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Interactions among Sodalis, Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus and trypanosomes in wild Glossina pallidipes

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Abstract

The successful implementation of area-wide integrated tsetse control using the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) relies on various factors. These include adapting and mass-producing the wild strain in the laboratory, suppressing the wild population in the target area, and releasing competent sterile male flies into the targeted area. Two important factors that can influence the effectiveness of this strategy are the presence of tsetse endosymbionts, specifically Sodalis glossinidius, and the infection of salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV). SGHV infection directly hampers the expansion of Glossina pallidipes colonies in mass-rearing facilities by negatively impacting reproduction (fertility and fecundity), and overall growth. The viral infections in other tsetse species indirectly affect G. pallidipes by serving as a source of infection, as these species are less susceptible to clinical manifestations of the virus. The role of S. glossinidius in this context remains inconclusive despite previous laboratory and field studies, highlighting the need for further research. In addition to knowledge generation, it is crucial to introduce healthy fly populations from the wild into the insectary for sustainable mass-rearing production. In this study, our objective was to determine the prevalence of Sodalis, SGHV, and trypanosome infections in wild populations of tsetse fly G. pallidipes and investigate potential interactions among them. We analyzed 146 dissected midgut and mouthparts samples from non-teneral flies collected from the Makao Wildlife Management Area (WMA) interface. Our results revealed a prevalence of trypanosome infection at 12.3%, SGHV infection at 7.5%, and Sodalis at 51.4%. Co- existence of SGHV infection and Sodalis was observed in 9.6% of the flies. We did not find a statistically significant association of trypanosome infections occurrence with either SGHV infection or Sodalis. However, a significant association with trypanosome infection was observed when the both Sodalis and SGHV infection co-existed in the tsetse flies. Furthermore, we identified a negative correlation between Sodalis and SGHV infections. In conclusion, our study highlights the association between the co- existence of Sodalis and SGHV and the prevalence of trypanosome infections in wild populations of G. pallidipes. These findings contribute to our understanding of the interactions among these microbes, which is crucial for the development and implementation of effective tsetse control strategies using the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT).

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author DJM.

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by IAEA Funded CRP project NO 22658. The Approval of this study was granted by the Tanzania commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) under Research Permit Number 2019-405-NA-2019-161

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vector and Vector-Borne Diseases, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P. O. Box 1026, Tanga, Tanzania

    Deusdedit J. Malulu, Hamisi S. Nyingilili, Delphina Edward & Peter Lucas

  2. Directorate of Research & Technology Development (DRTD), Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Imna I. Malele

  3. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Ismail W. R. Taifa

  4. Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria

    Adly M. M. Abd-Alla

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  1. Deusdedit J. Malulu
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Contributions

IIM, DJM and HSN, Conceived and designed the study. DJM, IIM, HSN, PL and DE executed the experiments. DJM and IWT analyzed the data and DJM, IIM, IT and AA wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Deusdedit J. Malulu.

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Malulu, D.J., Nyingilili, H.S., Edward, D. et al. Interactions among Sodalis, Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus and trypanosomes in wild Glossina pallidipes. Int J Trop Insect Sci 43, 1649–1657 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01062-y

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