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Calcium Modification of Spinel Inclusions in Aluminum-Killed Steel: Reaction Steps

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Abstract

Calcium treatment is a well-established way to modify solid alumina inclusions to liquid or partially liquid calcium aluminates. Spinels (Al2O3·xMgO) can also form in liquid steel after aluminum deoxidation. Like alumina, the spinels can be modified readily to liquid inclusions by a calcium treatment. The modification of spinels was studied by observing the transient evolution of inclusions, in laboratory and industrial heats. Spinel modification involves the preferential reduction of MgO from the spinel, with Mg dissolving in the steel, and it proceeds through transient calcium sulfide formation, just like in the case of alumina inclusions. Because magnesium dissolves in steel after the calcium treatment of spinels, the reoxidation of the melt will produce new spinels.

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Acknowledgments

Support of this work by the industrial members of the Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research (CISR) is acknowledged gratefully.

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Author notes

  1. Neerav Verma (Ph.D. Candidate, Research Engineer)

    Present address: ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Houston, TX, 77098, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research (CISR), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Neerav Verma (Ph.D. Candidate, Research Engineer), Petrus C. Pistorius (Professor) & Richard J. Fruehan (Professor)

  2. RJ Lee Group, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA

    Michael S. Potter (Scientist)

  3. Nucor Steel, Mount Pleasant, SC, 29465, USA

    Helmut G. Oltmann (LMF/VTD Metallurgist)

  4. Steelmaking Technology, Nucor Steel, Mount Pleasant, SC, 29465, USA

    Eugene B. Pretorius (Manager)

Authors
  1. Neerav Verma
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  2. Petrus C. Pistorius
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  3. Richard J. Fruehan
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  4. Michael S. Potter
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  5. Helmut G. Oltmann
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  6. Eugene B. Pretorius
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Petrus C. Pistorius.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted January 17, 2012.

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Verma, N., Pistorius, P.C., Fruehan, R.J. et al. Calcium Modification of Spinel Inclusions in Aluminum-Killed Steel: Reaction Steps. Metall Mater Trans B 43, 830–840 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-012-9660-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-012-9660-4

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