Positive solutions of fractional differential equation with two pieces in chain interval and simultaneous Dirichlet boundary conditions

Abstract

In the current study, by using some fixed point technique such as Banach contraction principle and fixed point theorem of Krasnoselskii, we look into the positive solutions for fractional differential equation ${}^{c}D^{\alpha}u(t)$ equals to $f_{1} ( t, u(t), {}^{c}D^{ \beta_{1}} u(t), I^{\gamma_{1}} u(t) )$ and $f_{2} ( t, u(t), {}^{c} D^{\beta_{2}} u(t), I^{\gamma_{2}} u(t) )$ for each t belonging to $[0, t_{0}]$ and $[t_{0}, 1]$, respectively, with simultaneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, where ${}^{c}D^{\alpha}$ and $I^{\alpha}$ denote the Caputo fractional derivative and Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order α, respectively. Some models are thrown to illustrate our results, too.

1 Introduction

Fractional calculus is an important branch in mathematical analysis. However, after Leibniz and Newton invented differential calculus, it has been a topic of interest among mathematicians, engineers, and physicists. It is known that fractional calculus has numerous applications in different sciences such as mechanics, electricity, biology, control theory, signal and image processing (for example, see [1,2,3,4] and the references therein). In recent years the fractional differential equations and inclusions, in two type differential and q-differential, have been developed intensively (for more details, see [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] and the references therein).

It is given that the existence results of fractional differential equation of all articles are presented in a single interval. So, there exists a question as follows: “What is the solution, if the fractional differential equation is defined on a piecewise function or even piecewise multi-function?” In this research, we investigate the positive solutions of fractional differential equation with two pieces in chain interval and simultaneous Dirichlet boundary conditions as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} &{}^{c} D^{\alpha }u(t) = \textstyle\begin{cases} f_{1} ( t, u(t), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(t), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(t) ),& 0 \leq t\leq t_{0}, \\ f_{2} ( t, u(t), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{2}} u(t), I^{\gamma _{2}} u(t) ), & t_{0}\leq t\leq 1, \end{cases}\displaystyle \\ &u(0) =h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{3}} u(t _{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr), \\ &u(1) = h_{2} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} u(t _{0}), I^{ \gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr), \end{aligned} $$

(1)

where $1 < \alpha \leq 2$, and ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }$, $I^{\alpha }$ denote the Caputo fractional derivative and Riemann–Liouville integral of order α, respectively, $t \in \overline{J} = [0,1]$, $t_{0} \in J=(0, 1)$, $\beta _{i} \in (0,1)$, $\gamma _{i}\in (0, \infty )$, here $i=1,2,3,4$, and the functions $f_{j}$ and $h_{j}$ map $\overline{J} \times \mathbb{R}^{3}$ to $\mathbb{R}$ for $j=1,2$ such that $f_{1} (t_{0}, \cdot, \cdot, \cdot) = f_{2}( t_{0}, \cdot, \cdot, \cdot)$.

In 2009, Su and Zhang presented analysis of the boundary value problem for the fractional differential equation involving more general boundary condition and a nonlinear term dependent on the fractional of the unknown function

$$ {}^{C}D_{0^{+}}^{\alpha } u(t) = T \bigl( t, u(t), {}^{C}D_{0^{+}}^{ \beta }u(t) \bigr), $$

$a_{1} u(0) - a_{2} u'(0) = A$, and $b_{1} u(1) + b_{2} u'(1) = B$ for all $t \in (0,1)$, where $\alpha \in (1, 2]$, $\beta \in (0, 1]$, $a_{i}, b_{i} \geq 0$, for $i=1, 2$, with $a_{1} b_{1} + a_{1} b_{2} + a_{2}b_{1} >0$, $T: [0,1] \times \mathbb{R}^{2} \to \mathbb{R}$ is continuous and ${}^{C}D_{0^{+}}^{\alpha }$ is the Caputo fractional derivative [5]. In the next year, Ahmad and Sivasundaram proved the existence of solutions for the nonlinear fractional integro-differential equation ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }u(t) = T ( t, u(t), (\phi _{1} u)(t), (\phi _{1} u)(t) )$ for each $t \in (0, 1)$, with boundary values $u'(0) + a u(\eta _{1}) = 0$ and $b u'(1) + u(\eta _{2}) = 0$, where $\alpha \in (1, 2]$, $0<\eta _{1} \leq \eta _{2} <1$, $a, b \in (0,1)$, the map $T : [0,1] \times X^{3} \to X$ is continuous and for the map $\gamma _{i}$ maps $[0,1]^{2}$ into $\mathbb{R}^{\geq 0}$ with some properties, the map $\phi _{i}$ is defined by $(\phi _{i} u)(t)= \int _{0}^{t} \gamma _{i}(t,s) u(s)\,ds$ [6]. In 2011, Agarwal, Regan, and Staněk investigated the singular fractional mixed boundary value problem

$$ {}^{c}D^{\alpha }f (x) + T \bigl(x, f(x), f'(x), {}^{c}D^{\mu }f(x) \bigr)=0, $$

$f(1)= f'(0) =0$ for all $t \in [0,1]$, where $\mu \in (0,1)$, ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }$ is the Caputo fractional derivative of order α with $\alpha \in (1,2)$, the positive function T is a scaler $L^{\kappa }$-Carathéodory on $[0.1] \times E$ with $E= (0,\infty ) \times (0,\infty ) \times (0,\infty )$, and $\kappa > \frac{1}{ \alpha -1}$ such that $T(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3})$ may be singular at the value 0 in one dimension of its space variables $x_{1}$, $x_{2}$, $x_{3}$ [7].

In 2013, Baleanu, Rezapour, and Mohammadi discussed the nonlinear fractional differential equation ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }x(t) =f (t, x(t))$ with the integral boundary condition $x(0)=0$, and $x(1) = \int _{0} ^{\eta }s(s)\,ds$ for $0< t$, $\eta <1$, and $\alpha \in (1, 2]$, where ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }$ denotes the Caputo fractional derivative of order α and f maps $[0, 1] \times X$ into X is a continuous function [8]. Also, they studied the existence of solutions for the singular nonlinear fractional boundary value problem

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} {}^{c}D^{\alpha } y(x) = T (x, y(x), y'(x), {}^{c}D^{\beta } y(x) ), \\ y(0)= a y(1), \qquad y'(0)= b {}^{c}D^{\beta } y(1), \qquad y''(0) = y'''(0)= y^{(n-1)} (0)=0, \end{cases} $$

where number n more than or equal to three is an integer, α in $(n - 1, n)$, $0 < \beta < 1$, $0 < a < 1$, $0 < b < \varGamma (2 - \beta )$, T is an $L^{q}$-Carathéodory function, $q (\alpha -1)> 1$, and $T (t, y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3})$ may be singular at value 0 in one dimension of its space variables $y_{1}$, $y_{2}$, and $y_{3}$ [9]. In addition to that, in the same year, Baleanu, Nazemi, and Rezapour studied the multi-term nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} {}^{c}D^{\alpha } f(t) = T ( t, f(t), (\phi f)(t), (\psi f)(t), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} f(t), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} f(t), \ldots , {}^{c}D ^{\beta _{n}} f(t) ), \\ u(0) + a u(1) = 0, \qquad u'(0) + b u'(1) = 0, \end{cases} $$

for each $t \in (0,1)$, where $\alpha \in (1, 2)$, $\beta _{i} \in (0, 1)$, when $i=1, \ldots , n$ with $\alpha - \beta _{i} \geq 1$, $a, b \neq -1$, function f maps $\overline{J} \times \mathbb{R} ^{n+3}$ into $\mathbb{R}$ is continuous, and the mappings ϕ and ψ with the same characteristic as Agarwal in 2010 [10]. One year later, in 2014, Agarwal et al. analyzed the fractional derivative inclusion ${}^{c}D^{q} x(t) \in F ( t, x(t), {}^{c}D^{\beta }x(t) )$ for all $t \in \overline{J}$, with conditions $x(1) + x'(1) = \int _{0}^{\eta }x(s)\,ds$ and $x(0)=0$, where $\beta , \eta \in (0,1)$, $q \in (1,2]$ with $q - \beta > 1$ and $F : J\times \mathbb{R}^{2}\to 2^{\mathbb{R}}$ denotes a compact-valued multifunction [11].

In 2016, Bachar, Mâagli, and Rădulescu studied the fractional Navier boundary value problem $D^{\alpha }(D^{\beta }u ) (x) = u(x) f(x, u(x))=0$ for $x \in (0,1)$ with conditions $\lim_{x \to 0^{+}} D^{ \beta -1} u(x) = 0$, $\lim_{x \to 0^{+}} D^{\alpha -1} (D^{\beta }u) (x) = \eta _{1}$, $u(1)= 0$, and $D^{\beta }u(1) = -\eta _{2}$, where $\alpha , \beta \in (1, 2]$, $D^{\alpha }$ and $D^{\beta }$ stand for the standard Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives and $\eta _{i} \in [0, \infty )$ are somehow that $\eta _{1} + \eta _{2} \in (0, \infty )$ [28]. Also, in the same year, Zhang and Zhong founded the multiplicity of positive solutions for the nonlocal singular fractional differential equations $D_{0^{+}}^{\alpha }f(t) + T ( t, f(t) )=0$, with boundary value $f(0) = D_{0^{+}} ^{\beta }f(0)=0$, and $D_{0^{+}}^{\beta }f(1) = \sum_{i=1}^{\infty } \xi _{i} D_{0^{+}}^{\beta }f(\eta _{i})$ for almost all $t \in (0,1)$, where $\alpha \in (2, 3]$, $\beta \in [1,2]$, $0<\xi _{i}$, $\eta _{i} <1$ with $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty } \xi _{i} \eta _{i}^{\alpha - \beta -1}<1$, f belongs to $C ( (0,1) \times (0, \infty ) , [0, \infty ) )$, and $D_{0^{+}}^{\alpha }$ is the standard Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α [12]. Then, in 2017, Rezapour and Hedayati investigated the existence of solutions for the Caputo fractional differential inclusion

$$ {}^{c}D^{\alpha }x(t) \in T \bigl(t, x(t), {}^{c}D^{\beta }x(t), x' (t) \bigr) $$

for each $t\in [0,1]$ via the integral boundary value conditions $x(0) + x' (0) + {}^{c}D^{\beta }x(0) =\int _{0}^{\eta }x(s)\,ds$ and $x(1) + x' (1) + {}^{c}D^{\beta }x(1) = \int _{0}^{\nu }x(s)\,ds$, where $T: [0,1] \times \mathbb{R}^{3} \to 2^{ \mathbb{R}}$ is a compact-valued multifunction and ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }$ is the Caputo differential operator of order $\alpha \in (1, 2]$ [13]. In the same year, Denton and Ramírez consider integro-differential initial value problems $D^{q} u(t)= f (t, u(t) , Tu(t) ) + g (t, u(t) , Tu(t) )$ with $u(t) (t- a)^{p} |_{t=a}= u^{0}$, where $t \in J=[0,1]$, the functions f, g belong to $C[J \times \mathbb{R}^{2}, \mathbb{R}]$, $Tu(t) = \int _{0}^{t} K(t,s) u(s)\,ds$ here $K \in C(J^{2} , \mathbb{R})$ and $D^{q}$ Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives and the forcing function is a sum of an increasing function and a decreasing function [29].

In 2018, Aydogan et al. gave a new method to investigate some fractional integro-differential equations involving the Caputo–Fabrizio derivation [14]. In addition, in the next article, Baleanu, Mousalou, and Rezapour extended fractional Caputo–Fabrizio derivative for the existence of solutions for two higher-order series-type differential equations [15]. Besides that, Chidouh and Torres proved some generalizations of the Lyapunov inequality for the following discrete fractional boundary value problem:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \Delta ^{\alpha }y + q(t + \alpha -1) f(y(t+ \alpha -1 ))=0, & \alpha \in (1, 2], \\ y(\alpha - 2) = y (\alpha + b + 1)=0, & b \in [2, \infty ), \end{cases} $$

where $b \in \mathbb{N}$ and $\Delta ^{\alpha }$ is an operator with some properties [30]. Also, in 2019, Samei and Khalilzadeh Ranjbar discussed the fractional hybrid q-differential inclusions

$$ {}^{c}D_{q}^{\alpha } \bigl( x/ f \bigl( t, x, I_{q}^{\alpha _{1}} x, \ldots , I_{q}^{\alpha _{n}} x \bigr) \bigr) \in F \bigl( t, x, I_{q} ^{\beta _{1}} x, \ldots , I_{q}^{\beta _{k}} x \bigr), $$

with the boundary conditions $x(0) =x_{0}$ and $x(1)=x_{1}$, where $1 < \alpha \leq 2$, $q \in (0,1)$, $x_{0}, x_{1} \in \mathbb{R}$, $\alpha _{i} >0$, for $i=1, 2, \ldots , n$, $\beta _{j} > 0$, for $j=1, 2, \ldots , k$, $n, k\in \mathbb{N}$, ${}^{c}D_{q}^{\alpha }$ denotes Caputo type q-derivative of order α, $I_{q}^{\beta }$ denotes Riemann–Liouville type q-integral of order β, $f: J \times \mathbb{R}^{n} \to (0,\infty )$ is continuous, and F maps $J\times \mathbb{R}^{k}$ to $P (\mathbb{R})$ is multifunction [16]. Liu presented a new method for converting boundary value problems of impulsive fractional differential equations to integral equations and gave the method for applications [31].

2 Preliminaries

Here, we recall some basic notion, lemmas, and theorems which are used in the subsequent sections.

Definition 1

The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order $\alpha >0$ for a function y is defined by

$$ I_{a}^{\alpha }y(t) = \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{a}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} y(s)\,ds. $$

In particular, $I_{0}^{\alpha }y(t) := I^{\alpha }y(t)$.

Definition 2

Let $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $n-1<\alpha \leq n$, $y\in AC^{n}[a, b]$, where $0\leq a< b<\infty$ and

$$ AC^{n} [a, b] = \biggl\{ y : [a, b] \to \mathbb{R} : \frac{d ^{n} y(t)}{dt ^{n}} \in AC [a, b] \biggr\} . $$

• (i) If $\alpha \neq n$, then the Caputo fractional derivative of order α is defined by

  $$ {}^{c}D_{a}^{\alpha }y(t) = \frac{1}{ \varGamma (n-\alpha )} \int _{a} ^{t} (t-s)^{n-\alpha -1} y^{(n)}(s)\,ds = I_{a}^{n- \alpha } y^{(n)}(s). $$

• (ii) If $\alpha = n$, then the Caputo fractional derivative of order n is defined by

  $$ {}^{c}D_{a}^{n} y(t)=y^{(n)}(t). $$

In particular, ${}^{c}D_{0}^{0} y(t) = y(t)$, ${}^{c}D_{0}^{\alpha }y(t) ={}^{c}D^{\alpha }y(t)$.

Lemma 3

([3])

Let $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $n-1<\alpha \leq n$, and $y \in AC^{n} [a, b]$. Then one has

$$ I_{a}^{\alpha } \bigl({}^{c}D_{a}^{\alpha } \bigr)y(t)= y(t)+\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}c _{i} (t-a)^{i}, $$

where $c_{0}, c_{1}, \ldots , c_{n-1}\in \mathbb{R}$.

Lemma 4

([3])

Let $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $n-1<\alpha \leq n$, and $y\in C [a, b]$. Then one has ${}^{c}D_{a}^{\alpha }( I_{a}^{\alpha })y(t)= y(t)$.

Lemma 5

([3])

Let $\alpha \in (0,1)$. Then, for each $y\in AC[0,1]$, $I^{\alpha }D ^{\alpha }y(t)=y(t)$ for almost everywhere $t\in [0,1]$, where

$$ D^{\alpha }y(t) = \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1-\alpha )} \frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{-\alpha }y(s)\,ds \biggr). $$

The following fixed point theorems are used in the next section.

Theorem 6

([32] Banach contraction principle)

Let X be a Banach space. If $A: X\to X$ is the contraction map, then there exists $x\in X$ such that $Ax = x$.

Theorem 7

([32] Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem)

Let C be a closed convex and nonempty subset of a Banach space $\mathcal{X}$. Suppose that $F_{1}$ and $F_{2}$ are two maps of C into $\mathcal{X}$ such that $F_{1} x + F_{2} y \in C$ for each $x, y\in C$. If $F_{1}$ is a compact and continuous map and $F_{2}$ is a contraction map, then there exists $x\in C$ such that $x = F_{1}x + F_{2}x$.

3 Main results

In this section, we examine the existence of solution for boundary value problem (1).

Lemma 8

The unique solution of the fractional differential equation ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }u(t)=v(t)$ with the boundary conditions $u(0) = h _{1} ( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) )$, $u(1) = h_{2} ( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) )$ is

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) =& \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} v(s)\,ds + h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{3}} u(t _{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \\ &{} + \biggl[ h_{2} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) - \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( \alpha )} \int _{0}^{1} (1 - s)^{ \alpha - 1} v(s)\,ds \\ &{} - h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{3}} u(t _{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \biggr] t, \end{aligned}$$

(2)

where $v \in L^{1}(\overline{J},\mathbb{R})$ and $u \in AC^{2} ( \overline{J}, \mathbb{R})$.

Proof

Assume that $u(t)$ is a solution of equation ${}^{c}D^{\alpha }u(t)=v(t)$. By using Lemma 3 and properties of the operator $I^{\alpha }$, we obtain $u(t) = I^{\alpha }v(t) + c_{0} + c_{1} t$, where $c_{0}, c_{1}\in \mathbb{R}$ denote arbitrary constants. Now, by applying the boundary conditions, we get $c_{0}=h_{1} ( t_{0}, u(t _{0}), {}^{c} D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) )$ and

$$\begin{aligned} c_{1} ={}& h_{2} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \\ &{} - \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{1} (1 - s)^{\alpha -1} v(s)\,ds - h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

Conversely, by simple check, we conclude that equation (2) satisfies the boundary conditions

$$\begin{aligned} &u(0)= h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I ^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr), \\ &u(1) = h_{2} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

It is obvious that Lemmas 4 and 5 imply that

$$ {}^{c}D^{\alpha }x(t) = I^{2 -\alpha } \bigl( x'' (t) \bigr) = I^{2 -\alpha } \bigl( I ^{ -2 + \alpha } v(t) \bigr) = I^{2-\alpha } \bigl(D^{2 - \alpha }v(t) \bigr) = v(t). $$

This completes our proof. □

Consider the space $\mathcal{X} = C^{1}(\overline{J}, \mathbb{R})$ with the norm $\|x\|_{*} = \|x\| + \|x'\|$, where $\|x\| = \sup \{ |x(t)|, t \in J \}$.

Corollary 1

A function $u\in \mathcal{X}$ is a solution of problem (1) if and only if

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) ={}& \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) + \Delta _{u}(t_{0})t, \end{aligned}$$

whenever $0\leq t\leq t_{0}$, and

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) ={}& \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t - s)^{ \alpha - 1} f_{2} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) t, \end{aligned}$$

whenever $t_{0}\leq t\leq 1$, here

$$\begin{aligned} \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) ={}& h_{2} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \\ &{} - \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} ( 1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma ( \alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} (1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{2} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

Theorem 9

Problem (1) has a unique solution whenever there exist k belonging to $(0,\alpha -1)$ and $\gamma _{i}$, $\mu _{i}$ in $\in L^{ \frac{1}{k}}( \overline{J}, (0, \infty ))$, $C(\overline{J}, (0, \infty ))$, respectively, for $i=1,2$, such that

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert f_{1}(t, x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - f_{1} \bigl(t, x'_{1} , x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \mu _{1}(t) \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert f_{2}( t,x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - f_{2} \bigl(t, x'_{1} , x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \mu _{2} (t) \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert h_{1}(t, x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - h_{1} \bigl(t, x'_{1} , x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \nu _{1} (t) \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert h_{2} (t, x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - h_{2} \bigl(t, x'_{1} , x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \nu _{2} (t) \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \varLambda ={}&\frac{ 3 \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{ \frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2- \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr] \biggl(\frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ 3 \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{ \frac{1}{k}}}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 - \beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+ \gamma _{2})} \biggr] \biggl(\frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + 3 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr] \\ &{} + 2 \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr] \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{ \frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr] \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k+1} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{ \frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr] \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k+1} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ < {}&1 \end{aligned}$$

for all $t\in \overline{J}$, $x_{j}, x'_{j} \in \mathbb{R}$ ($i=1,2,3$), here $\|L\|_{p}=( \int _{0}^{1}|L(s)|^{p}\,ds )^{\frac{1}{p}}$ for all L belongs to $L^{p}(J, \mathbb{R})$.

Proof

Define the operator $N : \mathcal{X}\to \mathcal{X}$ by

$$\begin{aligned} Nu(t) ={}& \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -1} f _{1} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}+ h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) t, \end{aligned}$$

whenever $0\leq t\leq t_{0}$, and

$$\begin{aligned} Nu(t) ={}& \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{ \gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t - s)^{ \alpha - 1} f_{2} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr)+ \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) t, \end{aligned}$$

whenever $t_{0}\leq t\leq 1$. It is easy to check that problem (1) has solutions if and only if the operator equation $Nu=u$ has fixed points. Let $u, v\in \mathcal{X}$. If $0\leq t\leq t _{0}$, then we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert Nu(t) - Nv(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) t \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}( t - s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - h_{1} \bigl( t_{0}, v(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} v(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} f(t_{0}) \bigr) - \Delta _{v}(t_{0}) t \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} \bigl\vert f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr) \\ &{} - f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}}v(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \\ &{} + 2 \bigl\vert h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t _{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \\ &{} - h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, v(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} v(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} v(t_{0}) \bigr) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \bigl\vert h_{2} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} u(t _{0}), I^{ \gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \\ & {}- h_{2} \bigl(t_{0}, v(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} v(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{4}} v(t_{0}) \bigr) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} \bigl\vert f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I ^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr) \\ &{} - f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} ( 1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} \bigl\vert f_{2} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I ^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr) \\ &{} - f_{2} \bigl( s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \\ \leq{} &\frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} ( t -s)^{\alpha -1} \mu _{1}(s) \bigl( \bigl\vert u(s) -v(s) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s) -{}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I ^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) - I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr\vert \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + 2 \nu _{1} (t_{0}) \bigl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0}) -v(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}) - {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} v(t _{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I^{\gamma _{3}} v(t_{0}) - I^{\gamma _{3}} v(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \bigr) \\ & {}+ \nu _{2} (t_{0}) \bigl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0}) - v(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D ^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}) - {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} v(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \\ & {}+ \bigl\vert I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) - I^{\gamma _{4}} v(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \bigr) \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} \mu _{1} (s) \bigl( \bigl\vert u(s)-v(s) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s)-{}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I ^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) - I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr\vert \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} (1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} \mu _{2}(s) \bigl( \bigl\vert u(s) - v(s) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s) - {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} v(s) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I ^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) - I^{\gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr\vert \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq{}& \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} \mu _{1}(s) \biggl( \bigl\vert u(s) - v(s) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1 - \beta _{1})} \int _{0}^{s} ( s - \tau )^{ -\beta _{1}} \bigl\vert u'(\tau ) - v'(\tau ) \bigr\vert \, d \tau \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (\gamma _{1})} \int _{0}^{s} (s-\tau )^{ \gamma _{1} -1} \bigl\vert u(\tau )-v(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \biggr)\,ds \\ &{} + 2 \nu _{1}(t_{0}) \biggl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0})- v(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 - \beta _{3})} \int _{0}^{ t_{0}} (t_{0} -\tau )^{ -\beta _{3}} \bigl\vert u'(\tau )-v'(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( \gamma _{3})} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t_{0} - \tau )^{ \gamma _{3} - 1} \bigl\vert u(\tau ) - v(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \biggr) \\ &{} + \nu _{2} (t_{0}) \biggl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0}) - v(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1-\beta _{4})} \int _{0}^{t_{0}}(t_{0} - \tau )^{ -\beta _{4}} \bigl\vert u'(\tau )- v'(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\gamma _{4})} \int _{0}^{t_{0}}(t_{0} - \tau )^{\gamma _{4} - 1} \bigl\vert u(\tau ) -v(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}}( 1 - s)^{ \alpha - 1} \mu _{1}(s) \biggl( \bigl\vert u(s)-v(s) \bigr\vert \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1-\beta _{1})} \int _{0}^{s} (s- \tau )^{- \beta _{1}} \bigl\vert u'(u)-v'(u) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (\gamma _{1})} \int _{0}^{s} (s- \tau )^{ \gamma _{1}-1} \bigl\vert u(\tau ) - v(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \biggr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} (1-s)^{ \alpha -1} \mu _{2}(s) \biggl( \bigl\vert u(s) -v(s) \bigr\vert \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (1-\beta _{2})} \int _{0}^{s} (s- \tau )^{- \beta _{2}} \bigl\vert u'(\tau )-v'(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\gamma _{2})} \int _{0}^{s} (s -\tau )^{ \gamma _{2}-1} \bigl\vert u(\tau ) - v(\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \biggr)\,ds \\ \leq{}& \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} \mu _{1}(s) \\ &{} \times \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2 - \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr) \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}\,ds \\ & {}+ 2 \nu _{1}(t_{0}) \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2 - \beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{3})} \biggr) \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \\ &{} + \nu _{2}(t_{0}) \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr) \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} \mu _{1}(s) \\ & {}\times \biggl( 1+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2 - \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr) \Vert u - v \Vert _{*}\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} (1 - s)^{ \alpha -1} \mu _{2}(s) \\ &{} \times \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}\,ds \\ \leq{}& \frac{ \Vert u - v \Vert _{*}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ & {}\times \biggl[ \int _{0}^{t} \bigl( ( t - s)^{\alpha -1} \bigr)^{ \frac{1}{1-k}}\,ds \biggr]^{1-k} \biggl[ \int _{0}^{t} \bigl( \mu _{1}(s) \bigr)^{ \frac{1}{k}}\,ds \biggr]^{k} \\ &{} + \biggl[ 2 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{3})}+\frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{3})} \biggr) \\ & {}+ \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{4})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr) \biggr] \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl[ \int _{0}^{t_{0}} \bigl((1 - s)^{\alpha -1} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{1-k}}\,ds \biggr]^{1-k} \biggl[ \int _{0}^{t_{0}} \bigl( \mu _{1} (s) \bigr)^{\frac{1}{k}}\,ds \biggr]^{k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1 + \gamma _{2})} \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl[ \int _{t_{0}}^{1} \bigl((1 - s)^{\alpha -1} \bigr)^{ \frac{1}{1-k}}\,ds \biggr]^{1-k} \biggl[ \int _{t_{0}}^{1} \bigl( \mu _{2}(s) \bigr)^{ \frac{1}{k}}\,ds \biggr]^{k} \\ \leq {}& \biggl[ \frac{2 \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2 - \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr) \biggl( \frac{1-k}{ \alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1+ \gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + 2 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{3})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 - \beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr) \biggr] \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \end{aligned}$$

(3)

and

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert (Nu)'(t) - (Nv)'(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0} ^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0}^{t} ( t - s)^{\alpha - 2} \\ &{} \times f_{1} \bigl( s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I ^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds - \Delta _{v}(t_{0}) \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& \biggl[ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \biggl(1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2 - \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+ \gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ & {}\times \biggl( \frac{1-k}{ \alpha -k+1} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ & {}+ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{2})} \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl( \frac{1-k}{ \alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ & {}+ \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2 - \beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{3})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2 - \beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{4})} \biggr) \biggr] \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}. \end{aligned}$$

(4)

If $t_{0}\leq t\leq 1$, then we have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert Nu(t) - Nv(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{\varGamma ( \alpha )} \int _{0}^{t _{0}} (t - s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I ^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{2} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} f_{2}(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{ \gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) t \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}}(t-s)^{\alpha -1} f \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr) \,ds \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha - 1} f_{2} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, v(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} v(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} v(t_{0}) \bigr) - \Delta _{v}(t_{0}) t \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& \biggl[ \frac{2 \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2 -\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{2 \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + 2 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr) \biggr] \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \end{aligned}$$

(5)

and

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert (Nu)'(t) - (Nv)'(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t-s)^{\alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{ \gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{2} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} x(s), I^{ \gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {} + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) - h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D ^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \\ &{} - \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t- s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{ \gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( \alpha -1)} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ & {}\times f_{2} \bigl( s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} v(s), I^{ \gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds - \Delta _{v}(t_{0}) \biggr\vert \\ \leq{} & \biggl[ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ & {}\times \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k+1} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma ( \alpha -1)} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \\ & {}\times \biggl( \frac{ 1-k}{\alpha -k+1} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{\frac{1}{ k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 - \beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1 +\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2-\beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{3})} \biggr) \\ & {}+ \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{4})} \biggr) \biggr] \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}. \end{aligned}$$

(6)

By (3), (4), (5), and (6), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert N u-Nv \Vert _{*} ={}& \Vert Nu-Nv \Vert + \bigl\Vert (Nu)'-(Nv)' \bigr\Vert \\ \leq{}& \biggl[ \frac{3 \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \biggl( \frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{3 \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{\frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma ( \alpha )} \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1 + \gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggl(\frac{1-k}{\alpha -k} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + 3 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{3})} \biggr) \\ &{} + 2 \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2-\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert _{ \frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \biggl(1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \biggl(\frac{1-k}{ \alpha -k+1} \biggr)^{1-k} \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert _{ \frac{1}{k}}}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggl(\frac{1-k}{ \alpha -k+1} \biggr)^{1-k} \biggr] \\ & {}\times \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \\ ={}& \varLambda \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}. \end{aligned}$$

Thus N is a contraction mapping, because $\varLambda <1$. Therefore, N satisfies the Banach contraction principle, and so does a unique fixed point which is the unique solution of problem (1) by applying Corollary 1. □

Corollary 2

Problem (1) has a unique solution whenever there exist $l_{1}$, $l_{2}$, $l_{3}$, and $l_{4}\in \mathbb{R}^{+}$ such that

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert f_{1}(t,x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) -f_{1} \bigl(t, x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq l_{1} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert f_{2}(t, x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - f_{2} \bigl(t, x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq l_{2} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert h_{1} (t, x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - h_{1} \bigl( t, x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq l_{3} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert h_{2} (t, x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - h_{2} \bigl(t, x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq l_{4} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} - x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{3L_{1}}{\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ & \quad {}+ \frac{3L_{2}}{ \varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{2})}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \\ &\quad {} + 3L_{3} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr) \\ &\quad {} + 2 L_{4} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr) \\ &\quad {} + \frac{L_{1}}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2- \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ & \quad {}+ \frac{L_{2}}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma (2- \beta _{2})}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) < 1 \end{aligned}$$

for each $t\in J$ and $x_{j}, x'_{j} \in \mathbb{R}$.

Our next existence result is based on Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem.

Theorem 10

Equation (1) has at least one solution on $[0, 1]$, whenever there exist $\mu _{i}, \nu _{i} \in C(\overline{J}, [0, \infty ))$ and nondecreasing functions $\psi _{i} : \mathbb{R}^{+}\to \mathbb{R}^{+}$, for $i=1,2$, such that

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert f_{1}(t,x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) - f_{1} \bigl(t, x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \mu _{1}(t)\sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} -x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert f_{2} (t,x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) - f_{2} \bigl(t, x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \mu _{2}(t)\sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j} -x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ & \bigl\vert h_{1} (t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) \bigr\vert \leq \nu _{1}(t)\psi _{1} \Biggl(\sum _{j=1}^{3} \vert x_{j} \vert \Biggr), \\ & \bigl\vert h_{2} (t,x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) \bigr\vert \leq \nu _{2}(t)\psi _{2} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{3} \vert x_{j} \vert \Biggr), \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \Delta ={}& \biggl[ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert }{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2 - \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert }{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggr] \biggl( \frac{1}{\alpha } + 1 \biggr) \\ < {}&1, \end{aligned}$$

for almost all $t\in \overline{J}$ and $x_{j}, x'_{j} \in \mathbb{R}$.

Proof

Consider the set of all $u\in \mathcal{X}$ somehow that $\|u\|\leq r$, and denote by S, where

$$\begin{aligned} &3 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 - \beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{3})} \biggr) r \biggr) \\ &\qquad {} + 2 \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2- \beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr) r \biggr) \\ &\qquad {} + \frac{r}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{2}{ \alpha } + \alpha +1 \biggr) \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 - \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr)+ f^{0}_{1} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {} + \frac{r}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{2}{\alpha }+ \alpha +1 \biggr) \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{2})}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr)+f^{0}_{2} \biggr] \\ &\quad \leq r. \end{aligned}$$

Clearly S is the closed convex and nonempty subset of a Banach space $\mathcal{X}$. We define the operators A and B on S as

$$\begin{aligned} Au(t) & = h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{ \gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) t \end{aligned}$$

for all $0\leq t\leq 1$, and $Bu(t) = \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} (s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) )\,ds$ whenever $0\leq t\leq t_{0}$,

$$\begin{aligned} Bu(t) ={}& \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}}(t-s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -1} f_{2} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \end{aligned}$$

whenever $t_{0}\leq t\leq 1$. Let $u, v\in S$. For each $0\leq t \leq t_{0}$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert Au(t) + Bv(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t _{0}), I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) + \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) t \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -1} f _{1} \bigl( s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& 2 \nu _{1}(t_{0}) \psi _{1} \bigl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \bigr) \\ &{} + \nu _{2}(t_{0}) \psi _{2} \bigl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \bigr) \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (1-s)^{ \alpha -1} \\ &{} \times \bigl(\mu _{1}(s) \bigl\vert u(s)+ {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s)+ I ^{ \gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr\vert + f^{0}_{1} \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} (1-s)^{ \alpha -1} \\ & {}\times \bigl(\mu _{2}(s) \bigl\vert u(s)+ {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s)+ I ^{ \gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr\vert + f^{0}_{2} \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} \\ &{} \times \bigl(\mu _{1}(s) \bigl\vert \mu (s) + {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s)+ I^{ \gamma _{1} } v(s) \bigr\vert + f^{0}_{1} \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq{}& 2 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2 - \beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{3})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2- \beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{4})} \biggr) r \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{r}{\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl[ 2 \Vert L_{1} \Vert \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2- \beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) + 2 f^{0}_{1} \\ &{} + \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{2} \biggr] \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert (Au)'(t) + (Bv)'(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert h_{2} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{ \beta _{4}} u(t_{0}), I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr) \\ &{} - \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (1-s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl( s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}- \frac{1}{\varGamma ( \alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} (1-s)^{\alpha -1} f_{2} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - h_{1} \bigl(t_{0}, u(t_{0}), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}), I^{ \gamma _{3}} u (t_{0}) \bigr) \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0}^{t}(t-s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{4})} \biggr) r \biggr) \\ & {}+ \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2- \beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{3})} \biggr) r \biggr) \\ & {}+ \frac{r (\alpha +1)}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{ 1 }{\varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{1} \biggr] \\ & {}+ \frac{r}{\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{2})}+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) + f ^{0}_{2} \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$

Also, if $t_{0}\leq t\leq 1$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert Au(t) + Bv(t) \bigr\vert \leq{}& 2 \nu _{1} (t_{0}) \psi _{1} \bigl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I^{\gamma _{3}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \bigr) \\ &{} + \nu _{2}(t_{0}) \psi _{2} \bigl( \bigl\vert u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert {}^{c}D^{\beta _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert I^{\gamma _{4}} u(t_{0}) \bigr\vert \bigr) \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (1-s)^{\alpha -1} \\ &{} \times \bigl(\mu _{1}(s) \bigl\vert u(s)+ {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s)+ I ^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr\vert + f^{0}_{1} \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{1} (1-s)^{\alpha -1} \\ & {}\times \bigl(\mu _{2}(s) \bigl\vert u(s)+ {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s)+ I ^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr\vert + f^{0}_{2} \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} \\ &{} \times \bigl(\mu _{1}(s) \bigl\vert v(s)+ {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s)+ I ^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr\vert + f^{0}_{1} \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -1} \\ &{} \times \bigl(\mu _{2}(s) \bigl\vert v(s)+ {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} v(s)+ I ^{ \gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr\vert + f^{0}_{2} \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq{}& 2 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2- \beta _{3})}+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr) r \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl(1+ \frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 - \beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+ \gamma _{4})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{2 r }{\varGamma ( \alpha +1)} \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+ \gamma _{1})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{1} \\ &{} + \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{2} \biggr] \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert (Au)'(t) + (Bv)'(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \Delta _{u}(t_{0}) + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t-s)^{\alpha -2} \\ & {}\times f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( \alpha -1)} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{2} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma (2 -\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma (2- \beta _{3})} +\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ & {}+ \frac{r(\alpha +1)}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \\ &{} \times \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (2- \beta _{1})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{1} \biggr] \\ &{} + \frac{r(\alpha +1)}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \\ &{} \times \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} +\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{2} \biggr], \end{aligned}$$

where $f^{0}_{i} = \sup_{t\in \overline{J}} |f_{i}(t,0,0,0)|$ for $i=1,2$. Thus

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert Au + Bv \Vert _{*} ={}& \Vert Au+Bv \Vert + \bigl\Vert (Au)'+(Bv)' \bigr\Vert \\ \leq{}& 2 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 - \beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2-\beta _{4})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{2r}{\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) + f ^{0}_{1} \\ &{} + \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{2})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{2} \biggr] \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma (2- \beta _{4})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma (1 +\gamma _{4})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2-\beta _{3})}+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{r(\alpha +1)}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1 +\gamma _{1})} \biggr)+ f^{0}_{1} \biggr] \\ &{} + \frac{r(\alpha +1)}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{2} \biggr] \\ ={}& 3 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{3})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + 2 \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2- \beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{r}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{2}{ \alpha }+ \alpha +1 \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{1} \biggr] \\ & {}+ \frac{r}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \frac{2}{\alpha }+ \alpha +1 \biggr) \\ &{} \times \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{2})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) + f^{0}_{2} \biggr] \\ \leq{}& r. \end{aligned}$$

Hence, for each $u,v \in S$, $Au+Bv\in S$. On the other hand, for each $u\in S$, we get

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert Au \Vert _{*}\leq{}& 3 \Vert \nu _{1} \Vert \psi _{1} \biggl( \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2- \beta _{3})}+ \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ & {}+ 2 \Vert \nu _{2} \Vert \psi _{2} \biggl( \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma (2 - \beta _{4})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr)r \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{2r}{\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl[ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr)+f^{0}_{1} \\ &{} + \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{2})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr)+ f^{0}_{2} \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$

Thus, A is uniformly bounded on S. Also, for any $u\in S$ and $t<\tau \in \overline{J}$, we have $|Au(\tau ) - Au(t)|=\Delta _{u}(t _{0})(\tau -t)$, which is independent of u and tends to zero as $t\to \tau$. Thus, A is equicontinuous. Hence, by the Arzelá–Ascoli theorem, A is compact on S. Now, we show that B is a contraction map. Let $u, v\in S$. If $0\leq t\leq t_{0}$, then we have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert Bu(t) - Bv(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl( s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert \\ \leq {}&\frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert }{ \varGamma ( \alpha +1)} \biggl( 1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2-\beta _{1})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert (Bu)'(t)-(Bv)'(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0} ^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}- \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}}v(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert \\ \leq {}&\frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert }{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1 +\frac{1}{\varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{1})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}. \end{aligned}$$

Also, for $t_{0}\leq t\leq 1$, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert Bu(t) - Bv(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -1} f_{2} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{2}}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t_{0}} (t-s)^{\alpha -1} f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{\alpha -1} f_{2} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}}v(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \biggl[ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert }{ \varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ & {}+ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert }{\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl(1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{2})}+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggr] \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert (Bu)'(t)-(Bv)'(t) \bigr\vert ={}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{0} ^{t_{0}} (t-s)^{\alpha -2} \\ & {}\times f_{1} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} u(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \frac{1}{\varGamma ( \alpha -1)} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{2} \bigl(s, u(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} u (s), I^{\gamma _{2}} u(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} - \frac{1}{\varGamma ( \alpha -1)} \int _{0}^{ t_{0}} (t-s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{1} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{1}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{1}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ & {}- \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha -1)} \int _{t_{0}}^{t} (t-s)^{ \alpha -2} \\ &{} \times f_{2} \bigl(s, v(s), {}^{c}D^{\beta _{2}} v(s), I^{\gamma _{2}} v(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert \\ \leq{}& \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \biggl[ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert }{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert }{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl(1+\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})}+\frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert Bu-Bv \Vert _{*} \leq {}&\biggl[ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert }{\varGamma ( \alpha )} \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert \mu _{2} \Vert }{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggr] \biggl( \frac{1}{\alpha }+1 \biggr) \Vert u-v \Vert _{*} \\ \leq {}&\Delta \Vert u-v \Vert _{*}. \end{aligned}$$

Since $\Delta <1$, therefore B is a contraction. Hence, all the conditions of Theorem 6 are satisfied, and there exists $x\in S$ such that $Ax+Bx=x$. Thus, equation (1) has a solution on J. This completes the proof. □

Example 1

Consider the following fractional differential equation:

$$ {}^{c}D^{\frac{3}{2}} u(t)=\textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{t^{2} + \frac{1}{2}t - \frac{1}{2}}{100} [ u(t) + \tan ^{-1} ( {}^{c}D^{ \frac{1}{3}} u(t) ) & \\ \quad {}+ \sin ( I^{\sqrt{2}} u(t) ) ], & 0\leq t\leq \frac{1}{2}, \\ \frac{ t^{2} + \frac{( \sqrt{2}-1) }{2} t - \frac{ \sqrt{2}}{4}}{ 100} [ \frac{ \vert u(t) \vert }{ 1 + \vert x(t) \vert } & \\ \quad {}+ \frac{ \vert {}^{c}D^{ \frac{1}{4}} u(t) + I^{\sqrt{3}} u(t) \vert }{ 1 + \vert {}^{c}D^{ \frac{1}{4} } u(t)+ I^{\sqrt{3}} u(t) \vert } ], & \frac{1}{2} \leq t\leq 1, \end{cases} $$

(7)

with boundary conditions

$$ u(0)=\frac{ e^{ \frac{1}{2}}}{100} \biggl[ \frac{ \vert u ( \frac{1}{2} ) + {}^{c}D^{ \frac{1}{5}} x ( \frac{1}{2} ) + I^{ \sqrt{5}} u ( \frac{1}{2} ) \vert }{ 1 + \vert u ( \frac{1}{2} ) +{}^{c}D^{ \frac{1}{5}} u ( \frac{1}{2} ) + I^{\sqrt{5}} u ( \frac{1}{2} ) \vert } \biggr] $$

(8)

and

$$\begin{aligned} u(1) ={}& \frac{1}{100} \sin \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr) \biggl[ \cos \biggl( u \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr) \biggr) + \sin \biggl( {}^{c}D^{\frac{1}{6}} u \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \biggr) \\ &{} + \tan ^{-1} \biggl( I^{\sqrt{6}} u \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr) \biggr) \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$

(9)

Here, $\alpha =\frac{3}{2}$, $\beta _{1} = \frac{1}{3}$, $\beta _{2} = \frac{1}{4}$, $\beta _{3} = \frac{1}{5}$, $\beta _{4} = \frac{1}{6}$, $\gamma _{1} = \sqrt{2}$, $\gamma _{2} = \sqrt{3}$, $\gamma _{3} = \sqrt{5}$, $\gamma _{4} = \sqrt{6}$, $t_{0} =\frac{1}{2}$,

$$\begin{aligned} &f_{1}(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) = \frac{t^{2}+\frac{1}{2}t - \frac{1}{2}}{100} \bigl(x_{1}+\tan ^{-1}x_{2}+\sin x_{3} \bigr), \\ &f_{2}(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) = \frac{t^{2}+ \frac{(\sqrt{2}-1)}{2} t - \frac{ \sqrt{2}}{4}}{100} \biggl( \frac{ \vert x _{1} \vert }{1+ \vert x_{1} \vert }+ \frac{ \vert x_{2}+x_{3} \vert }{1+ \vert x_{2}+x_{3} \vert } \biggr), \\ &h_{1}(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) = \frac{e^{t}}{100} \biggl(\frac{ \vert x _{1} +x_{2} + x_{3} \vert }{1+ \vert x_{1} +x_{2} +x_{3} \vert } \biggr), \\ &h_{2}(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3} )= \frac{1}{100} \sin (t) \bigl(\cos (x _{1})+\sin (x_{2})+\tan ^{-1}(x_{3}) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

Clearly,

$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl\vert f_{1} ( t, x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3} ) - f_{1} \bigl( t,x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \frac{1}{100} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert xj-x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ &\bigl\vert f_{2}(t,x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - f_{2} \bigl(t,x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \frac{2 +\sqrt{2}}{400} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert xj-x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ &\bigl\vert h_{1} (t,x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3}) - h_{1} \bigl(t,x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \frac{1}{100} e \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert xj-x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ &\bigl\vert h_{2}(t,x_{1} ,x_{2}, x_{3})-h_{2} \bigl(t,x'_{1} ,x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \frac{1}{100}\sin (1) \sum _{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert xj-x'_{j} \bigr\vert \end{aligned}$$

for all $t\in \overline{J}$ and $x_{j}, x'_{j}\in \mathbb{R}$. Hence, $l_{1} = \frac{1}{100}$, $l_{2}=\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{400}$, $l_{3}= \frac{1}{100}e$, $l_{4}=\frac{1}{100}$, and

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{3l_{1}}{ \varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl[ 1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{1}) } \biggr] \\ &\qquad {} + \frac{3l_{2}}{ \varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 2 -\beta _{2})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {} + 3 l_{3} \biggl[1+\frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{3})} +\frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{3})} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {} + 2 l_{4} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{4})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{4})} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {} + \frac{l_{1}}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{1})}+ \frac{1}{ \varGamma (1+\gamma _{1})} \biggr] \\ &\qquad {} + \frac{l_{2}}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{\varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{\varGamma (1+\gamma _{2})} \biggr] \\ &\quad \simeq 0.4872< 1. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, all the conditions of Corollary 2 are satisfied and equation 7 with boundary conditions (8) and (9) has the unique solution on J.

Example 2

Consider the following fractional boundary value problem:

$$ {}^{c}D^{\frac{3}{2}} u(t)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{\ln ( t + \frac{3}{4} ) }{ 2t +\pi ^{2} + 2} [\frac{ \vert u(t) +{}^{c}D^{\frac{1}{5}} u(t) + I^{ \frac{1}{3}} u(t) \vert }{ 1 + \vert u(t) + {}^{c}D^{ \frac{1}{5}} u(t) + I^{\frac{1}{3}} u(t) \vert } ], & 0 \leq t\leq \frac{1}{4}, \\ \frac{1}{ e^{2}+1} ( t - \frac{1}{4} )^{2} [ x(t) + \cos ( {}^{c}D^{ \frac{2}{5}} x(t) ) & \\ \quad {}+ \sin ( I^{ \frac{2}{3} } x(t) ) ],& \frac{1}{4} \leq t\leq 1, \end{cases} $$

(10)

with boundary conditions

$$ u(0) = e^{\frac{1}{4}} \biggl[ u \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) + {} ^{c}D^{\frac{3}{5}} u \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) + I^{\frac{4}{3}} u \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) \biggr] $$

(11)

and

$$ u(1) = \sin \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) \biggl[ u \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) + {}^{c}D^{\frac{4}{5}} u \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) + I^{\frac{5}{3}} u \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) \biggr] ^{ \frac{1}{2}}. $$

(12)

Here, $\alpha = \frac{4}{3}$, $\beta _{1} = \frac{1}{5}$, $\beta _{2} = \frac{2}{5}$, $\beta _{3} = \frac{3}{5}$, $\beta _{4} = \frac{4}{5}$, $\gamma _{1} = \frac{1}{3}$, $\gamma _{2} = \frac{2}{3}$, $\gamma _{3} = \frac{4}{3}$, $\gamma _{4} = \frac{5}{3}$, $t_{0} = \frac{1}{4}$,

$$\begin{aligned} &f_{1}(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) = \frac{\ln ( t + \frac{3}{4} ) }{ 2 t + \pi ^{2} + 2} \biggl( \frac{ \vert x_{1} + x_{2} + x_{3} \vert }{ 1 + \vert x_{1} + x_{2} + x_{3} \vert } \biggr), \\ &f_{2}(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) = \frac{1}{e^{2}+1} \biggl( t - \frac{1}{4} \biggr)^{2} ( x_{1} + x_{2} + x_{3} ), \\ &h_{1} ( t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3} ) = e^{t} ( x _{1} + x_{2} + x_{3} ), \\ &h_{2}(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) = \sin (t) ( x_{1} + x_{2} + x _{3} )^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{aligned}$$

Since each function with boundary derivative has a Lipschitz condition, the map $f(x) = \frac{|x|}{1+|x|}$ is Lipschitz. Hence, it is clear that

$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl\vert f_{1}(t,x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3})- f_{1} \bigl(t,x'_{1}, x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \frac{\ln ( t + \frac{3}{4} ) }{ 2 t + \pi ^{2} +2} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j}-x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ &\big| f_{2}(t,x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) - f_{2} \bigl(t,x'_{1}, x'_{2}, x'_{3} \bigr) \leq \frac{1}{ e^{2} + 1} \biggl( t-\frac{1}{4} \biggr)^{2} \sum_{j=1} ^{3} \bigl\vert x_{j}-x'_{j} \bigr\vert , \\ &\bigl\vert h_{1} (t,x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) \bigr\vert \leq e^{t} \sum _{j=1}^{3} \vert x_{j} \vert , \\ &\bigl\vert h_{2}(t,x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}) \bigr\vert \leq \sin (t) \Biggl[ \sum _{j=1}^{3} \vert x_{j} \vert \Biggr]^{\frac{1}{2}} \end{aligned}$$

for all $t\in \overline{J}$ and $x_{j}, x'_{j} \in \mathbb{R}$. By choosing

$$ \mu _{1}(t) =\frac{ \ln ( t + \frac{3}{4} ) }{ 2 t +\pi ^{2} + 2}, \qquad \mu _{2}(t)= \frac{1}{e^{2}+1} \biggl( t -\frac{1}{4} \biggr)^{2}, $$

$\nu _{1}(t) = e^{t}$, $\nu _{2}(t) = \sin (t)$, $\psi _{1} (t) = t$, and $\psi _{2}(t) = t^{\frac{1}{2}}$, we get

$$\begin{aligned} \Delta ={}& \biggl[ \frac{ \Vert \mu _{1} \Vert }{ \varGamma ( \alpha )} \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{1})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{1})} \biggr) \\ &{} + \frac{ \Vert mu_{2} \Vert }{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \biggl( 1 + \frac{1}{ \varGamma (2-\beta _{2})} + \frac{1}{ \varGamma ( 1 + \gamma _{2})} \biggr) \biggr] \biggl( \frac{1}{\alpha } + 1 \biggr) \\ \simeq{}& 0.9484< 1. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, all the conditions of Theorem 10 are satisfied and equation (10) with boundary conditions (11) and (12) has a solution on J.