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Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury

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Abstract

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and also a major cause of adult disability worldwide. Revascularization via reperfusion therapy is currently a standard clinical procedure for patients with ischemic stroke. Although the restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) is critical for the salvage of ischemic tissue, reperfusion can also, paradoxically, exacerbate neuronal damage through a series of cellular alterations. Among the various theories postulated for ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, including the burst generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of autophagy, and release of apoptotic factors, mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed to play an essential role in mediating these pathophysiological processes. Therefore, strict regulation of the quality and quantity of mitochondria via mitochondrial quality control is of great importance to avoid the pathological effects of impaired mitochondria on neurons. Furthermore, timely elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy is also crucial to maintain a healthy mitochondrial network, whereas intensive or excessive mitophagy could exacerbate cerebral I/R injury. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of mitochondrial quality control on cerebral I/R injury and introduce recent advances in the understanding of the possible signaling pathways of mitophagy and potential factors responsible for the double-edged roles of mitophagy in the pathological processes of cerebral I/R injury.

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Abbreviations

I/R:

Ischemia/reperfusion

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial DNA

Drp1:

Dynamin-related protein 1

Mff:

Mitochondrial fission factor

Fis1:

Fission protein-1

MiD49:

Mitochondrial dynamics proteins 49

MiD51:

Mitochondrial dynamics proteins 51

OMM:

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Opa1:

Optic atrophy protein-1

Mfn1:

Mitofusin 1

Mfn2:

Mitofusin 2

IMM:

Inner mitochondrial membrane

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

L-Opa1:

Long Opa1

S-Opa1:

Short Opa1

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α

PINK1:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1

BNIP3:

BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3

FUNDC1:

FUN14 domain containing 1

MCAO:

Middle cortical artery occlusion

OGD/R:

Oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion

tMCAO:

Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion

IF1:

The mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase inhibitory factor 1

MCU:

Mitochondrial calcium uniporter

3-MA:

3-Methyladenine

Nurr1:

Nuclear receptor related 1 protein

Yap:

Yes-associated protein

INF2:

Inverted formin 2

Nur77:

Nuclear hormone receptor NUR/77

Sirt3:

Sirtuin 3

DUSP1:

Dual-specificity phosphatase-1

JNK:

C-Jun N-terminal kinase

MIEF1:

Mitochondrial elongation factor 1

DLP1:

Dynamin-like protein 1

ROCK1:

Rho-associated protein kinase 1

i.c.v:

Intracerebroventricular

i.p.:

Intraperitoneally

i.v.:

Intravenous

EA:

Electroacupuncture

XXMD:

Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction

RIPC:

Remote ischemic postconditioning

THC:

Tetrahydrocurcumin

ATF4:

Activating transcription factor 4

NLRP3:

Nod-like receptor protein 3

NR4A1:

Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

ERK:

Extracellular regulated protein kinases

CREB:

CAMP-response element binding protein

HSPB8:

Heat shock protein B8

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

PCN:

Primary cortical neuronal

PHN:

Primary hippocampal neurons

ΔΨm:

Mitochondrial transmembrane potential

P:

Phosphorylation

Ub:

Ubiquitination

VDAC1:

Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1

Miro:

Mitochondrial rho GTPase 1

NBR1:

Neighbor of BRCA1

NDP52:

Nuclear dot protein 52

LC3:

Light chain-3 protein

MOMP:

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

mPTP:

Mitochondrial permeability transition pore

MMP:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

NMDAR:

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors

TNFR1:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1

mTORC1:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1

AMPK:

5′-AMP-activated kinase

ULK1/2:

Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1/2

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

Cyt c:

Cytochrome c

APAF-1:

Apoptotic protease activating factor 1

PARP:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

RIPK:

Receptor-interacting protein kinase

FADD:

Fas-associating protein with a novel death domain

TRADD:

TNF receptor-associated death domain

MLKL:

Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase

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  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

    Mimi Wu, Xiaoping Gu & Zhengliang Ma

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The manuscript presented here was carried out in cooperation among all authors. Ma and Wu conceived and designed this review; Wu and Gu wrote the paper. All authors commented on and approved this manuscript.

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Wu, M., Gu, X. & Ma, Z. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 58, 5253–5271 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02494-8

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