \Gamma (\gamma )}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i} }_{0} \xi ^{ \rho -1} \\ & \quad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha , \beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi . \end{aligned}$$(24)From Eqs. (22) and (24), we obtain
$$ {}^{\rho}\mathcal{I}^{ 1 - \gamma}_{0_{+}} [y](0) = \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} [y]( e_{i}). $$
The proof is completed. □
Now, we will prove our first existence result for the problem (3) and (4) that is based on Shauder’s fixed-point theorem.
Theorem 18
Assume the following hypotheses hold.
-
(A1)
\(w : I_{0} \times \mathbb{R}^{2}\to \mathbb{R}\) is a continuous function such that \(w\in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} \) for all \(y \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}(I_{0})\).
-
(A2)
For all y, \(z\in \mathbb{R}\) there exists a constant \(K >0\) such that
$$ \bigl\vert w(t,y, z) \bigr\vert < K, \quad \forall t\in I_{0}. $$(25)
Then, the problem (3) and (4) has at least one solution.
Proof
To prove the existence result, we will transform the problem (3) and (4) into a fixed-point problem. We define the operator \(\mathcal{F} : C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} (I_{0}) \to C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} (I_{0})\) by
Note that \(\mathcal{F}u \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} (I_{0})\), \(\forall u \in C_{1- \gamma ,\rho} (I_{0})\). Since the problem (3) and (4) is equivalent to the fractional integral equation (26), the fixed points of \(\mathcal{F}\) are solutions of the problem (3) and (4). We establish that \(\mathcal{F}\) satisfies the assumption of Schauder’s fixed-point Theorem 15. This could be proved through several steps.
- Step 1.:
-
We prove that \(\mathcal{F} \) is a continuous operator. For any bounded set \(\mathcal{Y}\subset C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} (I_{0})\) there exists \(\zeta > 0\) such that
$$ \mathcal{Y} = \bigl\{ y\in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}(I_{0}) : \Vert y \Vert _{C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}} \leq \zeta \bigr\} .$$Let \((y_{n})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\in \mathcal{Y}\) be a real sequence such that
$$ \lim_{n\to \infty} \Vert y_{n} - y \Vert _{C_{1-\gamma , \rho}}=0.$$Then, for each \(t\in I_{0}\):
$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl\vert (\mathcal{F}y_{n} ) (t) - (\mathcal{F}y) (t) \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho} }{ \rho } \biggr)^{ 1 - \gamma} \biggr\vert \\ &\quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma ( \alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y_{n}(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y]_{n}(\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert \\ & \qquad {}+ \bigl\vert w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta} [y](\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert p(\xi ) \bigr\vert \bigl( \bigl\vert y_{n}(\xi ) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ 1 - \gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y_{n}(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } y_{n}(\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert \\ & \qquad {}+ \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta} [y](\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert p(\xi ) \bigr\vert \bigl( \bigl\vert y_{n}(\xi ) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma ( \alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ 2K + \vert a + 2b \vert \bigl( \bigl\vert y_{n}(\xi ) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ 1 - \gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ 2K + \vert a + 2b \vert \bigl( \bigl\vert y_{n}(\xi ) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma ( \alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl[\frac{2K}{ \alpha \rho } \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \\ & \qquad {}+ \vert a + 2b \vert \frac{\Gamma (\alpha )\Gamma (\gamma )}{ \Gamma (\alpha +\gamma )} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha + \gamma -1} \bigl( \Vert y_{n} \Vert _{ C_{1-\gamma , \rho}} + \Vert y \Vert _{C_{1 - \gamma , \rho}} \bigr) \biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ 1 - \gamma} \biggl[ \frac{2K}{ \alpha \rho} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \\ & \qquad {}+ \vert a + 2b \vert \frac{\Gamma (\alpha )\Gamma ( \gamma )}{ \Gamma ( \alpha +\gamma )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha +\gamma -1} \bigl( \Vert y_{n} \Vert _{ C_{1-\gamma , \rho}} + \Vert y \Vert _{ C_{1-\gamma , \rho}} \bigr) \biggr] \\ &\quad \leq \frac{2\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \biggl[ \frac{K}{ \alpha \rho} + \beta ( \gamma , \alpha ) \zeta \vert a + 2b \vert \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{2}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ T^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \biggl[ \frac{K}{ \alpha \rho} \biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ 1 - \gamma} + \beta ( \gamma , \alpha ) \zeta \vert a + 2b \vert \biggr], \\ & \quad \leq \frac{2}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \Delta \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{ \rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha}\biggl( a^{\circ}+ b^{\circ}\biggl( \frac{ \xi _{i}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \biggr) \\ & \qquad {}+ \biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \biggl( a^{\circ}\biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ 1 - \gamma} + b^{\circ}\biggr) \Biggr], \end{aligned}$$where \(a^{\circ}= \frac{K}{\alpha \rho}\) and
$$ b^{\circ}= \beta ( \gamma ,\alpha ) \zeta \vert a+2b \vert .$$Then, Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem asserts that
$$ \bigl\Vert (\mathcal{F}y_{n}) (t) - (\mathcal{F}y) (t) \bigr\Vert _{n \to +\infty } \to 0.$$Consequently, \(\mathcal{F}\) is continuous.
- Step 2.:
-
Let \(\zeta \geq \frac{ M_{0}}{ 1-M_{1}}\), we will show that \(\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{Y}) \subset \mathcal{Y}\). From (A2) and for each \(t \in I_{0}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl\vert ( \mathcal{F}y) (t) \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 - \gamma} \biggr\vert \\ &\quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 -\gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert p(\xi ) y( \xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 -\gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert p(\xi ) y( \xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[K+ \vert a + 2 b \vert \bigl\vert y(s) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 -\gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[K+ \vert a + 2 b \vert \bigl\vert y(s) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \frac{K}{ \alpha \rho } \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha} \\ & \qquad {}+ \vert a+2b \vert \frac{\Gamma ( \alpha ) \Gamma (\gamma ) }{ \Gamma (\alpha +\gamma )} \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{\alpha + \gamma - 1} \Vert y \Vert _{ C_{ 1 - \gamma , \rho}} \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ 1-\gamma} \biggl[ \frac{K}{\alpha \rho} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{\alpha} \\ & \qquad {}+ \vert a+2b \vert \Gamma ( \alpha ) \frac{ \Gamma (\gamma )}{ \Gamma (\alpha +\gamma )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha + \gamma -1} \Vert y \Vert _{ C_{1-\gamma , \rho}} \biggr] \\ & \quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \\ & \qquad {}\times \biggl[\frac{K}{\alpha \rho} +\beta (\gamma , \alpha ) \zeta \vert a+2b \vert \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma - 1} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{T^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \\ & \qquad {}\times \biggl[ \frac{K}{\alpha \rho} \biggl( \frac{T^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1-\gamma}+ \beta (\gamma , \alpha ) \zeta \vert a+2b \vert \biggr] \\ &\quad \leq \frac{ \vert a+2b \vert \beta (\gamma ,\alpha )}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \Delta \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{\xi _{i}^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha +\gamma -1} + \biggl( \frac{T^{ \rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \Biggr] \zeta \\ & \qquad {}+\frac{K}{\alpha \rho \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \Delta \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} + \biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha +1-\gamma} \Biggr]. \end{aligned}$$We obtain that
$$ \bigl\Vert \mathcal{F}(y) \bigr\Vert _{ C_{1-\gamma ,\rho}} \leq M_{0} + M_{1}\zeta \leq \frac{1-M_{1}}{ 1 - M_{1}}M_{0} + M_{1} \zeta \leq \zeta ,$$where
$$\begin{aligned} &M_{0} =\frac{K}{\alpha \rho \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \Delta \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} + \biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha + 1 - \gamma} \Biggr], \\ &M_{1} = \frac{ \vert a+2b \vert \beta ( \gamma ,\alpha )}{ \Gamma ( \alpha )} \Biggl[ \Delta \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha + \gamma -1} + \biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \Biggr]. \end{aligned}$$(27)Then, \(\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{Y})\subset \mathcal{Y}\).
- Step 3.:
-
We show that \(\mathcal{F}\) is uniformly bounded. For any \(y \in \mathcal{Y}\), it follows that
$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl\vert ( \mathcal{F}y) (t) \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 - \gamma} \biggr\vert \\ &\quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 -\gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert p(\xi ) y( \xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 -\gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ \bigl\vert w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert p(\xi ) y( \xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[K+ \vert a + 2 b \vert \bigl\vert y(s) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{ t^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{1 - \gamma} \int ^{t}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho - 1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[K+ \vert a + 2 b \vert \bigl\vert y(s) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \frac{K}{ \alpha \rho } \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha} \\ & \qquad {}+ \vert a+2b \vert \frac{\Gamma ( \alpha ) \Gamma (\gamma ) }{ \Gamma (\alpha +\gamma )} \sum _{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{\alpha + \gamma - 1} \Vert y \Vert _{ C_{ 1 - \gamma , \rho}} \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ 1-\gamma} \biggl[ \frac{K}{\alpha \rho} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{\alpha} \\ & \qquad {}+ \vert a+2b \vert \frac{\Gamma ( \alpha ) \Gamma (\gamma )}{ \Gamma (\alpha +\gamma )} \biggl( \frac{t^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha + \gamma -1} \Vert y \Vert _{ C_{1-\gamma , \rho}} \biggr] \\ & \quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \\ & \qquad {}\times \biggl[\frac{K}{\alpha \rho} +\beta (\gamma , \alpha ) \zeta \vert a+2b \vert \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma - 1} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{T^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \\ & \qquad {}\times \biggl[ \frac{K}{\alpha \rho} \biggl( \frac{T^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{1-\gamma}+ \beta (\gamma , \alpha ) \zeta \vert a+2b \vert \biggr]. \\ &\quad \leq \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl\{ \Delta \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \biggl[ a^{\circ}+ b^{\circ}\biggl(\frac{e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha} \biggl[a^{\circ}\biggl( \frac{ T^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ 1 - \gamma} + b^{\circ}\biggr] \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$which implies that \(\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{Y})\) is uniformly bounded.
- Step 4.:
-
We prove the equicontinuity of \(\mathcal{F}\). Let \(y \in \mathcal{Y}\) and \(t_{1}, t_{2} \in I_{0}\) with \(t_{1} < t_{2}\). Therefore,
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert ( \mathcal{F}y) (t_{2}) - (\mathcal{F}y) (t_{1}) \bigr\vert \\ & \quad \leq \biggl\vert \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma ( \alpha )} \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{ e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl(\xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } y(\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \int ^{t_{2}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ &\qquad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ & \qquad {}- \frac{ \Delta }{\Gamma ( \alpha )} \biggl( \frac{t_{1}^{ \rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{\gamma -1} \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{ \rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y]( \xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}- \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \int ^{t_{1}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{t_{1}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad{}\times \bigl[ w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{ \alpha , \beta } [y] (\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d} \xi \biggr\vert \\ & \quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl\vert \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} - \biggl( \frac{t_{1}^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \biggr\vert \\ & \qquad {}\times \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i} }_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } [y](\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \int ^{t_{1} }_{0} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} - \biggl( \frac{t_{1}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha - 1} \biggr] \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } y(\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \,\mathrm{d} \xi \\ & \qquad {}+\frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \int ^{t_{2}}_{t_{1}} \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{\rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert w \bigl( \xi , y(\xi ), {}^{\rho}\mathcal{D}^{\alpha ,\beta } y(\xi ) \bigr) - p(\xi ) y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \,\mathrm{d} \xi \\ &\quad \leq \frac{ \Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl\vert \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1 } - \biggl( \frac{ t_{1}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \biggr\vert \\ & \qquad {}\times \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \int ^{e_{i}}_{0} \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{ \rho} - \xi ^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1 } \xi ^{\rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ K + \vert a+2b \vert \bigl\vert y( \xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \int ^{t_{1}}_{0} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{\rho} - \xi ^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} - \biggl( \frac{t_{1}^{\rho} -\xi ^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{\alpha -1} \biggr] \\ & \qquad {}\times \xi ^{ \rho -1} \bigl[ K+ \vert a+2b \vert \bigl\vert y(\xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \int ^{t_{2}}_{t_{1}} \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{\rho} - q^{ \rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha -1} q^{ \rho -1} \\ & \qquad {}\times \bigl[ K+ \vert a+2b \vert \bigl\vert y( \xi ) \bigr\vert \bigr] \,\mathrm{d}\xi \\ &\quad \leq \frac{\Delta}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl\vert \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} - \biggl( \frac{t_{1}^{\rho}}{\rho} \biggr)^{ \gamma -1} \biggr\vert \\ & \qquad {}\times \Biggl[ \sum_{i=1}^{m} q_{i} \biggl( \frac{K}{\alpha \rho} \biggl( \frac{ e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha} + \vert a+2b \vert \beta ( \gamma ,\alpha ) \biggl( \frac{e_{i}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha +\gamma -1} \zeta \biggr) \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+ \frac{K}{\alpha \rho \Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ \biggl\vert \biggl(\frac{t_{2}^{\rho}}{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha} - \biggl( \frac{t_{1}^{\rho} }{ \rho} \biggr)^{\alpha} \biggr\vert \biggr] \\ & \qquad {}+ \frac{\zeta \beta (\gamma , \alpha )}{ \Gamma (\alpha )} \vert a+2b \vert \biggl\vert \biggl( \frac{t_{2}^{\rho}-t_{1}^{\rho} }{\rho} \biggr)^{ \alpha +\gamma -1} \biggr\vert . \end{aligned}$$We deduce that
$$ \bigl\vert (\mathcal{F}y) (t_{2})- (\mathcal{F}y) (t_{1}) \bigr\vert \to 0,$$as \(\vert t_{2} - t_{1} \vert \to 0\), which implies that \(\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{Y})\) is equicontinuous.
Thus, by the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem, the operator \(\mathcal{F}\) is completely continuous. By the Schauder fixed-point theorem the operator \(\mathcal{F}\) has a fixed point \(y \in \mathcal{Y}\). Now, we will use the Banach contraction principle to prove the uniqueness of the solution. □
Theorem 19
Assume that the hypotheses (A1), (A2), and
-
(A3)
for any y, z, \(\hat{y}, \hat{z} \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(t \in [0, T]\), there exist positive constants \(A>0\), \(B< 1\) such that
$$ \bigl\vert w(t,y,z)- w(t,\hat{y},\hat{z}) \bigr\vert \leq A \vert y - \hat{y} \vert + B \vert z-\hat{z} \vert $$
hold. Then, the problem (3) and (4) admits a unique solution in \(C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} [0,T]\), whenever
where \(C= \frac{A+|a+2b|}{1-B}\).
Proof
Let \(y,z \in C_{1-\gamma ,\rho} I_{0}\), be such that
Thus, we have
Then, for all \(t\in I_{0}\), we have
By (A3),
Thus,
and
where \(C = \frac{A + \vert a + 2b \vert }{1-B}\). This gives
Due to Eq. (28), the operator \(\mathcal{F}\) is a contraction mapping. Using the Banach contraction mapping theorem, we deduce that \(\mathcal{F}\) has a unique fixed point that is the unique solution of the problem (3) and (4). □
4 Some illustrative examples
Now, we illustrate some examples that guarantee our main results. In this case, we use a computational technique for checking the solutions of \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{FDE}\mathrm{s}\) with the H-\(\mathrm{K} \mathbb{FD}\) problem (3) and (4), and applying a tiny step h by the implicit trapezoidal PI rule, which, as we will see, usually shows excellent accuracy [39].
Example 1
Consider the \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{FDE}\) with H-\(\mathrm{K} \mathbb{FD}\)
for \(t\in I_{0}= [0, \pi ]\), with the initial condition
where
Clearly, \(\alpha = \frac{3}{7} \in (0,1)\), \(\beta = \frac{5}{8} \in [0,1]\),
\(\rho = 12>0\), \(q_{1}= \frac{21}{4}\), \(q_{2}= \frac{19}{5}\), \(q_{3}= \frac{22}{15}\), and \(q_{4}= \frac{28}{9}\) are real numbers, \(e_{1}= \frac{2\pi}{13}\), \(e_{2} = \frac{3\pi}{7}\), \(e_{3}= \frac{8\pi}{11}\), \(e_{4}= \frac{14\pi}{15} \in (0, \pi )\), and
We define the map \(w : [0, \pi ] \times \mathbb{R}^{2} \to \mathbb{R}\) by
for \(y, z \in \mathbb{R}\). Then, by Definition 1, we have
and so \(w \in C_{\frac{3}{14}, 12} ( [0,\pi ] )\) for all \(y \in C_{\frac{3}{14}, 12} ( [0,\pi ] )\). Also,
for \(t \in [0, \pi ]\). Put \(K=\frac{1}{2}\). Therefore, w satisfies the conditions (A1) and (A2) of Theorem 18. On the other hand, by employing Eq. (16), we obtain
Then, by using Eqs. (27), we obtain
and
Take
Table 1 shows the numerical results of \(M_{0}\), \(M_{1}\), and ζ. These results are shown graphically in Fig. 1. By employing the Algorithm 1, one can obtain all numerical results in this example. Hence, all conditions of Theorem 18 hold, and so the problem has a solution.
Graphical representation of variables \(M_{0}\), \(M_{1}\), and ζ for \(t \in (0, \pi ]\) in Example 1
Example 2
Consider the \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{FDE}\) with H-\(\mathrm{K} \mathbb{FD}\)
for \(t\in I_{0}= [0, \pi ]\), with the initial condition
where
Clearly, \(\alpha = \frac{1}{8} \in (0,1)\), \(\beta = \frac{5}{6} \in [0,1]\), \(\gamma = \alpha + \beta ( 1 - \alpha ) = \frac{41}{48} \in [0, 1)\), \(\rho = \frac{7}{5}>0\), \(q_{1}= \frac{13}{4}\), \(q_{2}= \frac{10}{7}\), and \(q_{3}= \frac{9}{10}\) are real numbers, \(e_{1}= \frac{\pi}{11}\), \(e_{2} = \frac{3\pi}{8}\), and \(e_{3}= \frac{6\pi}{7}\) belong to \((0, \pi )\) and
We define the map \(w : [0, \pi ] \times \mathbb{R}^{2} \to \mathbb{R}\) by
for \(y, z \in \mathbb{R}\). Then, by Definition 1, we have
and so \(w \in C_{\frac{7}{48}, \frac{7}{5}} ( [0,\pi ] )\) for all \(y \in C_{\frac{7}{48}, \frac{7}{5}} ( [0,\pi ] )\). Also,
for \(t \in [0, \pi ]\). Put \(A=\frac{1}{85}\) and \(B=\frac{1}{170}\). Therefore, w satisfies the condition (A3) of Theorem 19. Furthermore,
On the other hand, by employing Eq. (16), we obtain
and by using Eqs. (28), we obtain
Table 2 shows the numerical results of Σ. These results are shown graphically in Fig. 2. By using the Algorithm 2, we can obtain all numerical results in this example. Therefore, all conditions of Theorem 19 hold, and hence this problem has a solution.
Graphical representation of Σ for \(t \in [0, \pi ]\) in Example 2
5 An application of a particle in the plane
Linear motion is the most basic of all motions. According to Newton’s first law of motion, objects that do not experience any net force will continue to move in a straight line with a constant velocity until they are subjected to a net force.
Here, in this section, we consider an application to examine the validity of our theoretical results on the fractional-order representation of the motion of a particle along a straight line. In this case, we consider a constrained motion of a particle along a straight line restrained by two linear springs with equal spring constants (stiffness coefficient) under an external force and fractional damping along the t-axis (Fig. 3).
A particle along a straight line restrained by two linear springs with equal spring constants
The springs, unless subjected to a force, are assumed to have free length (unstretched length) and resist a change in length. The motion of the system along the t-axis is independent of the initial spring tension. The springs are anchored on the t-axis at \(t=-1\) and \(t=1\), and the vibration of the particle in this example is restricted to the t-axis only.
The vibration of the system is represented by a system of equations with the first equation having a similar form to simple harmonic oscillator, which cannot produce instability. Hence, the existence solution of the system depends on the following equation represented as \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{FDE}\mathrm{s}\) with H-\(\mathrm{K} \mathbb{FD}\)
for \(t\in I_{0}= [0, 2]\), here θ, \(\nu _{1}\), \(\nu _{2}\) are constants and ℓ is the unstretched length of the spring, with the initial condition
where
for \(t \in (0, 2]\). Consider particular values of the parameters \(\ell = 1.5\) m and \(\theta =0.5\). It is clear that \(\rho =3> 0\), \(\alpha =0.75\in (0,1)\), \(\beta =0.4 \in [0,1]\),
and
The general integral solution of (33) is the fractional integral equation
where
\(e_{i}\), for \(i = 0, 1, \dots , 6\) are prefixed points satisfying
and \(q_{i}\) are real numbers. We define the map \(w : [0, 2] \times \mathbb{R}^{2} \to \mathbb{R}\) by
for \(y, z \in \mathbb{R}\), where \(nu_{1}\) and \(nu_{1}\) are positive constants. Then, by Definition 1, we have
and so \(w \in C_{0.85, 3} ( [0,2])\) for all \(y \in C_{0.85, 3} ( [0,2])\). Also,
for \(t \in [0, 2]\). Put \(A=\frac{\nu _{1}}{ 35(\nu _{1}+\nu _{2})}\) and \(B = \frac{\nu _{2}}{15(\nu _{1}+\nu _{2})}\). Therefore, w satisfies the conditions (A3) of Theorem 19. Furthermore,
We consider particular values of the parameters \(\nu _{1} = 7.25\) and \(\nu _{2} = 0.3\). On the other hand, by employing Eq. (16), we obtain
and by using Eq. (28), we obtain
Table 3 shows the numerical results of Σ for \(\ell = 1, 1.25, 1.5\), and 1.75. These results are shown graphically in Fig. 4. Therefore, all conditions of Theorem 19 hold. Thus, the \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{FDE}\) with \(\mathrm{H}\text{-}\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD}\) (33) has a solution.
Graphical representation of Σ for \(t \in [0, 2]\) and \(\ell =1.0, 1.25, 1.5\), and 1.75
6 Conclusion
Over the last several years, the study of \(\mathbb{F}\mathrm{M} \mathbb{E}\) has drawn increasing attention due to its applications in various fields of the physical sciences, in applied mathematics, and in many engineering fields. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no paper studies on \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{E}\) with \(\mathrm{H}\text{-}\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD}\). Motivated by the importance of these equations, we investigated the existence and uniqueness of solutions for \(\mathrm{M}\mathbb{FDE}\mathrm{s}\) associated to \(\mathrm{H}\text{-}\mathrm{K}\mathbb{FD}\)s. The Schauder fixed-point theorem was the key of our analysis to establish the existence of solutions. However, by adding un extra condition, we succeeded in obtaining a unique solution by using the Banach fixed-point theorem. Finally, we present two examples with application to validate our main theoretical results. We were able to produce a computational technique for checking our problem and two algorithms for numerical approximation of solutions with excellent accuracy.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that have helped to improve the present paper. J. Alzabut is thankful to Prince Sultan University and OSTİM Technical University for their endless support. The fourth author was supported by Bu-Ali Sina University.
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AB: Actualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, investigation, and initial draft. NT: Actualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, investigation, initial draft, and supervision of the original draft and editing. JA: Actualization, validation, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, and initial draft. MES: Actualization, methodology, software, simulation, initial draft, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. The authors declare that the study was realized in collaboration with equal responsibility. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Berhail, A., Tabouche, N., Alzabut, J. et al. Using the Hilfer–Katugampola fractional derivative in initial-value Mathieu fractional differential equations with application to a particle in the plane. Adv Cont Discr Mod 2022, 44 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-022-03716-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-022-03716-6