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Structural and Optical Characterizations of Electrochemically Grown Connected and Free-Standing TiO2 Nanotube Array

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Abstract

A TiO2 nanotube array was grown electrochemically by using single and mixed electrolyte/s with 20 V constant potential at room temperature. Anodization was carried out for 120 min using five different electrolytes, e.g., H3PO4, NH4F, HF, NH4F with H3PO4 and HF with H3PO4. Structural characterizations of the grown titania nanotubes were conducted by using x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Optical properties of the grown nanotubes were investigated through photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. In the case of the 4 M H3PO4 electrolyte, no perceptible growth of nanotubes was observed. The individual electrolytes of 0.3 M NH4F and 1 M HF resulted into the formation of the wall-connected nanotubes. In contrast, the mixed electrolytes comprising the strong (NH4F, HF) and weak (H3PO4) electrolytes have been found to be efficient for the growth of wall-separated titania nanotubes. The results of the PL spectroscopy have demonstrated that the free-standing nanotubes offer low PL intensity compared to its connected counterpart owing to the lower carrier recombination rate of free-standing nanotubes.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by CSIR (Sanction letter No. 22(0518)/10/EMR-II), Department of Science and Technology (Fast Track Scheme for Young Scientist: Sanction Letter No. SR/FTP/ETA-041/2011), AICTE Career Award for Young Teachers (Sanction letter No. 1-51/RIFD/CA/1/2011-12), Government of India and Indian National Science Academy (INSA) (Sanction letter No. SP/YSP/81/2013/735). A. Hazra gratefully acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India for providing INSPIRE Fellowship for pursuing his PhD degree. K. Dutta and B. Bhowmik gratefully acknowledge COE, TEQIP—II, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, for their fellowship for pursuing PhD programme. Authors from BITS Pilani acknowledge UGC and DST, India, for their support. The authors sincerely acknowledge Dr. Mallar Ray, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India, for providing the facility of PL spectroscopy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nano-Thin Films and Solid State Gas Sensor Devices Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India

    A. Hazra, K. Dutta, B. Bhowmik & P. Bhattacharyya

  2. Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India

    V. Manjuladevi & R. K. Gupta

  3. Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India

    P. P. Chattopadhyay

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  1. A. Hazra
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Correspondence to P. Bhattacharyya.

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Hazra, A., Dutta, K., Bhowmik, B. et al. Structural and Optical Characterizations of Electrochemically Grown Connected and Free-Standing TiO2 Nanotube Array. J. Electron. Mater. 43, 3229–3235 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-014-3183-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-014-3183-5

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