Abstract
The quantification of the groundwater recharges represents useful and important information for water resource management. The volumes of infiltrated water are essential to maintain water storage in aquifers, as well as to the discharge of groundwater towards the rivers, especially in tropical areas. The outcrop zones of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) in São Paulo state (Brazil) are considered as their most important recharge areas; therefore, knowledge about recharge rates and processes is essential. They are also highly vulnerable to groundwater contamination, another important reason to protect them. This study aimed to estimate spatial and temporal variations of groundwater recharge in the mentioned GAS outcrop zones. Recharge rates were estimated using the Spatial Recharge (SR) method and then compared to other two traditional methods (base flow separation and water table fluctuation method). The SR method uses the spatial distribution of the evapotranspiration and rainfall from GLDAS and TRMM databases and the runoff after the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) empirical method. All three methods revealed similar estimates for groundwater recharge, ranging from 150 to 370 mm year−1 (about 17% of the total rainfall). Despite its intrinsic limitations, the SR method allowed robust recharge estimation with ability to cope with spatial and temporal variations, as well, especially in areas lacking hydrological monitoring programs. The SR method provides valuable information for water management policymakers and stakeholders to minimize impacts related to climatic variations and inappropriate land use on recharge processes.
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modified from Kirchheim et al. 2019)
modified from DAEE-UNESP 1980): Upper Jacaré-Pepira (JP), Boa Esperança (BE), and Peixe (PX), and rivers and rain gauging stations, and monitoring wells
modified from São Paulo (2010) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) showing reservoirs and river network
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by a grant from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) under Process 2018/06666-4. First author (L.V.S) thanks FAPESP for the scholarship provided under the processes no. 2017/13576-9. We would also like to thank Prof. Dr. James Lamoreaux, Editor-in-Chief of the Environmental Earth Sciences, and two anonymous reviewers that have significantly improved this manuscript with their beneficial comments and criticisms.
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Santarosa, L.V., Gastmans, D., Sitolini, T.P. et al. Assessment of groundwater recharge along the Guarani aquifer system outcrop zone in São Paulo State (Brazil): an important tool towards integrated management. Environ Earth Sci 80, 95 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09382-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09382-3