Abstract
Background
Inappropriate and wasteful use of health care resources is a common problem, constituting 10–34% of health services spending in the western world. Even though diagnostic imaging is vital for identifying correct diagnoses and administrating the right treatment, low-value imaging—in which the diagnostic test confers little to no clinical benefit—is common and contributes to inappropriate and wasteful use of health care resources. There is a lack of knowledge on the types and extent of low-value imaging. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to identify, characterize, and quantify the extent of low-value diagnostic imaging examinations for adults and children.
Methods
A scoping review of the published literature was performed. Medline-Ovid, Embase-Ovid, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published from 2010 to September 2020. The search strategy was built from medical subject headings (Mesh) for Diagnostic imaging/Radiology OR Health service misuse/Medical overuse OR Procedures and Techniques Utilization/Facilities and Services Utilization. Articles in English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, or Norwegian were included.
Results
A total of 39,986 records were identified and, of these, 370 studies were included in the final synthesis. Eighty-four low-value imaging examinations were identified. Imaging of atraumatic pain, routine imaging in minor head injury, trauma, thrombosis, urolithiasis, after thoracic interventions, fracture follow-up and cancer staging/follow-up were the most frequently identified low-value imaging examinations. The proportion of low-value imaging varied between 2 and 100% inappropriate or unnecessary examinations.
Conclusions
A comprehensive list of identified low-value radiological examinations for both adults and children are presented. Future research should focus on reasons for low-value imaging utilization and interventions to reduce the use of low-value imaging internationally.
Systematic review registration: PROSPERO: CRD42020208072.
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Background
The use of health care and health care expenditures are increasing in most countries [1]. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 10–34% of health service spending is inappropriate and wasteful use of health care resources [2]. Diagnostic imaging is a health care resource aiding the physician in identifying correct diagnoses and administering the right treatment for the right patient at the right time [3]. However, imaging services can also be inappropriately used or be of low clinical value. While inappropriate imaging is characterized by not being in accordance with professional norms and guidelines, low-value care is defined as services that provide little or no benefit to patients, have potential to cause harm, incur unnecessary cost to patients, or waste limited healthcare resources. Diagnostic imaging would be of low-value when the examination has little or no impact on the management of the individual patient, thus in a societal perspective increasing costs and constituting an unnecessary risk to patients due to exposure to ionizing radiation [4] and/or contrast media [5]. Earlier research found that 20–50% of radiological examinations are overused, however, this rate varies between and within countries [2, 6,7,8]. Recommendations and guidelines such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s (NICE’s) “Do-not-do list,” iRefer, iGuide and the international Choosing Wisely campaign have been introduced to reduce overutilization in health care and reduce low-value care, including diagnostic imaging [9,10,11]. So far, the impact of such efforts is reportedly low, as patient expectations of advanced diagnostic tests, lack of knowledge among health care professionals on the right use of imaging, established clinical practice, fear of malpractice, and fee-for-service reimbursement systems continue to drive the use of low-value care [6, 12,13,14,15,16]. Knowledge about low-value imaging in terms of characteristics, quantities and contexts is warranted to enable adequate prioritizing of resource utilization and designing de-implementation initiatives. A recent systematic review previously estimated the prevalence of low-value diagnostic testing, which included some radiological services, but did not provide a complete overview of which diagnostic imaging examinations that may be regarded as low-value [17]. Therefore, the objective of this scoping review was to identify, characterize, and quantify the extent of low-value diagnostic imaging examinations.
Methods
A scoping review was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews [18]. The protocol for this scoping review is registered on the PROSPERO website (CRD42020208072). Medline-Ovid, Embase-Ovid, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published from January 2010 to September 9, 2020. The search strategy was developed in Medline-Ovid (Table 1) and adapted for the other databases with assistance/support from librarians. Terms were built from medical subject headings (Mesh) for Diagnostic imaging/Radiology OR Health service misuse/Medical overuse OR Procedures and Techniques Utilization/Facilities and Services Utilization with text word synonyms of these terms, and more specific terms not having a Mesh term. Language filters were used to include articles written in English, German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Animal studies were excluded. The complete search strategy is available in Additional file 1.
The search was expanded through a snowballing technique of hand-searching the reference lists of articles included following full-text screening.
Selection of records
The records were archived using Thomson Reuters EndNote X9.3.3 library and duplicates were removed. All remaining records were transferred to Rayyan QCRI [19] where titles and abstracts were screened by EK, ERA, LvB-V, FC, and BMH for eligibility; 10% of citations were screened by two of the authors as quality assurance. Full-text screening was completed by EK, ERA, AMK LvB-V, LJJS and BMH after a calibration meeting for quality assurance. Disagreements with regards to inclusion or exclusion were resolved through discussion and consensus among the authors.
Eligibility criteria
The inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in Table 2. In brief, empirical studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, descriptive qualitative studies, case studies, mixed-methods studies, and multi-methods studies assessing the value of radiological examinations for all patient groups were included.
Data extraction and synthesis
Data of the included studies were extracted using a summary table consisting of the following variables: author and year, country, design/methods, population, clinical setting, medical condition, low-value practice, reason for being low-value, alternative to low-value practice, and extent of use (when applicable). EK, ERA, AMK, and BMH extracted data after a calibration meeting where 10 publications were discussed for quality assurance. Narrative synthesis of included articles was completed. Articles were first categorized by adult or pediatric, the imaging modality, type of radiological examination evaluated, and the anatomical area imaged.
Results
The electronic database search identified 39,986 records (findings are documented in Additional file 1) and 17,429 duplicates were removed. A total of 22,557 records were screened for titles (and abstracts) in Rayyan QCRI [19] excluding 21,907 records. Through additional searches and snowballing, 44 additional records were found, resulting in 694 articles for full-text assessment. Following full-text screening 324 articles were excluded; an overview of the excluded articles and the reason for exclusion is presented in Additional file 2. Ultimately, 370 studies were included in the final synthesis. A PRISMA flow diagram of the screening and selection process is presented in Fig. 1.
PRISMA flow diagram of the selection process of articles
Among the 370 included studies, 84 low-value imaging examinations were identified. Studies were conducted in 35 different countries, with most from the United States (n = 215) and Europe (n = 78). In-hospital imaging was the most common clinical setting (> 65%). Fourteen different study designs were employed among the included studies; most studies were designed as retrospective chart reviews (n = 262), cohort studies (n = 39), and cross-sectional studies (n = 19). Three hundred and eight studies included adult patients, 60 studied pediatric populations, and 2 studies included both adults and children. The characteristics of the included articles are provided in Additional file 3.
Identified low-value imaging examinations
Low-value diagnostic imaging in adults was evaluated in 264 studies. Across all imaging modalities, low-value use of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and X-ray were most frequently reported.
Outcomes measured for identifying low-value examinations varied across the studies and the most common were diagnostic yield (n = 213), and impact or change in treatment or management (n = 137). Importantly, the examinations defined as low-value were dependent on the clinical symptoms of patients e.g. a lumbar spine MRI is only valuable when the patient present with red flag symptoms.
In the following sections, results are stratified by body areas (neurologic (central nervous system [CNS]), thoracic, musculoskeletal, abdominopelvic, vascular, whole body, breast, cardiac, and ear, nose, and throat, and neck imaging) and population type (i.e., adult versus pediatric population).
Low-value radiological examinations in adults
Neurologic imaging
Low-value imaging of the brain was explored in 49 studies [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. Specifically, routine use of head CT or repeat head CT in minor head injury and brain MRI were reported to be low-value for many clinical indications and conditions. The reason for being low-value was either low diagnostic yield where the majority of scans were reported to have no relevant findings, or a low rate in change of management for patients examined. To reduce the use of low-value neurologic imaging the studies indicated that the scan should be warranted based on patient symptoms rather than routine. Details are presented in Table 3.
Further, low-value imaging examinations of the cervical spine was identified in eleven studies [67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77] including routine imaging in trauma and routine follow-up after surgery in patients without symptoms (Table 4).
Thoracic imaging
Thirty-eight studies reported chest X-rays to be low-value, while four studies reported on low-value use of chest CT [78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117]. Of these, eighteen reported on chest X-rays in follow-up after procedures known to cause pneumothorax, where the X-ray did not change management in patients without symptoms [94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112]. Further, routine chest X-ray was found to not change patient management when used as a pre and post op screening, at hospital admission, in medical check-ups, or in staging of cervical and breast cancer. Repeat chest X-ray in trauma and ICU patients was found to be low-value and clinical symptoms should be used as an indicator to do an X-ray [78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93, 113, 118,119,120]. In CT, low-value examinations were found in emergency department patients, pleural effusion, and in staging of low-grade breast cancer as the diagnostic yield is low [114,115,116]. Further, repeat chest CT in Covid-19 patients showing clinical improvement was shown to be of low-value [117]. Details are presented in Table 5.
Musculoskeletal imaging
Spine and hip or pelvis
The most commonly reported low-value procedures in musculoskeletal imaging was for low back pain [121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130]. Ten studies demonstrated that X-ray, CT and MRI have a low impact on the treatment of patients without red flags, and 58.7% of MRI scans were negative [121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131], imaging for pain in the rest of the spine was also shown as low-value [131]. In addition, change in management were only seen in < 1% of routine post-op X-rays after cervical (c)- or lumbar (l)-spine fusion [132,133,134]. Another study found that even though 93% of the referrals for lumbar MRI were appropriate according to guidelines, only 13% of the scans showed actionable findings [125]. In cases of pelvic fracture or trauma, routine pelvic X-ray had a low impact on treatment. The same was shown for MRI or CT in pelvic ring fracture [91, 135,136,137]. In hip fracture and hemiarthroplasty, routine post-op X-ray of the hip was low-value for patients without symptoms [138, 139]. One study showed that MRI is low-value in patients with hip pain when an X-ray is already acquired [140]. Details are presented in Table 6.
Upper and lower limb
The second most common studied musculoskeletal low-value examination was MRI in knee pain without red flags, reported in eight studies [121, 141,142,143,144,145,146,147]. In addition, MRI of acute Achilles tendon rupture, X-ray of adjoined joints in ankle fracture, and CT of lower extremities stress fractures were also reported as low-value examinations [148,149,150]. X-ray of the knee changed management in 0–0.7% of patients after ligament reconstructions, tibia plateau fixation, and partial or total knee arthroplasty [151,152,153,154,155,156]. In the upper limb, shoulder MRI in patients with shoulder pain or rotator cuff tear had a low impact on treatment [157,158,159]. X-ray of the shoulder in atraumatic shoulder pain or frozen shoulder had a low impact on clinical management [160, 161]. Further, orthopedic trauma, post-op, or post-splinting X-ray gave little to no change in management [162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169]. MRI of the wrist in ligamentous injury changed the surgical plan in 28% of patients and was thus low-value for many patients [170]. On general use of imaging in the musculoskeletal system, four studies showed that skeletal CT for peri-articular fractures (post-op) [171], and long bone cartilaginous lesions (also MRI) [172] were of low-value. Details are presented in Table 7.
Abdominopelvic imaging
In abdominopelvic imaging, eighteen studies reported imaging with low-value in typical emergency or general medicine conditions [175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191]. X-rays for abdominal pain and upper gastrointestinal imaging (UGI) for reflux resulted in a change in management in only 4% of patients and is often of poor diagnostic quality [187,188,189]. In acute pancreatitis, < 1.2% of CT and MRI examinations yielded relevant findings [175,176,177,178]. Low-value imaging related to surgery or other invasive procedure in the abdomen was reported in seven studies [192,193,194,195,196,197,198]. Contrast esophagogram had a low impact on treatment in suspected esophageal perforation, and anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy [195, 197, 198]. In addition, staging of cancer using a different kind of MRI or CT in the abdominal/pelvic area was described as low-value in six studies for various types of cancer [199,200,201,202,203]. In urology, abdominal CT in urolithiasis had a low impact on the treatment of patients with self-limiting episodes or at follow-up [190, 204,205,206]. Renal ultrasound in new-onset acute kidney injury to screen for hydronephrosis led to changes in management in just 1.8% of patients in one study [207]. In addition, retrograde urethrography in penile fracture had a low impact on treatment in patients without hematuria or urethrorrhagia [208]. An overview of low-value imaging in abdominopelvic imaging is given in Table 8.
Vascular imaging
The two most reported low-value vascular imaging examinations were CTA of the chest in patients with low risk of pulmonary embolism (7 studies) and ultrasound in patients with low risk for deep venous thrombosis (5 studies). Negative result was demonstrated in 97% of examinations [210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221]. Further, CTA of the abdominal aorta after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in patients without endoleak 1 month after the EVAR procedure, was identified as low-value [222,223,224]. Ultrasound was reported to be better as surveillance for EVAR patients as ultrasound increased the negative predictive value to 97.6% [222,223,224]. In addition, CTA was shown to be of low-value in patients with blunt vertebral artery injuries and vascular injuries of the lower limbs [225, 226]. Details are presented in Table 9.
Whole body imaging
Whole body imaging examinations were identified as low-value in trauma and oncology in six studies. Whole body scanning in trauma should be made only when clinically indicated [227,228,229,230,231,232]. In addition, one study identified CT in soft tissue infections as low-value, with the exception of intra-abdominal abscesses [233]. In oncology, whole body imaging used for staging and follow-up was identified as low-value in 18 studies [58, 234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250]. Details on low-value whole body imaging in oncology is presented in Table 10.
Breast imaging
In breast cancer follow-up, mammography or MRI of the breasts less than 1-year after treatment were described as low-value [255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262]. Follow-up of benign breast tumors with short intervals showed only 0–0.5% identified malignancy in three studies, thus low-value to the majority of patients [260,261,262]. According to one study [263] on male patients only, 0.9% of breast ultrasound or mammography found malignancy. Details are presented in Table 11.
Cardiac imaging
Stress imaging such as myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and echocardiography were described as low-value in low risk patients, and patients with more than one risk factor for cardiac disease [264, 265]. In patients with infective endocarditis, only 10% of the findings in FDG PET/CT of the heart led to changes in treatment [266]. Routine transthoracic echocardiography in acute ischemic stroke patients had relevant findings in 38% of patients, however only 8.5% of patients had additional work-up [267]. Elective coronary angiography investigating coronary heart disease had relevant findings in 40% of patients in one study [268]. Yet another study found that during coronary angiography left ventriculography is of poor quality [269]. An overview of low-value cardiac imaging is given in Table 12.
Neck and ear, nose, and throat imaging
Post-operative thyroid cancer ultrasound was found to be low-value as 98% of the scans were negative [270] and the risk for relapse is small [271]. Furthermore, increased use of ultrasound uncovered more benign and low-risk cancers [272, 273]. Radioactive iodine scanning found 17% concordant findings with earlier examinations. Thus, fine needle aspiration should be used in diagnostics instead of imaging [274]. Thyroid ultrasound as follow-up after lobectomy found tumor or recurrence in only 1.5% of patients [275]. According to one study, in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism routine pre-op Tc-99 m-sestamibi scans are unnecessary as nodules are found during surgery [276].
X-ray and CT of the sinuses in acute rhinosinusitis did not change patient management [277].
In patients with facial fractures, X-ray and CT was identified as low-value in five studies [278,279,280,281,282], as imaging did not change the management of the patient. One study introduced the use of ultrasound combined with an X-ray, instead of CT in zygomatic arch and mandibular fractures [281]. Another study described MRI of the face for juvenile ossifying fibroma as low-value [283].
Imaging of templar bones was described as low-value in patients with chronic Eustachian tube dysfunction and pre-op for cochlear implants [284, 285]. Details are presented in Table 13.
Low-value imaging examinations in children
The use of low-value imaging in pediatric patients was reported in 62 studies presented in Table 14 [168, 286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345]. The most frequently reported low-value examinations were CT and MRI of the head/brain, CT and X-ray related to trauma, chest X-ray, and musculoskeletal X-rays in fracture follow-up.
The quantity in use of low-value examinations
The proportion of low-value examinations varied greatly in the 103 included studies reporting proportion. Seven studies explored low-value imaging in adults on an overarching level with several medical conditions and modalities, showing an overall rate of low-value imaging of 2–31% [346,347,348,349,350,351,352].
Quantity of low-value imaging in adults
The proportion of low-value imaging examinations in specific body areas differed from 4 to 100% (86 studies], and varied both between and within different countries and clinical settings. The results are presented in Fig. 2 [20,21,22,23, 26,27,28,29, 35, 40,41,42, 54, 64, 68, 69, 122, 123, 125, 127,128,129,130, 140, 141, 143, 145,146,147, 157,158,159, 172,173,174, 176, 177, 179, 182, 190, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216, 229, 242, 252, 277, 284, 353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387]. From these studies, imaging examinations with a high proportion of low-value examinations (more than 50% inappropriate use reported) was: Head CT (routine and repeat), routine trauma scan, MRI in musculoskeletal pain, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in low risk patients or low interval DEXA follow-ups, echocardiography, carotid imaging, chest X-ray, X-ray in acute rhinosinusitis, CTA in pulmonary embolism, early-stage breast cancer staging, acute pancreatitis, and special imaging for pre-op templar bone CT in cochlear implantation, and CT/MRI in long bone cartilaginous lesions. In addition, one study reported a sevenfold increase in knee MRI, while there was a reduction in knee arthroscopy [145].
Overview of proportion of low-value examinations in different patient complains/diagnosis. The blue bar represents the minimum rate and the combined blue and orange bar represents the maximum inappropriate rate
Quantity of low-value imaging in children
In pediatrics the use of low-value examinations varied between 3.6 and 93.7% (11 studies) [286, 297, 299, 301, 314, 315, 320, 321, 356, 388, 389]. Abdominal CT in appendicitis (3.6%), repeat CT in trauma patients (5%) and C-spine CT in cervical spine injury (13%) were the least over-used examinations. Head CT (50–93.7%), CT scan in case of blunt abdominal trauma (18–80%) and pretransfer CT in trauma patients (66%) were the low-value examinations most used.
Discussion
In summary, through this scoping review, we found 84 different low-value imaging examinations performed among both adult and pediatric populations, for all imaging modalities, and body areas. Several of these examinations already have established referral criteria or have recommendations against them in the Choosing Wisely list, however this review show that these are still being used in clinical practice, and more examinations might need referral guidelines. The most commonly practices reported as low-value was head CT in several clinical queries (especially related to minor head injury [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33, 36, 37, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53, 55, 56, 286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293]), chest X-ray for routine checkup or follow-ups [78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113, 118,119,120, 339,340,341,342,343], trauma CT in patients without clinical symptoms or as repeat scans [227,228,229,230,231,232, 287, 314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322], and skeletal X-rays in non-traumatic pain or in fracture follow-ups [132, 138, 139, 151,152,153,154,155,156, 160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167, 169, 323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337]. The following were the most frequently reported low-value examinations: imaging in low back pain [121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131] and knee MRI without red flags [121, 141,142,143,144,145,146,147], staging and follow-up in several types of cancer (X-ray, CT, MRI and nuclear medicine) [58, 116, 172, 199,200,201,202,203, 209, 234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262], abdominal CT in self-limiting episode of suspected urolithiasis [190, 204,205,206], chest CTA [210,211,212,213,214,215,216] and ultrasound lower limb veins in patients with low risk of thrombosis [217,218,219,220,221] were most prominent among adult populations. When analyzing the extent in use of low-value imaging additional examinations were identified; low interval DEXA screening, echocardiography in patients with low risk of cardiac disease, carotid imaging in syncope, X-ray in rhinosinusitis, and MRI for pain in the hip or upper extremities [140, 157,158,159, 173, 277, 365, 366, 369, 373, 376].
The variation in the proportion of low-value imaging was large (2–100% inappropriate or unnecessary examinations) and varied between studies of the same examination. There is no obvious threshold in proportion for when to define examinations as low-value. Even though the examinations found in this review are low-value on a group level, certain patient sub-groups or individual patients could have clinical findings justifying the use of imaging. However, in several studies there were identified a rate of ≥ 90% inappropriate imaging examinations. This provides a reason for altering the utilization of these examinations in practice. We found this to be the case in: repeat head or routine trauma CT, echocardiography, MRI in hip, knee and upper extremity pain, CT/MRI in acute pancreatitis, and pre-op templar bone CT in cochlear implantation [40,41,42, 54, 140, 141, 143, 145,146,147, 173, 176, 177, 229, 284, 357, 369, 388].
Our review found additional examinations that are potentially low-value to the examinations presented in the Choosing Wisely list [17, 390]. Additionally, we report the extent of low-value imaging. Our additional findings merit further investigation, including chest X-ray after invasive lung procedures such as CVC placement, chest tube placement/removal, biopsies, and other procedures [94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112, 339,340,341], musculoskeletal follow-ups after fractures or invasive procedures, MRI and X-ray in atraumatic shoulder or upper-extremity pain [138, 139, 151,152,153,154,155,156, 160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167, 169, 173, 323,324,325,326,327,328,329, 334, 336] and staging and follow-up procedures in cancers other than breast, cervical, prostate, and lymphoma [58, 172, 199, 202, 203, 209, 235,236,237, 239,240,241, 243,244,245, 247,248,249]. Hence, while we confirm previous findings, we also add new findings to the literature. Not all examinations in the Choosing Wisely list were included in this in this review such as cardiac imaging in asymptomatic patients or head CT in patients with sudden hearing loss [390]. This could be caused by the search being incomplete (for instants excluding screening programs), evidence of their low-value was given before 2010 or that some of the Choosing Wisely recommendations were based on clinical experience rather than research reports.
There are many ways to measure low-value imaging, including diagnostic yield, diagnostic accuracy, and impact/change in treatment or management, where diagnostic yield (n = 213) and change in patient management (n = 137) were most common. By applying the Fryback and Thornbury value model as stated by Brady et al. [391], measures of change in patient management and trends in imaging and related treatments, seems a better way to identify low-value imaging, rather than measuring diagnostic accuracy [391].
This scoping review has strengths and limitations in its methods. Although the search in databases was systematic and exhaustive, the cut-off was set at 2010, which excluded examinations identified as low-value imaging or adopted to clinical practice before 2010. Due to the large number of citations retrieved from the database searches, a wide range of inconclusive studies, studies identifying conditional low-value imaging, and articles reporting clinical practice guidelines were excluded. Hence, a wide range of supportive studies were excluded as the inclusion criteria were strict. Therefore, it is likely that there are several studies of low-value examinations that are not included in this review. Accordingly, the excluded studies in Additional file 2 may provide useful information for those who want to pursue specific examinations. The quality of included studies was also not assessed; it is likely that the included studies were of variable quality, limiting the strength of the conclusions made in this review. While the strict inclusion criteria may to some extent compensate for the lack of study quality assessment, quality assessment is not required [392] as the purpose of a scoping review is to identify and map the available evidence. While this review provides a valuable overview of identified low-value imaging, especially useful for clinicians and policymakers to be able to take actions to reduce overuse of diagnostic imaging. However, contextual assessment is needed before changing clinical practice. In addition, the risk of ionizing radiation or contrast media has not been considered in this analysis, this would be interesting issues to consider in later studies. There is also need for research on barriers and facilitators for reducing low-value imaging care to assess where to target policy changes, guidelines, and clinical practice.
Conclusions
In this study, we provide a comprehensive list of low-value radiological examinations for both adults and children. Our overview reaches beyond earlier published lists and adds information on the quantity of low-value imaging utilization, which reportedly varied from 2 to 100% among included studies. Imaging of atraumatic pain, routine imaging in minor head injury, trauma, thrombosis, urolithiasis, after chest interventions, fracture follow-up and cancer staging, or follow-up were the most frequently identified low-value imaging examinations. This overview can be of great value for clinicians, policymakers, and researchers for revising appropriateness criteria and planning de-implementation. Efforts should be made to reduce the extension and variation of inappropriate imaging which generates huge opportunity costs and is potentially harmful to patients.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Abbreviations
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
- CTA:
-
Computed tomography angiography
- DEXA:
-
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- EVAR:
-
Endovascular aneurysm repair
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- US:
-
Ultrasound
- XR:
-
X-ray
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Senior Research Librarian Karen Marie Øvern at NTNU and academic librarian Jana Myrvold at University of South-Eastern Norway for helping with the development of the search strategy.
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This project received financial support from The Research council of Norway (Project number 302503).
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Additional file 1
. Search strategy and hits.
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. Excluded studies.
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. Characteristics of the included studies.
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Kjelle, E., Andersen, E.R., Krokeide, A.M. et al. Characterizing and quantifying low-value diagnostic imaging internationally: a scoping review. BMC Med Imaging 22, 73 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-022-00798-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-022-00798-2