Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

24-Epibrassinolide reduces stress in nematode-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants cultured in vitro

  • Growth Regulators
  • Published:
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) is considered the most probable brassinosteroid (BR) candidate that could be used for practical application in agriculture. EBL-induced stress-protective properties were evaluated in in vitro-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties Pusa Ruby (susceptible to nematodes) and PNR-7 (resistant to nematodes) during nematode pathogenesis. Sterilized tomato seeds treated with 10−11, 10−9, or 10−7 M EBL and germinated in vitro were inoculated with second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita [(Kofoid and White) Chitwood]. Whole plant analyses of morphological and biochemical parameters 7 d after inoculation showed significant improvements in plant growth and development for both varieties and a highly significant reduction in the number of galls in the susceptible variety. Increased specific activities of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) were observed in EBL-treated seedlings of both varieties, but increases were higher in the resistant variety. A highly significant increase in antioxidants (ascorbic acid content, total flavonoid content, total glutathione content, and total phenolic content) was observed in EBL-treated Pusa Ruby seedlings, whereas in PNR-7, significant increases were found except for total flavonoid content, which increased non-significantly. Confocal microscopic images showed amelioration of stress in roots of EBL-treated seedlings as indicated by the decrease in level of green fluorescence in them as compared to untreated and nematode-inoculated roots.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aebi H (1983) Catalase. In: Bergmeyer H (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 273–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Azooz MM, Nabi G (2009) Generation of ROS and non-enzymatic antioxidants during abiotic stress in plants. Bot Res Int 2:11–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asha A, Lingakumar K (2015) Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on the morphological and biochemical constitutions Vigna unguiculata (L.) seedling. Indian J Sci Res Technol 3:35–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson HJ, Lilley CJ, Urwin PE (2012) Strategies for transgenic nematode control in developed and developing world crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol 23:251–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop GJ, Koncz C (2002) Brassinosteroids and plant steroid hormone signalling. Plant Cell 14:S97–S110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bybd DW Jr, Kirkpatrick T, Barker KR (1983) An improved technique for clearing and staining plant tissue for detection of nematodes. J Nematol 15:142–143

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Caboni P, Ntalli NG, Aissani N, Cavoski I, Angioni A (2012) Nematicidal activity of (E, E)-2,4-decadienal and (E)-2-decenal from Ailanthus altissima against Meloidogyne javanica. J Agric Food Chem 60:1146–1151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlberg I, Mannervik B (1975) Purification of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 250:5475–5480

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chinoy JJ (1962) Formation and utilization of ascorbic acid in the shoot apex of wheat: as factor of growth and development. Indian J Plant Physiol 5:172–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary SP, Oral HV, Bhardwaj R, Yu J-Q, Tran L-SP (2012) Interaction of brassinosteroids and polyamines enhances copper stress tolerance in Raphanus sativus. J Exp Bot 63:5659–5675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coll Y, Coll F, Amorós A, Pujol M (2016) Brassinosteroids roles and applications: an up-date. Biologia 70:726–732

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng XG, Zhu T, Peng XJ, Xi DH, Guo H, Yin Y, Zhang DW, Lin HH (2016) Role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating tobacco mosaic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 6:20579. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Divi UK, Rehman P, Krishna P (2016) Gene expression and functional analyses in brassinosteroid mediated stress tolerance. Plant Biotechnol J 14:419–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans RM (1988) The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240:889–895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flohe L, Gunzler WL (1984) Assays of glutathione peroxidase. In: Packer L (ed) Methods in enzymology. Academic Press, New York, pp 114–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace T, Meher HC, Prasad D (2009) Effect of Meloidogyne incognita on growth and yield of resistant and susceptible Solanum lycopersicum Mill varieties. Ann Plant Protect Sci 17:215–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove MD, Spencer GF, Rohwedder WK, Mandava N, Worley JF, Warthen JD, Steffens GL, Flippen-Anderson JL, Cook JC (1979) Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen. Nature 281:216–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero YR, Gonzalez LM, Amico JD, Nunez M, Pieters AJ (2014) Reversion of deleterious effects of salt stress by activation of ROS detoxifying enzymes via foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide in rice seedlings. Theor Exp Plant Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-014-0029-8

  • Hill K (2015) Post-translational modifications of hormone-responsive transcription factors: the next level of regulation. J Exp Bot 66:4933–4945

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janeczko A, Tóbias I, Skoczowski A, Dubert F, Gullner G, Barna B (2007) Bacterial infection and pretreatment with 24-epibrassinolide markedly affect the heat emission and membrane permeability of rape cotyledons. Thermochim Acta 458:89–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasrotia S, Ohri P (2014) In vitro effect of 24-epibrassinolide on antioxidative enzymes of tomato plants during Meloidogyne incognita infection. J Environ Res Dev 9:188–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasrotia S, Ohri P (2016) 24-Epibrassinolide regulated physiological and biochemical alterations in nematode infected tomato cultivar. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 7:1179–1185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur R, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R (2014a) Brassinosteroid-mediated changes in root-knot nematode susceptible and resistant tomato cultivars. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 5:1085–1093

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur R, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R (2014b) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on non-enzymatic antioxidants of tomato plant under nematode stress. J Environ Res Dev 9:362–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Khripach VA, Zhabinskii VN, Litvinovskaya RP, Zavadskaya MI, Savel'eva EA, Karas II, Kilcchevskii AV, Titova SN (1996) A method for protection of potato from phytophthorosis. Pat Appl BY 960:346

    Google Scholar 

  • Kono Y (1978) Generation of superoxide radical during auto oxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 186:189–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Sirhindi G, Bhardwaj R, Kumar S, Jain G (2010) Effect of exogenous H2O2 on antioxidant enzymes of Brassica juncea L. seedlings in relation to 24-epibrassinolide under chilling stress. Indian J Biochem Biophys 47:378–382

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Sirhindi G, Bhardwaj R (2014) 28-Homobrassinolide-induced exaggerated growth, biochemical molecular aspects of Brassica Juncea L. RLM-619 seedlings under high temperature stress. J Plant Biochem Physiol, 2:127

  • Kuzmitskii BB, Mizulo NA (1991) Study of acute toxicity of epibrassinolide and its preparative forms. Technical Report, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, pp 1–44

  • Lamaison JLC, Carnet A (1990) Contents of main flavonoids flowers Crataegeus monogyna Jacq and Crataegeus laevigata (Poiret D.C.) depending on the vegetation. Pharm Acta Helv 65:315–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malik CP, Singh MB (1980) Plant enzymology and histo-enzymology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi

  • Malikova J, Swaczynova J, Kolar Z, Strnad M (2008) The plant cell anticancer and antiproliferative activity of natural brassinosteroids. Phytochemistry 69:418–426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell DP, Wang Y, McIntosh L (1999) The alternative oxidase lowers mitochondrial reactive oxygen production in plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:8271–8276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakano Y, Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific–peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 22:867–880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opoku-Asiama Y, Yeboah MA (2003) Response of tomato cultivars to different inoculums concentrations of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, Kofoid and White, 1919). Ghana J Agric Sci 36:87–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Putter J (1974) Peroxidase. In: Bergmeyer J, Grabi M (eds) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic Press, New York, pp 685–689

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna B, Rao SSR (2012) 24-Epibrassinolide alleviated zinc induced oxidative stress in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings by enhancing antioxidative system. Plant Growth Regul 68:249–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sedlak J, Lindsay RH (1968) Estimation of total, protein-bound and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem 25:192–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skoczowski A, Janeczko A, Gullner G, Tóbias I, Kornaś A, Barna B (2011) Response of brassinosteroid-treated oilseed rape cotyledons to infection with the wild type and HR-mutant of Pseudomonas syringe or with P. florescence. J Therm Anal Calorim 104:131–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vardhini BV, Anjum NA (2015) Brassinosteroids make plant life easier under abiotic stresses mainly by modulating major components of antioxidant defense system. Front Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00067

  • Vardhini BV, Rao SSR (2003) Influence of brassinosteroids on growth, yield, metabolite content and enzyme activities of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Proc Natl Acad Sci India B Biol Sci 73:307–315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vardhini BV, Sujatha E, Rao SSR (2012) Studies on the effect of brassinosteroids on the qualitative changes in the storage roots of radish. Bulg J Agric Sci 18:63–69

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

We duly acknowledge University Grants Commission, New Delhi for providing financial assistance under University with Potential for Excellence (UPE) and Self Assisted Programme (SAP) schemes for carrying out this present piece of work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India

    Shivam Jasrotia & Puja Ohri

Authors
  1. Shivam Jasrotia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Puja Ohri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Puja Ohri.

Additional information

Editor: Mark Jordan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jasrotia, S., Ohri, P. 24-Epibrassinolide reduces stress in nematode-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants cultured in vitro . In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 53, 538–545 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-017-9859-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-017-9859-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation