Abstract
The major goal of this work is investigating sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions for implicit impulsive coupled system of φ-Hilfer fractional differential equations (FDEs) with instantaneous impulses and terminal conditions. First, we derive equivalent fractional integral equations of the proposed system. Next, by employing some standard fixed point theorems such as Leray–Schauder alternative and Banach, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of solutions. Further, by mathematical analysis technique we investigate the Ulam–Hyers (UH) and generalized UH (GUH) stability of solutions. Finally, we provide a pertinent example to corroborate the results obtained.
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1 Introduction
Fractional differential equations (FDEs) have attracted the interest of researchers from various disciplines as they are a useful tool in modeling the dynamics of numerous physical systems and have applications in many fields of applied sciences, engineering and technical sciences, and so on. For further details, see [26, 36, 38, 40]. There are various definitions of fractional calculus (FC) used in FDEs for modeling and describing the memory accurately. Among the famous operators of this calculus, there are Riemann–Liouville, Riemann, Grünwald–Letnikov, Caputo, Hilfer, and Hadamard, which are the most used. For more detail, we refer the readers to [1–3, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 34, 36, 41]. There is a prominent and noticeable interest in the investigation of qualitative characteristics of solutions (existence, uniqueness, stability) of FDEs. For applications and recent work, we refer the readers to [4, 7, 14, 18, 37, 42, 43].
In recent years, the impulsive fractional differential equations have become an important and successful tool in modeling some physical phenomena that have sudden changes and have discontinuous jumps by imposing impulsive conditions on the fractional differential equations at discontinuity points. For applications and recent work, we refer the readers to [8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 27, 28, 32, 44].
On the other side, the study of coupled systems involving FDEs is also important as such systems occur in various problems of applied nature. For some theoretical works on coupled systems of FDEs, we refer to series of papers [11, 16, 19, 20, 23, 30].
The topic of system stability is one of the most important qualitative characteristics of a solution, but to our knowledge, the results on UH and UHR stability of solutions for implicit impulsive coupled systems are very few in the literature.
Very recently, Kharade and Kucche [35] studied the existence and uniqueness of solutions and UHML stability for the following impulsive implicit problem:
where \(\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y},\mathfrak{p};\mathfrak{\varphi }}\) denotes the φ-Hilfer fractional derivative (FD) of order \(\mathfrak{y}\in ( 0,1 ) \) and type \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \), and \(f:\mathcal{J}\times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \longrightarrow \mathbb{R} \) is a continuous function. Via standard fixed point theorems, Ahmed et al. [10] studied the existence, uniqueness, and different kinds of stability of the following switched coupled implicit φ-Hilfer fractional differential system:
where \(\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }}\) denotes the φ-Hilfer FD of order \(\mathfrak{y}\in ( 0,1 ) \) and type \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \), and \(f,g: [ 0,T ] \times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \longrightarrow \mathbb{R} \) are continuous functions.
Abdo et al. [5], via standard fixed point theorems, studied the existence and uniqueness of the following impulsive problem:
On the other hand, Almalahi et al. [15] studied the existence and uniqueness of solution for the following FDEs:
where \(\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y},\mathfrak{p};\mathfrak{\varphi }}\) is the φ-Hilfer FD of order \(\mathfrak{y}\in ( 0,1 ) \) and type \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \).
Abdo et al. [6] studied the existence, uniqueness, and UH stability of the following system:
where \(\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y}_{1},\mathfrak{p}; \mathfrak{\varphi }}\), \(\mathcal{D}_{a^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y}_{2},\mathfrak{p}; \mathfrak{\varphi }}\) are the φ-Hilfer FDs of orders \(\mathfrak{y}_{1},\mathfrak{y}_{2}\in ( 0,1 ) \) and type \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \).
Motivated by the preceding works, in this paper, we investigate the existence, uniqueness, and UH stability for more general implicit impulsive coupled systems of φ-Hilfer FDEs:
where \(\mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }}\)denotes the φ-Hilfer FD of order \(\mathfrak{y}\in ( 0,1 ) \) and type \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \), \([ \sigma ] =\sigma _{k}\) for \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{k},\sigma _{k+1} ] \), \(k=0\), \(1,\ldots,m, \sigma _{0}=0\). The functions \(f,g:J\times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \longrightarrow \mathbb{R} \) and \(Z_{k}:\mathbb{R} \longrightarrow \mathbb{R} \), \(k=1,2,\ldots,m \), are continuous functions fulfilling some conditions that will be described later. Further, \(w_{1},w_{2}\in \mathcal{\mathbb{R} }\), \(\sigma _{k}\) satisfy \(0=\sigma _{0}<\sigma _{1}<\cdots <\sigma _{k}<\sigma _{k+1}=\sigma \), \(. \Delta \mathfrak{u} \vert _{\sigma =\sigma _{k}}= \mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{k}^{+})-\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{k}^{-})=\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{k}^{+})-\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{k})\), \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{k}^{+})=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0^{+}}\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{k}+h)\), \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{k}^{-})=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0^{-}}\mathfrak{u}( \sigma _{k}+h)\) represent the right and left limits of \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma )\) at \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{k},\sigma _{k+1} ] \), \(k=0,1,\ldots,m\), \(. \Delta \vartheta \vert _{\sigma =\sigma _{k}}= \vartheta (\sigma _{k}^{+})-\vartheta (\sigma _{k}^{-})=\vartheta ( \sigma _{k}^{+})-\vartheta (\sigma _{k})\), \(\vartheta (\sigma _{k}^{+})=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0^{+}}\vartheta ( \sigma _{k}+h)\) and \(\vartheta (\sigma _{k}^{-})=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0^{-}}\vartheta ( \sigma _{k}+h)\) represent the right and left limits of \(\vartheta (\sigma )\) at \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{k},\sigma _{k+1} ] \), \(k=0,1,\ldots,m\).
The coupled systems of φ-Hilfer FDEs with impulsive conditions considered in this work are a wider class of coupled systems of BVPs that incorporates the BVPs for FDEs involving the most broadly used Riemann–Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives. Regardless of this, the coupled systems (1.1) for various values of a function φ and parameter \(\mathfrak{p}\) include coupled systems of FDEs involving the Hilfer, Hadamard, Katugampola, and many other fractional derivative operators.
• If \(\varphi (\sigma )=\sigma \) and \(\mathfrak{p}=1\), then system (1.1) reduces to an implicit impulsive coupled system with the Caputo fractional derivative.
• If \(\varphi (\sigma )=\sigma \) and \(\mathfrak{p}=0\), then system (1.1) reduces to an implicit impulsive coupled system with the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative.
• If \(\mathfrak{p}=0\), then system (1.1) reduces to an implicit impulsive coupled system with the φ-Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative.
• If \(\varphi (\sigma )=\sigma \), then system (1.1) reduces to an implicit impulsive coupled system with the Hilfer fractional derivative.
• If \(\varphi (\sigma )=\log \sigma \), then system (1.1) reduces to an implicit impulsive coupled system with the Hilfer–Hadamard fractional derivative.
• If \(\varphi (\sigma )=\sigma ^{\rho }\), then system (1.1) reduces to an implicit impulsive coupled system with the Katugampola fractional derivative.
The major contribution of this paper is obtaining an equivalent fractional integral equation of the proposed system and establishing the existence, uniqueness, and UH and GUH stability of a solution for an implicit impulsive coupled system with φ-Hilfer FD. Our analysis relies on the Banach and Leray–Schauder fixed point theorems. Though we use the standard methodology to obtain our results, its exposition to the proposed system is new. The acquired results obtained in this paper are more general and cover many parallel problems that contain particular cases of functions because our proposed system contains a global fractional derivative that integrates many classic fractional derivatives. Moreover, the results obtained in this work can be extended to n-tuple fractional systems (FSs). Our results include the results of Almalahi et al. [15], Abdo et al. [6], and Kharade et al. [35] and will be a useful contribution to the existing literature on this topic.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we render the rudimentary definitions and prove some lemmas and present some concepts of fixed point theorems. In Sect. 3, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions for impulsive implicit coupled system (1.1). In Sect. 4, we discuss the stability by means of mathematical analysis techniques. In Sect. 5, we give a pertinent example illustrating our results. Concluding remarks are presented in the last section.
2 Background material and auxiliary results
In this part, we give important definitions and auxiliary lemmas pertinent to our main results.
Let \(J:= [ 0,T ]\) and \(J^{\prime }:= ( 0,T ] \). Let \(\mathcal{\mathbb{R} }=\mathcal{C} ( J ) \) be the Banach space of continuous functions \(\mathfrak{u}:J^{\prime }\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) with the norm \(\Vert \mathfrak{u} \Vert =\max \{ \vert \mathfrak{u}(\sigma ) \vert :\sigma \in J\}\). Clearly, \(\mathcal{\mathbb{R} }\) is a Banach space with this norm, and hence the product space \(\mathcal{\mathbb{R} }\times \mathcal{\mathbb{R} }\) is also a Banach space with the norm
We define the space \(\mathcal{PC} ( J ) \) of piecewise continuous functions \(\mathfrak{u}:J^{\prime }\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) by
Obviously, \(\mathcal{PC} ( J ) \) is a Banach space endowed with the norm
Define the product space \(\mathcal{B}=\mathcal{PC} ( J ) \times \mathcal{PC} ( J ) \) with the norm
for \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathcal{B}\).
Definition 2.1
([36])
Let \(\mathfrak{y}>0\) and \(f\in L_{1} ( J ) \). Then the generalized RL fractional integral of a function f of order \(\mathfrak{y}\) with respect to φ is defined as
Definition 2.2
([41])
Let \(n-1<\mathfrak{y}<n\in \mathbb{N} \), and let \(f,\varphi \in \mathcal{PC}^{n} ( J ) \). Then the generalized Hilfer fractional derivative of a function f of order \(\mathfrak{y}\) and type \(0\leq \mathfrak{p}\leq 1\) with respect to φ is defined as
where
Lemma 2.3
([41] )
Let \(\mathfrak{\gamma }=\mathfrak{y}+\mathfrak{p}-\mathfrak{yp}\), \(\mathfrak{y}>0\), \(\mathfrak{p}>0\), and \(u\in \mathcal{PC}_{1-\mathfrak{\gamma };\varphi }^{\mathfrak{\gamma }} ( J ) \). Then
Theorem 2.4
([41] )
Let \(0\leq \mathfrak{\gamma }<\mathfrak{y}\) and \(u\in \mathcal{PC} ( J ) \). Then \(\mathcal{I}_{0^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y};\varphi }\ u(0)=\underset{\sigma \rightarrow 0^{+}}{\lim }I_{0^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y};\varphi }u(\sigma )=0\).
Lemma 2.5
Let \(\mathfrak{y},\mathfrak{p}>0\) and \(\delta >0\). Then
and
Lemma 2.6
([41])
If \(f\in \mathcal{PC}^{n} ( J ) \), \(n-1<\mathfrak{y}<n\), and \(0\leq \mathfrak{p}\leq 1\), then
and
Lemma 2.7
([31] (Leray–Schauder alternative))
Let \(\Xi :\mathcal{X}\rightarrow \mathcal{X}\) be a completely continuous operator, and let \(\digamma (\Xi )= \{ y\in \mathcal{X}:y=\xi \Xi (y),\xi \in [ 0,1 ] \} \). Then either the set \(\digamma (\Xi )\) is unbounded, or Ξ has at least one fixed point.
Theorem 2.8
([29] (Banach fixed point theorem))
Let \(\mathcal{X}\) be a Banach space, let \(K\subset \mathcal{X}\) be closed, and let \(\Xi :K\rightarrow K\) be a strict contraction, that is, \(\Vert \Xi (x)-\Xi (y) \Vert \leq L \Vert x-y \Vert \) for some \(0< L<1\) and all \(x,y\in K\). Then Ξ has a fixed point in K.
Lemma 2.9
Let \(\mathfrak{\gamma }=\mathfrak{y}+\mathfrak{p}-\mathfrak{yp}\), \(\mathfrak{y}\in ( 0,1 ) \), \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \), and let \(\varpi :J^{\prime }\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) be a continuous function. Then \(\mathfrak{u}\in \mathcal{PC}^{\mathfrak{\gamma }} ( J ) \) satisfies
if and only if \(\mathfrak{u}\) satisfies the following integral equations:
Proof
First, let \(\mathfrak{u}\in \mathcal{PC}^{\mathfrak{\gamma }} ( J ) \) be a solution of problem (2.1). We prove that \(\mathfrak{u}\) is a solution of (2.2).
If \(\sigma \in [ 0,\sigma _{1} ] \), then \(\mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }} \mathfrak{u}(\sigma )=\varpi (\sigma )\), \([ \sigma ] =0\). Taking the operator \(\mathcal{I}_{0^{+}}^{\mathfrak{y},\varphi }\) on both sides of the first equation in (2.1) and using Lemma 2.6, we have
By the terminal condition we have
Putting (2.4) into (2.3), we get
This means
Since \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{1}^{-})=\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{1}^{+})-Z_{1}\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{1}^{-})\), we get
If \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{1},\sigma _{2} ] \), then \(\mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }}\mathfrak{u}( \sigma )=\varpi (\sigma )\), \([ \sigma ] =\sigma _{1}\), and \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma )\) is given by
This means that
Since \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{2}^{-})=\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{2}^{+})-Z_{2}\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{2}^{-})\), we get
If \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{2},\sigma _{3} ] \), then \(\mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }}\mathfrak{u}( \sigma )=\varpi (\sigma )\), \([ \sigma ] =\sigma _{2}\), and \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma )\) is given by
This means that
After impulse \(( \mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{3}^{-})=\mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{3}^{+})-Z_{3} \mathfrak{u}(\sigma _{3}^{-}) ) \), we get
If \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{3},\sigma _{4} ] \), then \(\mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }}\mathfrak{u}( \sigma )=\varpi (\sigma )\), \([ \sigma ] =\sigma _{3}\), and \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma )\) is given by
Assume that
Then, inductively, for \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{k},\sigma _{k+1} ] \), we have \(\mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }}\mathfrak{u}(\sigma )=\varpi (\sigma )\), \([ \sigma ] =\sigma _{k} \), and \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma )\) is given by
Thus (2.2) is satisfied.
Conversely, assume that \(\mathfrak{u}\) satisfies equation (2.2).
Case 1: \(\sigma \in [ 0,\sigma _{1} ] \).
Replacing σ by T in (2.2), we get \(\mathfrak{u}(T)=w\). On the other hand, applying \(\mathcal{D}_{0^{+}}^{\mathfrak{\gamma };\varphi }\) to both sides of (2.2) and using Lemma 2.3, we get
Since \(\mathfrak{u}\in \mathcal{PC}^{\mathfrak{\gamma }} ( J ) \), by definition of \(\mathcal{PC}^{\mathfrak{\gamma }} ( J ) \) we have \(\mathcal{D}_{0^{+}}^{\mathfrak{\gamma };\varphi }\mathfrak{u}\in \mathcal{PC} ( J ) \). So, (2.5) implies
For \(\varpi \in \mathcal{PC} ( J ) \), it is obvious that \(\mathcal{I}_{0^{+}}^{1-\mathfrak{p}(1-\mathfrak{y});\varphi }\varpi \in \mathcal{PC}^{1} ( J ) \). Hence ϖ and \(\mathcal{I}_{0^{+}}^{1-\mathfrak{p}(1-\mathfrak{y});\varphi }\varpi \) satisfy the conditions of Theorem 2.6. Now, applying \(\mathcal{I}_{0^{+}}^{\mathfrak{p}(1-\mathfrak{y});\varphi }\) to both sides of (2.5) and using Theorem 2.6, we get
By Theorem 2.4 we have \(\mathcal{I}_{0^{+}}^{1-\mathfrak{p}(1-\mathfrak{y});\varphi }\varpi (0)=0\). Hence (2.6) becomes
Case 2: \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{k},\sigma _{k+1} ] \).
By the same technique as in case 1 we can easily prove case 2. □
Lemma 2.10
Let \(\mathfrak{\gamma }=\mathfrak{y}+\mathfrak{p}-\mathfrak{yp}\) be such that \(\mathfrak{y}\in ( 0,1 ) \), \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \), and let \(f,g:J^{\prime }\times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) be continuous functions. If \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathcal{B}\) satisfies problem (1.1), then by Lemma 2.9, \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \) satisfies the following integral equations:
Consider the continuous operator \(\Xi :\mathcal{B}\rightarrow \mathcal{B}\) defined by
where
and
Note that the fixed points of the operator Ξ are solutions of problem (1.1).
3 Existence of solution
In this section, we consider a general coupled system of Hilfer FDEs (1.1) involving an arbitrary function φ. To demonstrate our main results, we introduce the following hypotheses.
(H1) The functions \(f,g:J\times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) are continuous, and there exist constant numbers \(\varrho _{f},\varrho _{g},\varrho _{f}^{\prime },\varrho _{g}^{ \prime }>0\) such that for all \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) , ( \widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \in \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \),
(H2) The functions \(f,g:J\times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) are continuous functions such that for each \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathbb{R} \), there exist nondecreasing continuous linear functions \(\omega _{f},\omega _{g}:\mathbb{R} ^{+}\rightarrow \mathbb{R} ^{+}\) such that
(H3) The functions \(Z_{k}:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) are continuous, and there exists a constant \(L_{Z}>0\) such that
In the following, we will apply the Theorem 2.7 to obtain an existence result for system (1.1).
Theorem 3.1
Assume that (H1)–(H3) hold. If
then problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J.
Proof
Define the closed ball set
with
We will prove that the operator Ξ defined by (2.7) has a fixed point by using Theorem 2.7. For this, we divide the proof into three steps.
Step 1: \(\Xi (\mathbb{B}_{R})\subset \mathbb{B}_{R}\).
For any \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathbb{B}_{R}\), we have
From equation (2.8) we have
Using the same technique, we get
Thus
Hence \(\Xi (\mathbb{B}_{R})\subset \mathbb{B}_{R}\).
Step 2: Ξ is continuous and compact.
Let \(( \mathfrak{u}_{n},\vartheta _{n} ) \) be a sequence such that \(( \mathfrak{u}_{n},\vartheta _{n} ) \rightarrow ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \) in \(\mathbb{B}_{R}\). Then we have
By the same technique we get
Thus
Hence Ξ is continuous. Also, the operator Ξ is bounded on \(\mathbb{B}_{R}\). Thus Ξ is uniformly bounded on \(\mathbb{B}_{R}\). Next, we prove that Ξ is equicontinuous. Let \(\sigma _{1},\sigma _{2}\in J\) be such that \(\sigma _{1}<\sigma _{2}\). In view of (H2), fixing \(\sup_{ ( \sigma , ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) ) \in J\times \mathbb{B}_{R}} \vert f(\sigma ,\mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \vert = \widehat{f}\) and \(\sup_{ ( \sigma , ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) ) \in J\times \mathbb{B}_{R}} \vert g(\sigma , \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \vert =\widehat{g}\), we have
From (3.1) we have
By the same technique we get
It follows from (3.2) and (3.3a) that
Hence Ξ is equicontinuous. By the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem we infer that Ξ is compact in \(\mathbb{B}_{R}\). Therefore from the above steps we conclude that Ξ is completely continuous.
Step 3: The set \(\digamma = \{ ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathcal{B}: ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) =\xi \Xi ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) ,\text{ }\xi \in ( 0,1 ) \} \) is bounded.
Let \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \digamma \). Then \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) =\xi \Xi ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \). Now, for \(\sigma \in J\), we have \(\mathfrak{u}(\sigma )=\xi \Xi _{1} ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \) and \(\vartheta (\sigma )=\xi \Xi ( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \). According to our hypotheses, we attain
By step 1 we have
and
Hence the set Ϝ is bounded. According to the above steps, together with Theorem 2.7, we conclude that Ξ has at least one fixed point. Consequently, system (1.1) has at least one solution on J. □
In the following theorem, we prove the uniqueness of solutions to system (1.1) by using Theorem 2.8.
Theorem 3.2
Assume that (H1)–(H3) hold. If
where \(\rho =\max \{\rho _{1},\rho _{2}\}\) with
then system (1.1) has a unique solution.
Proof
Consider the closed ball \(\mathbb{B}_{R}\) defined in Theorem 3.1. First, we show that \(\Xi (\mathbb{B}_{R})\subset \mathbb{B}_{R}\). By the first step in Theorem 3.1 we have \(\Xi (\mathbb{B}_{R})\subset \mathbb{B}_{R}\). Next, we need to prove that Ξ is a contraction map. Indeed, for \((\mathfrak{u},\vartheta ),(\widehat{\mathfrak{u}}, \widehat{\vartheta })\in \mathbb{B}_{R}\) and \(\sigma \in J\), we obtain
and, consequently, we obtain
By the same way we obtain
From (3.7) and (3.8) it follows that
Thus the operator Ξ is a contraction. So by Theorem 2.8 system (1.1) has a unique solution. □
4 Stability analysis
To state the main theorem, we need the following definitions. Let \(\epsilon _{i}>0\) and \(\lambda _{\phi _{i}}:J \rightarrow [ 0,\infty )\) \(( i=1,2 ) \) be continuous functions. We consider the following inequalities:
Definition 4.1
([39])
System (1.1) is UH stable if there exists a real number \(\mathcal{M}>0\) such that for each \(\epsilon =\max \{\epsilon _{1},\epsilon _{2}\}>0\), there exists a solution \(( \widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \in \mathcal{B}\) of inequalities (4.1) and (4.2) corresponding to a solution \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathcal{B}\) of system (1.1) such that
Definition 4.2
([39])
System (1.1) is UHR stable with respect to the nondecreasing function \(\lambda _{\phi }(\sigma )=\max_{\varkappa \in J}\{\lambda _{\phi _{1}}( \sigma ),\lambda _{\phi 2}(\sigma )\}\) if there exists a real number \(\mathcal{N}>0\) such that for each solution \(( \widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \in \mathcal{B}\) of inequalities (4.3) and (4.4), there exists a solution \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathcal{B}\) of system (1.1) such that
Remark 4.3
A function \(( \widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \in \mathcal{B}\) is a solution of inequalities (4.1) and (4.2) if and only if there exist functions \(z_{1},z_{2}\in \mathcal{PC} ( J ) \) such that
(i) \(\bigl\{\scriptsize \begin{array}{c} \vert z_{1}(\varkappa ) \vert \leq \epsilon _{1},\text{ } \sigma \in J, \\ \vert z_{2}(\varkappa ) \vert \leq \epsilon _{2},\text{ } \sigma \in J,\end{array} \)
(ii) \(\bigl\{\scriptsize \begin{array}{c} \mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }} \widehat{\mathfrak{u}}(\sigma )=f(\sigma ,\widehat{\mathfrak{u}}(\sigma ), \mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }} \widehat{\vartheta }(\sigma ))+z_{1}(\sigma ),\text{ }\sigma \in J, \\ \mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }} \widehat{\vartheta }(\sigma )=g(\sigma ,\mathcal{D}_{ [ \sigma ] }^{\mathfrak{y,p,\varphi }}\widehat{\mathfrak{u}}(\sigma ), \widehat{\vartheta }(\sigma ))+z_{2}(\sigma ),\text{ }\sigma \in J.\end{array}\)
Lemma 4.4
Let \(\mathfrak{y}\in ( 0,1 ) \) and \(\mathfrak{p}\in [ 0,1 ] \). If a function \(( \widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \in \mathcal{B}\) satisfies inequalities (4.1) and (4.2), then \(( \widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \) satisfies the following integral inequalities:
where
and
Proof
Indeed, by Remark 4.3 we have
Then, for \(\sigma \in ( \sigma _{k},\sigma _{k+1} ] \), \(k=1,\ldots,m\), we get
It follows that
□
In the forthcoming theorem, we prove the stability results for system (1.1).
Theorem 4.5
Assume that \((H_{1})\) and \((H_{2})\) hold. Then
are UH stable, provided that \(\Delta = ( 1-\Lambda _{1f} ) ( 1-\Lambda _{2g} ) -\Lambda _{1g}\Lambda _{2f}\neq 0\), where
Proof
Let \(\epsilon =\max \{\epsilon _{1},\epsilon _{2}\}>0\), let \(( \widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \in \mathcal{B}\) be functions satisfying inequalities (4.1) and (4.2), and let \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) \in \mathcal{B}\) be the unique solution of the following system
Then by Theorem 3.1 we have
Since
we can easily prove that \(\mathcal{A}_{\mathfrak{u}}=\mathcal{A}_{\widehat{\mathfrak{u}}}\) and \(\mathcal{A}_{\vartheta }=\mathcal{A}_{\widehat{\vartheta }}\). Hence from (H2) and Lemma 4.4, for each \(\sigma \in J\), we have
and
Thus by (H1) we have
By the same technique we get
It follows that
and
Inequalities (4.8) and (4.9a) can be rewritten in the matrix form
By simple computations this inequality becomes
This leads to
Thus
where \(\epsilon =\max \{\epsilon _{1},\epsilon _{2}\}\) and \(\mathcal{M}= \frac{2-\Lambda _{2g}+\Lambda _{1g}+\Lambda _{2f}-\Lambda _{1f}}{\Delta }K\). Hence by inequality (4.10) and Definition 4.1 the solution of system (1.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable. Next, by setting \(\lambda _{\phi }=\epsilon \mathcal{M}\) such that \(\lambda _{\phi }(0)=0\) system (1.1) is generalized Ulam–Hyers stable. □
5 An example
Consider the following problem:
Here \(\mathfrak{y}=\frac{1}{3}\), \(\mathfrak{p}=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\mathfrak{\gamma }=\frac{2}{3}\), \(w_{1}=3\), \(w_{2}=2\). Set \(\varphi (\sigma )=e^{\sigma } \).
Example 5.1
Define \(f,g: ( 0,1 ] \times \mathbb{R} ^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) as
and \(Z_{1},Z_{2}:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) by
and
Then, for \(( \mathfrak{u},\vartheta ) , (\widehat{\mathfrak{u}},\widehat{\vartheta } ) \in\mathbb{R} \times\mathbb{R} \), we have
and
Here \(\varrho _{f}=\varrho _{f}^{\prime }=\varrho _{g}=\varrho _{g}^{ \prime }=\omega _{f}=\omega _{f}^{\prime }=\omega _{g}=\omega _{g}^{ \prime }=\frac{1}{10}\) and \(L_{Z_{1}}=L_{Z_{2}}=\frac{1}{8}\). From the given data we deduce that conditions \((H_{1})\), \((H_{2})\), and \((H_{3})\) hold. Thus all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied. Therefore problem (1.1) has at least one solution on \([ 0,1 ] \). Moreover, we have \(\rho _{1}=\rho _{2}=0,1\) and \(\mathcal{Q}=0.48<1\) Thus all conditions of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied. Therefore problem (1.1) has a unique solution on \([ 0,1 ] \).
Finally, for \(\epsilon =\max \{\epsilon _{1},\epsilon _{2}\}>0\), we find that the inequalities
are satisfied. Then equation (4.5) is Ulam–Hyers stable with
where
6 Concluding remarks
We obtained the existence, uniqueness, and UH stability of solutions for a new problem of φ-Hilfer FDEs with impulse conditions. Our investigations were based on the reduction of FDEs to FIEs and application the standard Leray–Schauder and Banach fixed point theorems. The acquired results in this paper are more general and cover many of the parallel problems that contain particular cases of the function φ, because our proposed system contains a global fractional derivative that integrates many classic fractional derivatives; for instance, for various values of a function φ and parameter \(\mathfrak{p}\), the coupled system (1.1) includes coupled systems of FDEs involving the Hilfer, Hadamard, Katugampola, and many other fractional derivative operators, which are described in the introduction.
Availability of data and materials
The authors declare that all data and materials in this paper are available and veritable.
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Almalahi, M.A., Panchal, S.K. Some properties of implicit impulsive coupled system via φ-Hilfer fractional operator. Bound Value Probl 2021, 67 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-021-01543-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-021-01543-4