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Phytomanagement of lead-contaminated soils: critical review of new trends and future prospects

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Abstract

Lead is a hazardous heavy metal released extensively in the environment through natural and anthropogenic sources and is toxic to terrestrial life. The presence of lead in terrestrial ecosystem raises concerns about human health due to edible safety of the cultivated crops or vegetables, and remediation of such soils is therefore essential. As a green and cost-effective alternative, plants have been used to remediate such soils in a number of ways including phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizofiltration, phytotransformation and phytovolatilization. The effectiveness of these plant-based approaches as well as the efficacy of different metal-chelating organic ligands of both synthetic and natural origins for the management of lead-contaminated soils is discussed at length in this review. Furthermore, numerous recent reports are incorporated in tabulated form and areas of potential focus have been highlighted that not only signify the success of such studies in the past but also pave the way for future efforts.

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Abbreviations

HM:

Heavy metal

Pb:

Lead

Cd:

Cadmium

Cr:

Chromium

Hg:

Mercury

Sb:

Antimony

Ag:

Silver

Ni:

Nickel

As:

Arsenic

Ca:

Calcium

Zn:

Zinc

PbS:

Lead sulfide

PbSO4 :

Lead sulfate

PbSiO3 :

Lead silicate

Pb3O4 :

Lead oxide

PbCO3 :

Lead carbonate

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

CAT:

Catalase

POD:

Peroxidase

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EGTA:

Ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid

EDDS:

Ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid

DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

NTA:

Nitrilotriacetic acid

LMWOA:

Low-molecular-weight organic acids

CA:

Citric acid

MA:

Malic acid

TA:

Tartaric acid

OA:

Oxalic acid

FW:

Fresh weight

DW:

Dry weight

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

    I. Khan, M. Iqbal & F. Shafiq

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  1. I. Khan
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  2. M. Iqbal
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  3. F. Shafiq
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Correspondence to F. Shafiq.

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Khan, I., Iqbal, M. & Shafiq, F. Phytomanagement of lead-contaminated soils: critical review of new trends and future prospects. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 6473–6488 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02431-2

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