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Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells: Self-Template Synthesis Approach to Enhancing Catalytic Activity and Stability

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Abstract

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are leading candidates in the utilization of clean energy resources for application in transportation, stationary, and portable devices. In PEMFCs, cathode catalysts are crucial for overall performance and durability due to kinetically slow oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). Because platinum (Pt), a state-of-the-art ORR catalyst, is rare and expensive, the development of high-performance platinum metal group (PGM)-free catalysts is highly desirable for future fuel cell technologies. Among the various PGM-free catalyst formulations, metal and nitrogen co-doped carbon (M-N-C, M: Fe, Co, or Mn) catalysts have exhibited encouraging activity and stability in acidic media for ORR and possess great potential to replace Pt in the future. Therefore, based on our extensive experience in the field of ORR catalysis, this review will comprehensively summarize the basic principles in the design and synthesis of M-N-C catalysts for durable, inexpensive, and high-performance PEMFCs with an emphasis on Co- and Mn-N-C catalysts to avoid Fenton reactions between Fe2+ and H2O2, which can generate free radicals and lead to the degradation of catalysts, ionomers, and membranes in PEMFCs. Furthermore, template-free 3D hydrocarbon frameworks as attractive precursors to advanced M-N-C catalysts will be discussed to significantly enhance intrinsic ORR activities in acidic media. In addition, long-term performance durability of M-N-C cathodes will be discussed extensively to provide potential solutions to enhance catalyst stability in PEMFCs. Finally, this review will provide an overall perspective on the progress, challenges, and solutions of PGM-free catalysts for future PEMFC technologies.

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Fig. 1

Reprint with permission from Ref. [10], AAAS, Copyright 2011

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Reprint with permission from Ref. [51], Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons

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Reprint with permission from Ref. [95], Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 7

Reprint with permission from Ref. [96], Copyright 2018, Nature Publishing Group

Fig. 8

Reprint with permission from Ref. [95], Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 9

Reprint with permission from Ref. [51], Copyright 2018, Elsevier

Fig. 10

Reprint with permission from Ref. [88], Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 11

Reprint with permission from Refs. [102, 103], Copyright 2010 and 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 12

Reprint with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright 2018, Nature Publishing Group

Fig. 13

Reprint with permission from Ref. [95], Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the financial support from the U. S. DOE EERE Fuel Cell Technology Office (DE-EE0008075, DE-EE0008076) and the National Science Foundation (CBET-1604392, 1804326).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA

    Yanghua He, Qiang Tan, Leilei Lu, Joshua Sokolowski & Gang Wu

Authors
  1. Yanghua He
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  2. Qiang Tan
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  3. Leilei Lu
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  4. Joshua Sokolowski
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  5. Gang Wu
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gang Wu.

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He, Y., Tan, Q., Lu, L. et al. Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells: Self-Template Synthesis Approach to Enhancing Catalytic Activity and Stability. Electrochem. Energ. Rev. 2, 231–251 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00031-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00031-9

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