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Effect-directed analysis: Current status and future challenges

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Abstract

Effect-directed analysis (EDA) has become useful for identification of toxicant(s) that occur in mixtures in the environment, especially those that are causative agents of specific adverse effects. Here, we summarize and review EDA methodology including preparation of samples, biological analyses, fractionations, and instrumental analyses, highlighting key scientific advancements. A total of 63 documents since 1999 (Scopus search) including 46 research articles, 13 review papers, and 4 project descriptions, have been collected and reviewed in this study. At the early stage (1999–2010), most studies that applied EDA focused on organic extracts of freshwater and coastal contaminated sediments and wastewater. Toxic effects were often measured using cell-based bioassays (in vitro) and the causative chemicals were identified by use of low resolution gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GCMSD). More recently (2010-present), EDA has been extended to various matrices such as biota, soil, crude oil, and suspended solids and techniques have been improved to include determination of bioavailability in vivo. In particular, methods for non-target screenings of organic chemicals in environmental samples using cutting-edge instrumentation such as time of flight-mass spectrometry (ToF-MS), Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), and Orbitrap mass spectrometer have been developed. This overview provides descriptions of recent improvements of EDA and suggests future research directions based on current understandings and limitations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea

    Seongjin Hong & Jong Seong Khim

  2. Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B3, Canada

    John P. Giesy

  3. Department of Zoology & Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    John P. Giesy

  4. Department of Biology and Chemistry & State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China

    John P. Giesy

  5. Institute of Environmental Safety and Protection, NeoEnBiz Co., Bucheon, 14523, Korea

    Jung-Suk Lee & Jong-Hyeon Lee

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  1. Seongjin Hong
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Correspondence to Jong Seong Khim.

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Hong, S., Giesy, J.P., Lee, JS. et al. Effect-directed analysis: Current status and future challenges. Ocean Sci. J. 51, 413–433 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-016-0038-4

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