Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Unique Topics and Issues in Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology

  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Clinicians are facing unexpected issues in everyday practice, and these may become counterintuitive or challenging. Illustrative examples are provided by the hypersensitivity to universally used immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids or antibiotics such as beta-lactam. Secondly, additional issues are represented by the discovery of new pathogenetic mechanisms involved in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis or other chronic inflammatory diseases, genomic susceptibility to enigmatic diseases such as giant cell arteritis, or the shared role of specific mediators such as semaphorins. Third, the therapeutic armamentarium has dramatically changed over the past decade following the introduction of biotechnological drugs, and new mechanisms are being proposed to reduce adverse events or increase the drug effectiveness, particularly on cardiovascular comorbidities. Finally, rare diseases continue to represent difficult cases, as for Cogan’s syndrome, with limited literature available for clinical recommendations. For these reason, the present issue of Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology is timely and dedicated to these and other unique topics in clinical immunology and allergy. The aim of this issue is thus to help clinicians involved in internal medicine as well as allergists and clinical immunologists while discussing new pathways that will prove important in the near future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chang C, Gershwin ME (2013) Integrative medicine in allergy and immunology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:208–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Coop CA (2013) Immunotherapy for mold allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8389-4

  3. Selmi C, Crotti C, Meroni PL (2013) Less travelled roads in clinical immunology and allergy: drug reactions and the environmental influence. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:1–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Verma AK, Kumar S, Das M, Dwivedi PD (2013) A comprehensive review of legume allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:30–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dickson SD, Salazar KC (2013) Diagnosis and management of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:131–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cantarini L, Imazio M, Brizi MG et al (2013) Role of autoimmunity and autoinflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:6–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chang C (2013) The pathogenesis of neonatal autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 41:100–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cipriani P, Carubbi F, Liakouli V et al (2013) Stem cells in autoimmune diseases: implications for pathogenesis and future trends in therapy. Autoimmun Rev 12:709–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Comarmond C, Cacoub P (2013) Antiphospholipid syndrome: from pathogenesis to novel immunomodulatory therapies. Autoimmun Rev 12:752–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gatto M, Zen M, Ghirardello A et al (2013) Emerging and critical issues in the pathogenesis of lupus. Autoimmun Rev 12:523–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jimenez SA, Piera-Velazquez S (2013) Potential role of human-specific genes, human-specific microRNAs and human-specific non-coding regulatory RNAs in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis and Sjogren’s syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 12:1046–1051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Marx A, Pfister F, Schalke B, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Melms A, Strobel P (2013) The different roles of the thymus in the pathogenesis of the various myasthenia gravis subtypes. Autoimmun Rev 12:875–884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pillai S (2013) Rethinking mechanisms of autoimmune pathogenesis. J Autoimmun 45:97–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Velazquez JR, Teran LM (2013) Aspirin-intolerant asthma: a comprehensive review of biomarkers and pathophysiology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:75–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhu Q, Liu M, Dai L et al (2013) Using immunoproteomics to identify tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as biomarkers in cancer immunodiagnosis. Autoimmun Rev 12:1123–1128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Boettler T, Pagni PP, Jaffe R, Cheng Y, Zerhouni P, von Herrath M (2013) The clinical and immunological significance of GAD-specific autoantibody and T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 44:40–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Iorio R, Fryer JP, Hinson SR et al (2013) Astrocytic autoantibody of neuromyelitis optica (NMO-IgG) binds to aquaporin-4 extracellular loops, monomers, tetramers and high order arrays. J Autoimmun 40:21–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Katzav A, Arango MT, Kivity S et al (2013) Passive transfer of narcolepsy: anti-TRIB2 autoantibody positive patient IgG causes hypothalamic orexin neuron loss and sleep attacks in mice. J Autoimmun 45:24–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Radice A (2013) Renal involvement in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody associated vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev 12:477–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fricker M, Baumann A, Wermelinger F, Villiger PM, Helbling A (2007) A novel therapeutic option in Cogan diseases? TNF-alpha blockers. Rheumatol Int 27:493–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Atzeni F, Talotta R, Salaffi F et al (2013) Immunogenicity and autoimmunity during anti-TNF therapy. Autoimmun Rev 12:703–708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Efe C (2013) Drug induced autoimmune hepatitis and TNF-alpha blocking agents: is there a real relationship? Autoimmun Rev 12:337–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dimitroulas T, Nikas SN, Trontzas P, Kitas GD (2013) Biologic therapies and systemic bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 12:958–966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Epis OM, Giacomelli L, Deidda S, Bruschi E (2013) Tight control applied to the biological therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 12:839–841

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Leardini G, Rigon C (2013) The impact of the profile of biologics on treatment costs. Autoimmun Rev 12:842–847

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Modena V, Bianchi G, Roccatello D (2013) Cost-effectiveness of biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: an achievable target? Autoimmun Rev 12:835–838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Olivieri I, D’Angelo S, Padula A, Leccese P, Nigro A, Palazzi C (2013) Can we reduce the dosage of biologics in spondyloarthritis? Autoimmun Rev 12:691–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Roccatello D (2013) Novel diagnostic approaches and cost-benefit balance of treatment of immune-mediated and rare disease in the era of biologic drugs: lessons from the 15th Turin Congress on Immune Pathology and Orphan Disease. Autoimmun Rev 12:793–795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sivamani RK, Goodarzi H, Garcia MS et al (2013) Biologic therapies in the treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive evidence-based basic science and clinical review and a practical guide to tuberculosis monitoring. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:121–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Soriano A, Verecchia E, Afeltra A, Landolfi R, Manna R (2013) IL-1beta biological treatment of familial Mediterranean fever. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:117–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fazzi E, Cattalini M, Orcesi S et al (2013) Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, a rare neurological disease in children: a new autoimmune disorder? Autoimmun Rev 12:506–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Islam AD, Naguwa SM, Cheema GS, Hunter JC, Gershwin ME (2013) Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: a rare yet challenging disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:281–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vermeersch P, Bossuyt X (2013) Prevalence and clinical significance of rare antinuclear antibody patterns. Autoimmun Rev 12:998–1003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Caetano-Lopes J, Rodrigues A, Lopes A et al (2013) Rheumatoid arthritis bone fragility is associated with upregulation of IL17 and DKK1 gene expression. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8366-y

  35. Chighizola CB, Favalli E, Meroni PL (2013) Novel mechanisms of action of the biologicals in rheumatic diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8359-x

  36. Macy E, Ngor E (2013) Recommendations for the management of beta-lactam intolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8369-8

  37. Vadasz Z, Toubi E (2013) Semaphorins: their dual role in regulating immune-mediated diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8360-4

  38. Vatti RR, Ali F, Teuber S, Chang C, Gershwin ME (2013) Hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8365-z

  39. Alvarez-Rodriguez L, Lopez-Hoyos M, Carrasco-Marin E et al (2014) Cytokine gene considerations in giant cell arteritis: IL10 promoter polymorphisms and a review of the literature. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol

  40. Tayer-Shifman OE, Ilan O, Tovi H, Tal Y (2014) Cogan’s syndrome-clinical guidelines and novel therapeutic approaches. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8406-7

  41. Matura M, Goossens A (2000) Contact allergy to corticosteroids. Allergy 55:698–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Evoli A, Padua L (2013) Diagnosis and therapy of myasthenia gravis with antibodies to muscle-specific kinase. Autoimmun Rev 12:931–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Muratori L, Longhi MS (2013) The interplay between regulatory and effector T cells in autoimmune hepatitis: implications for innovative treatment strategies. J Autoimmun 46:74–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Pani A (2013) Standard immunosuppressive therapy of immune-mediated glomerular diseases. Autoimmun Rev 12:848–853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Chandran V (2013) The genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:149–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kurko J, Besenyei T, Laki J, Glant TT, Mikecz K, Szekanecz Z (2013) Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis—a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:170–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu Y, Li H, Xiao T, Lu Q (2013) Epigenetics in immune-mediated pulmonary diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:314–330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lu Q (2013) The critical importance of epigenetics in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 41:1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Luo Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Xiao R, Lu Q (2013) Systemic sclerosis: genetics and epigenetics. J Autoimmun 41:161–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S (2013) Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura? Autoimmun Rev 12:1016–1021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ando Y, Yang GX, Kenny TP et al (2013) Overexpression of microRNA-21 is associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in dominant-negative TGF-beta receptor type II mouse. J Autoimmun 41:111–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Arnson Y, Itzhaky D, Mosseri M et al (2013) Vitamin D inflammatory cytokines and coronary events: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:236–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lee EY, Lee ZH, Song YW (2013) The interaction between CXCL10 and cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 12:554–557

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Longhi MS, Ma Y, Grant CR et al (2013) T-regs in autoimmune hepatitis-systemic lupus erythematosus/mixed connective tissue disease overlap syndrome are functionally defective and display a Th1 cytokine profile. J Autoimmun 41:146–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mitra A, Fallen RS, Lima HC (2013) Cytokine-based therapy in psoriasis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:173–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Osnes LT, Nakken B, Bodolay E, Szodoray P (2013) Assessment of intracellular cytokines and regulatory cells in patients with autoimmune diseases and primary immunodeficiencies—novel tool for diagnostics and patient follow-up. Autoimmun Rev 12:967–971

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gardner PJ, Joshi L, Lee RW, Dick AD, Adamson P, Calder VL (2013) SIRT1 activation protects against autoimmune T cell-driven retinal disease in mice via inhibition of IL-2/Stat5 signaling. J Autoimmun 42:117–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Liubchenko GA, Appleberry HC, Striebich CC et al (2013) Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with signaling alterations in naturally occurring autoreactive B-lymphocytes. J Autoimmun 40:111–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Satake A, Schmidt AM, Archambault A, Leichner TM, Wu GF, Kambayashi T (2013) Differential targeting of IL-2 and T cell receptor signaling pathways selectively expands regulatory T cells while inhibiting conventional T cells. J Autoimmun 44:13–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Jin JO, Han X, Yu Q (2013) Interleukin-6 induces the generation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells and suppresses autoimmune tissue inflammation. J Autoimmun 40:28–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Podojil JR, Liu LN, Marshall SA et al (2013) B7-H4Ig inhibits mouse and human T-cell function and treats EAE via IL-10/Treg-dependent mechanisms. J Autoimmun 44:71–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Axtell RC, Raman C, Steinman L (2013) Type I interferons: beneficial in Th1 and detrimental in Th17 autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:114–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Dias PM, Banerjee G (2013) The role of Th17/IL-17 on eosinophilic inflammation. J Autoimmun 40:9–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Xiao J, Liu C, Li G et al (2013) PDCD5 negatively regulates autoimmunity by upregulating FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells and suppressing Th17 and Th1 responses. J Autoimmun 47:34–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Raychaudhuri SP (2013) Role of IL-17 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:183–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Atzeni F, Benucci M, Salli S, Bongiovanni S, Boccassini L, Sarzi-Puttini P (2013) Different effects of biological drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 12:575–579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Mutti A, Bugatti S, Cavagna L, Caporali R (2013) Long-term safety of abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 12:1115–1117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Cutolo M, Nadler SG (2013) Advances in CTLA-4-Ig-mediated modulation of inflammatory cell and immune response activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 12:758–767

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. McInnes IB, Kavanaugh A, Gottlieb AB et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 1 year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT 1 trial. Lancet 382:780–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin C, Rahman P et al (2014) Ustekinumab, an anti-IL-12/23 p40 monoclonal antibody, inhibits radiographic progression in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results of an integrated analysis of radiographic data from the phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT-1 and PSUMMIT-2 trials. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1000–1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ritchlin C, Rahman P, Kavanaugh A et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of the anti-IL-12/23 p40 monoclonal antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with active psoriatic arthritis despite conventional non-biological and biological anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: 6-month and 1-year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised PSUMMIT 2 trial. Ann Rheum Dis 73:990–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Patel DD, Lee DM, Kolbinger F, Antoni C (2013) Effect of IL-17A blockade with secukinumab in autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 72(Suppl 2):ii116–ii123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kirkham BW, Kavanaugh A, Reich K (2014) Interleukin-17A: a unique pathway in immune-mediated diseases: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Immunology 141:133–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. McInnes IB, Sieper J, Braun J et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of secukinumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriatic arthritis: a 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II proof-of-concept trial. Ann Rheum Dis 73:349–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Mease PJ, Genovese MC, Greenwald MW et al (2014) Brodalumab, an anti-IL17RA monoclonal antibody, in psoriatic arthritis. N Engl J Med 370:2295–2306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mayer CT, Huntenburg J, Nandan A, Schmitt E, Czeloth N, Sparwasser T (2013) CD4 blockade directly inhibits mouse and human CD4(+) T cell functions independent of Foxp3(+) Tregs. J Autoimmun 47:73–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Yi JS, Guidon A, Sparks S et al (2013) Characterization of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in MuSK myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2013.12.005

  78. Zhao M, Liu Q, Liang G et al (2013) E4BP4 overexpression: a protective mechanism in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients. J Autoimmun 41:152–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Zhang Y, Zhao M, Sawalha AH, Richardson B, Lu Q (2013) Impaired DNA methylation and its mechanisms in CD4(+)T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 41:92–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gualtierotti R, Biggioggero M, Meroni PL (2013) Cutting-edge issues in coronary disease and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:51–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hollan I, Meroni PL, Ahearn JM et al (2013) Cardiovascular disease in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 12:1004–1015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pludowski P, Holick MF, Pilz S et al (2013) Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality-a review of recent evidence. Autoimmun Rev 12:976–989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bartoloni E, Alunno A, Bistoni O, Gerli R (2013) Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders: a suggested model of preventive strategy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:14–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Roux-Lombard P, Pagano S, Montecucco F, Satta N, Vuilleumier N (2013) Auto-antibodies as emergent prognostic markers and possible mediators of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 44:84–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Mihai S, Nimmerjahn F (2013) The role of Fc receptors and complement in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 12:657–660

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Tuzun E, Christadoss P (2013) Complement associated pathogenic mechanisms in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmun Rev 12:904–911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Huda R, Tuzun E, Christadoss P (2013) Complement C2 siRNA mediated therapy of myasthenia gravis in mice. J Autoimmun 42:94–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Greco A, Gallo A, Fusconi M et al (2013) Cogan’s syndrome: an autoimmune inner ear disease. Autoimmun Rev 12:396–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Saito Y, Saito H, Liang G, Friedman JM (2013) Epigenetic alterations and microRNA misexpression in cancer and autoimmune diseases: a critical review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8401-z

  90. Coit P, Jeffries M, Altorok N et al (2013) Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in naive CD4+ T cells from lupus patients. J Autoimmun 43:78–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Katoh H, Zheng P, Liu Y (2013) FOXP3: genetic and epigenetic implications for autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 41:72–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Thabet Y, Le Dantec C, Ghedira I et al (2013) Epigenetic dysregulation in salivary glands from patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome may be ascribed to infiltrating B cells. J Autoimmun 41:175–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wang Q, Selmi C, Zhou X et al (2013) Epigenetic considerations and the clinical reevaluation of the overlap syndrome between primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. J Autoimmun 41:140–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. de la Rica L, Urquiza JM, Gomez-Cabrero D et al (2013) Identification of novel markers in rheumatoid arthritis through integrated analysis of DNA methylation and microRNA expression. J Autoimmun 41:6–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Saadoun D, Bodaghi B, Bienvenu B et al (2013) Biotherapies in inflammatory ocular disorders: interferons, immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies. Autoimmun Rev 12:774–783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Visentini M, Conti V, Cristofoletti C et al (2013) Clonal expansion and functional exhaustion of monoclonal marginal zone B cells in mixed cryoglobulinemia: the yin and yang of HCV-driven lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 12:430–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Wichner K, Fischer A, Winter S et al (2013) Transition from an autoimmune-prone state to fatal autoimmune disease in CCR7 and RORgammat double-deficient mice is dependent on gut microbiota. J Autoimmun 47:58–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Thaiss CA, Licona-Limon P, Flavell RA (2013) Role of the intestinal microbiome in liver disease. J Autoimmun 46:66–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Carlo Selmi

  2. Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, via A. Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

    Carlo Selmi

Authors
  1. Carlo Selmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlo Selmi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Selmi, C. Unique Topics and Issues in Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 47, 1–5 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-014-8441-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-014-8441-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation