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Herbal Medicines for Ischemic Stroke: Combating Inflammation as Therapeutic Targets

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Abstract

Stroke is a debilitating disease for which limited therapeutic approaches are available currently. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapies for stroke. Astrocytes, endothelial cells and pericytes constitute a neurovascular network for metabolic requirement of neurons. During ischemic stroke, these cells contribute to post-ischemic inflammation at multiple stages of ischemic cascades. Upon ischemia onset, activated resident microglia and astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells release multiple inflammation factors including cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, free radicals and other small molecules, not only inducing brain damage but affecting brain repair. Recent progress indicates that anti-inflammation is an important therapeutic strategy for stroke. Given a long history with direct experience in the treatment of human subjects, Traditional Chinese Medicine and its related natural compounds are recognized as important sources for drug discovery. Last decade, a great progress has been made to identify active compounds from herbal medicines with the properties of modulating post-ischemic inflammation for neuroprotection. Herein, we discuss the inflammatory pathway in early stage and secondary response to injured tissues after stroke from initial artery occlusion to brain repair, and review the active ingredients from natural products with anti-inflammation and neuroprotection effects as therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke. Further studies on the post-ischemic inflammatory mechanisms and corresponding drug candidates from herbal medicine may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in stroke treatment.

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by grants from General Research Fund (GRF No. 777611 M and No.776512 M), Research Grant Council, and Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research (No. 201111159021), Hong Kong SAR.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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  1. School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China

    Yong Gu, Jianping Chen & Jiangang Shen

  2. Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China

    Yong Gu & Jiangang Shen

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  1. Yong Gu
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Correspondence to Jiangang Shen.

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Gu, Y., Chen, J. & Shen, J. Herbal Medicines for Ischemic Stroke: Combating Inflammation as Therapeutic Targets. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 9, 313–339 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-014-9525-5

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