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Transformation of Oxide Inclusions in Type 304 Stainless Steels during Heat Treatment

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Abstract

Heat treatment of Type 304 stainless steel in the range of 1273 K (1000 °C) to 1473 K (1200 °C) can transform manganese silicate inclusions to manganese chromite (spinel) inclusions. During heat treatment, Cr reacts with manganese silicate to form spinel. The transformation rate of inclusions depends strongly on both temperature [in the range of 1273 K to 1473 K (1000 °C to 1200 °C)] and inclusion size. A kinetic model, developed using FactSage macros, showed that these effects agree quantitatively with diffusion-controlled transformation. A simplified analytical model, which can be used for rapid calculations, predicts similar transformation kinetics, in agreement with the experimental observations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support from the industry members of Center of Iron and Steelmaking research and the use of Materials Characterization Facility at Carnegie Mellon University supported by Grant MCF-677785. The authors acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation China [Grant Numbers 51274034, 51334002, 51604023, 51504020, and 51404019], Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metals (GREM), the Laboratory of Green Process Metallurgy and Modeling (GPM2) and the High Quality Steel Consortium (HQSC) at the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering at University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), China, and China Scholarship Council.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China

    Ying Ren & Lifeng Zhang

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Ying Ren & P. Chris Pistorius

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  1. Ying Ren
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  2. Lifeng Zhang
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Correspondence to P. Chris Pistorius.

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Manuscript submitted November 10, 2016.

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Ren, Y., Zhang, L. & Pistorius, P.C. Transformation of Oxide Inclusions in Type 304 Stainless Steels during Heat Treatment. Metall Mater Trans B 48, 2281–2292 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-1007-8

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