Abstract
The interaction between recovery, recrystallization, and strain-induced precipitation in two high-Mn steels, one of them microalloyed with Nb (0.1 pct) was investigated using mechanical testing and advanced microscopy techniques. Double-hit torsion tests were carried out in the 1373 K to 1173 K (1100 °C to 900 °C) temperature range in order to characterize the fractional softening behavior. Quenched specimens were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to determine the recrystallized fraction, the precipitation state, and the austenite microstructure evolution. At the highest temperature, 1373 K (1100 °C), similar softening kinetics were found in both steels. However, at temperatures lower than 1273 K (1000 °C) for the Nb steel, strain-induced precipitation was observed to take place resulting in significant softening retardation. For the base steel at all the temperatures investigated, and for the Nb steel in the absence of strain-induced precipitation, the mechanical softening corresponded well with the recrystallized fraction. However, when strain-induced precipitation took place, a major deviation was observed denoting a significant contribution of recovery to the fractional softening. Within the deformed grains, a substructure consisting of “subgrain bands” or microbands was developed. The precipitates were found mainly on the elongated subgrain boundaries, or at dislocations within the subgrains. This configuration was maintained after the migration of the recrystallization front.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B.C. DeCooman, K. Chin, J. Kim: in New trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering, M. Chiaberge, ed., InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, 2011, pp. 101–28.
O. Bouzaiz, S. Allain, C.P. Scott and P. Cugy: Curr. Opin. Solid St. M., 2011, vol. 15, pp. 141-68.
C. Scott, S. Allain, M. Faral and N. Guelton: La Revue de Metallurgie CIT, 2006, vol. 103, pp. 293-302.
G. Frommeyer, U. Brux and P. Neumann: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 438–46.
C. Scott, B. Remy, J.L. Collet, A. Cael, C. Bao, F. Danoix, B. Malard and C. Curfs: Int. J. Mat. Res., 2011, vol. 102, pp. 538-49.
A. Grajcar, M. Opiela, G. Fojt-Dynamara: Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 2009, vol. 9, pp. 49-58.
T. Gladman: Mater. Sci. Technol., 1999, vol. 15, pp. 30-6.
J. P. Chateau, A. Dumay, S. Allain and A. Jacques: J. of Phys. Conf. Ser., 2010, vol. 240, pp. 1-4.
H. Yen, M. Huang, C.P. Scott and J. Yang: Scripta Mater., 2012, vol. 6, pp. 1018–23.
C. Klinkenberg, K. Hulka and W. Bleck: Steel Res. Int., 2004, vol. 75, pp. 744-52.
S. Koyama, T. Ishii and K. Narita: J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1971, vol. 35, pp. 1089-94.
F. Siciliano and J.J. Jonas: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, vol. 31A, pp. 511-30.
M. G. Akben, I. Weiss and J.J. Jonas: Acta Metall., 1981, vol. 29, pp. 111-21.
A.S. Hamada, L.P. Karjalainen, M.C. Somani: ISIJ Int., 2007, vol. 47, pp. 907-12.
A.S. Hamada, L.P. Karjalainen and M.C. Somani: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, vol. 467A, 114-24.
N. Cabañas. N. Akdut, J. Penning and B.C. De Cooman: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, vol. 37A, pp. 3305-15.
A. Grajcar, R. Kuziak and W. Zalecki: Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 2012, vol. 12, pp. 334-41.
F. Reyes-Calderon, I. Mejia and J.M. Cabrera: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, vol 562A, pp. 46-52.
F. Reyes-Calderon, I. Mejia, A. Boulaajn, J.M. Cabrera: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, vol 560A, pp. 552-560.
H.S. Zurob, C.R. Hutchinson, Y. Brechet and G. Purdy: Acta Mater., 2002, vol. 50, pp. 3075-92.
H.S. Zurob, C.R. Hutchinson, Y. Brechet and G.R. Purdy: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, vol. 382A, pp. 64-81.
A. I. Fernandez, B. Lopez and J.M. Rodriguez Ibabe: Scripta Mater., 1999, vol. 40, pp. 543-49.
G. Glover and C.M. Sellars: Metall. Trans., 1972, vol.3, pp. 2271-80.
F. Humphreys and M. Hatherly: Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, 2nd ed., Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, UK, 2004, p. 227.
J. Tarasiuk, Ph. Gerber and B. Bacroix: Acta Mater., 2002, vol. 50, pp. 1467-77.
S. Mitsche, P. Poelt and C. Sommithsch: J. Microsc., 2007, vol. 227, pp. 267-74.
H. Lu, P. Sivaprasad and C.H.J. Davies: Mater. Character., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 293-300.
D.P. Field, L.T. Bradford, M.M. Nowell and T.M. Lillo: Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 4233-41.
S. Mandal, A.K. Bhaduri and V.S. Sarma: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42A, pp. 1062-72.
L. Llanos, B. Pereda, D. Jorge-Badiola, J.M. Rodriguez-Ibabe and B. López: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2013, vol. 753, pp. 443-8.
M.F. Ahsby and R. Ebeling: T. Metall. Soc. AIME, 1966, vol. 236, pp. 1396-404.
Y. Yazawa, T. Furuhara and T. Maki: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 3727–36.
A.S. Taylor, P. Cizek and P.D. Hodgson: Acta Mater., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 5832-44.
P.J. Thomas and P.A. Midgley: Top. Catal., 2002, vol. 21, pp. 109-38.
E. Courtois, T. Epicier and C. Scott: Micron, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 492–502.
J.O. Andersson, T. Helander, L. Hoglund, P.F. Shi and B. Sundman: CALPHAD, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 273-312.
PrecHiMn-04 database (RFSR-CT-2010-00018).
M. Gomez, S.F. Medina, P. Valles: ISIJ Int., 2005, vol. 45, pp. 1711-20
H. Beladi, P. Cizek and P.D. Hodgson: Acta Mater., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 3531-41.
H. Beladi, P. Cizek and P.D. Hodgson: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, vol. 40A, pp. 1175-89.
P. Cizek, J.A. Whiteman, W.M. Rainforth and J.H. Beynon: J. Microsc., 2004, vol. 213, pp. 285-95.
W.M. Rainforth, M.P. Black, R.L. Higginson, E.J. Palmiere, C.M. Sellars, I. Prabst, P. Warbichler and F. Hofer: Acta Mater, 2002, vol. 50, pp. 735-47.
V. Nagarajan, E. J. Palmiere and C. M. Sellars: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2009, vol. 25, pp. 1168-74.
A.S. Taylor, P. Cizek and P.D. Hodgson: Acta Mater., 2012, vol. 60, pp. 1548-69.
D. Poddar, P. Cizek, H. Beladi and P.D. Hodgson: Acta Mater., 2014, vol. 80, pp. 1-15.
P. Cizek, H. Beladi, A. S. Taylor and Peter D. Hodgson: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2013, vol. 753, pp 54-7.
Z. Aretxabaleta, B. Pereda and B. López: Metall. Mater. Trans., 2014, vol. 45A, pp. 934-47.
H.L. Andrade, M. G. Akben and J. J. Jonas: Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14, pp. 1967-77.
A.I. Fernandez, P. Uranga, B. López, J.M. Rodriguez-Ibabe: ISIJ Int., 2000, vol. 40, pp. 893-901.
B. Pereda, Z. Aretxabaleta, B. López: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, vol. 24, pp. 1279-93.
C. Iparraguirre, A.I. Fernández, B. López, C. Scott, A. Rose, W. Kranendonk, B. Soenen, G. Paul: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2005, Vols. 500-501 pp. 677-84.
K. B. Kang, O. Kwon, W.B. Lee and C.G. Park: Scripta Mater., 1997, vol. 36, pp. 1303-08.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Union, Research Programme of the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFSR-CT-2010-00018).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript Submitted February 12, 2015.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Llanos, L., Pereda, B. & López, B. Interaction Between Recovery, Recrystallization, and NbC Strain-Induced Precipitation in High-Mn Steels. Metall Mater Trans A 46, 5248–5265 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3066-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3066-2